WHO Severe Acute Respiratory Infections (SARI) Definition often Underdiagnoses Serious Respiratory Viral Infections in Hospitalized Jordanian Children

The aim: to study the etiological structure of acute respiratory infections in children aged 3 to 12 hospitalized in the early stages of the disease in the department of respiratory infections of the children’s hospital, and to reveal the features of their clinical course and the timing of DNA / RNA elimination of respiratory viruses from nasal secretions, depending on the method of therapy. Materials and methods: 100 children with acute respiratory infections aged 3 to 12 years were monitored. The nasal secrets on the DNA / RNA of respiratory viruses were studied by PCR. Depending on the method of therapy, patients were divided into 2 groups: patients of group 1 (comparison) received basic treatment (without the use of antiviral drugs), in patients of the 2nd group (main), along with basal therapy, the drug was used umifenovir in a 5-day course at the ageappropriate dosage. Results: In the etiologic structure of ARVI in children from 3 to 12 years, the leading place was taken by rhinovirus, influenza and metapneumovirus infections (isolated – 18%, 19% and 20% respectively, in the form of a mixed infection – 11%). The main syndromic diagnosis at the height of the disease was rhinopharyngitis. Complications were observed in 42% of cases, as often as possible with flu – 53% of cases. Features of metapneumovirus infection in children of this age group were: predominance of non-severe forms of the disease in the form of acute fever with symptoms of rhinopharyngitis, as well as a small incidence of lower respiratory tract infections. The use of the drug umiphenovir in children with acute respiratory viral infections of various etiologies contributed to significantly faster elimination of viral DNA / RNA from the nasal secretion, which was accompanied by a ecrease in the duration of the main clinical and hematological symptoms of the disease, a decrease in the incidence of complications, and reduced the duration of stay in hospital. Conclusion: application of modern molecular genetic methods of diagnostics made it possible to identify the leading role of influenza, metapneumovirus and rhinovirus infections in the etiology of acute respiratory viral infection in patients aged 3 to 12 years, and to determine a number of clinical features characteristic of this age group. The results of the study testify to the effectiveness of umiphenovir in the treatment of children with acute respiratory viral infections of various etiologies and allow us to recommend this drug as an effective and safe etiotropic agent.

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Respiratory viral infections in children: modalities for pathogenic treatment

Russian Medical Inquiry ◽

10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-11-762-767 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (11) ◽

pp. 762-767

Author(s):

S.V. Nikolaeva ◽

◽

Yu.N. Khlypovka ◽

V.A. Zavolozhin ◽

E.K. Shushakova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Viral Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Rapid Identification ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Emerging Viruses ◽

Therapeutic Measures ◽

Respiratory Viral Infections ◽

Rhinovirus C

Respiratory viruses are the leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality worldwide. Rapid identification of a pathogen, epidemiological surveillance, description of symptoms, and the development of preventive and therapeutic measures are keystones to limit the spread of respiratory infections. Novel viruses with specific properties are regularly discovered. This paper addresses essential data on the most common viruses provoking acute respiratory infections, including whose in children and the pattern of their course. Conventionally, the most vital concern is flu. Influenza viruses provoke seasonal outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics. Many studies demonstrate the role of rhinovirus C in the development of bronchiolitis and, subsequently, asthma. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2 provoking COVID-19 were recently described. Knowledge of known and newly emerging viruses is crucial for timely adequate medical care. The authors discuss major therapeutic strategies for acute respiratory infections that provide a more favorable course of infectious inflammation irrespective of viral etiology. KEYWORDS: acute respiratory infections, influenza virus, rhinovirus, coronavirus, pneumonia, interferon. FOR CITATION: Nikolaeva S.V., Khlypovka Yu.N., Zavolozhin V.A. et al. Respiratory viral infections in children: modalities for pathogenic treatment. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(11):762–767 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-11-762-767.

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Efficacy and safety of Anaferon for children and Anaferon for the prevention and treatment of influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections: systematic review and meta-analysis

Russian Medical Inquiry ◽

10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-5-335-347 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

pp. 335-347

Author(s):

N.A. Geppe ◽

◽

A.L. Zaplatnikov ◽

E.G. Kondyurina ◽

O.I. Afanasieva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Therapeutic Efficacy ◽

Disease Duration ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Efficacy And Safety ◽

Prevention And Treatment ◽

Respiratory Viral Infections

Aim: to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Anaferon and Anaferon for children for the prevention and treatment of of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI)/influenza using meta-analysis. Patients and Methods: the meta-analysis included data from 11 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) involving 3079 patients aged 1 month to 69 years, of which: 1729 people were included in the meta-analysis of the preventive drugs efficacy, 1550 patients — in the meta-analysis of the therapeutic efficacy of Anaferon for children. The evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy was conducted according to the criteria "disease duration" and/or "fever duration", the evaluation of the preventive efficacy was conducted according to the criterion "the proportion of patients not falling ill with ARVI/influenza". The safety was evaluated taking into account the number of adverse events (AEs). Statistical methods included the exact Fisher criterion, the Student criterion, fixed and random effects models, the Z-test, the Cochrane-Mantel-Hensel criterion, Cochrane Q-statistics and the I2 coefficient, the Breslow-Day test, the calculation of relative risk (RR), odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: according to the criterion "the proportion of patients not falling ill with ARVI/influenza", the RR of Anaferon for children was 1.2 [95% CI 1.2; 1.3] with an OR of 2.2 [95% CI 1.7; 2.9], while for Anaferon, the RR was 6.7 [95% CI 3.8; 11.8] with an OR of 20.1 [95% CI 9.2; 44.0]. At the same time, the proportion of patients without ARVI/influenza during Anaferon intake exceeded that in the absence of preventive intervention by almost 8 times, and during Anaferon for children intake — 1.3 times vs. placebo. When evaluating the therapeutic effect of Anaferon for children, it was found that the average disease duration was 1.4 times shorter than during placebo intake, and was 4.71±2.53 days (p<0,001). The average fever duration was 2.19±1.21 days vs. 3.22±1.81 days during placebo intake (p<0,001). According to the criterion "disease duration", the weighted average effect value was 1.05 [95% CI 0.44; 1.67], according to the criterion "fever duration" — 0.97 [95% CI 0.61; 1.33] (p<0.001, p-value of the two-tailed Z-test; random effects model). The therapeutic efficacy of Anaferon for children did not depend on the etiology of ARVI, the symptoms, and the presence of comorbidity (asthma). The total number of AEs is similar to those in the comparison group. Conclusion: the conducted review and meta-analysis concerning the efficacy and safety of Anaferon and Anaferon for children for the treatment and prevention of ARVI/influenza allow us to conclude the following: 1) Anaferon for children is effective and safe for the treatment of influenza and other acute respiratory infections, regardless of the pathogen and the presence of comorbidity (asthma); 2) Anaferon and Anaferon for children are effective and safe for the prevention of acute respiratory infections/influenza, including patients with concomitant bronchopulmonary pathology and frequently ill children. KEYWORDS: ARVI, influenza, prevention, treatment, meta-analysis, Anaferon, Anaferon for children. FOR CITATION: Geppe N.A., Zaplatnikov A.L., Kondyurina E.G. et al. Efficacy and safety of Anaferon for children and Anaferon for the prevention and treatment of influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections: systematic review and meta-analysis. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(5):335–347 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-5-335-347.

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Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe acute respiratory infections (SARI): results from the Egyptian surveillance study 2010–2014

Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine ◽

10.4081/mrm.2019.12 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

Author(s):

Ashraf Hatem ◽

Sherif Mohamed ◽

Usama E. Abu Elhassan ◽

Eman A.M. Ismael ◽

Magda S. Rizk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Features ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

Minor Role ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Viral Pathogens ◽

Egyptian Patients ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Atypical Bacteria

Background: Respiratory viral and atypical bacterial infections data in Egyptian patients are sparse. This study describes the clinical features and outcomes of patients with severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) in hospitalized patients in Egypt. Methods: SARI surveillance was implemented at Cairo University Hospital (CUH) during the period 2010–2014. All hospitalized patients meeting the WHO case definition for SARI were enrolled. Nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal (NP/ OP) swabs were collected and samples were tested using RT-PCR for influenza A, B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), parainfluenza virus (PIV 1,2,3,4), adenovirus, bocavirus, coronavirus, enterovirus, rhinovirus, and atypical bacteria. Data were analyzed to calculate positivity rates for viral pathogens and determine which pathogens related to severe outcomes or resulted in death. Results: Overall, 1,075/3,207 (33.5%) cases had a viral etiology, with a mean age of 5.74 (±13.87) years. The highest rates were reported for RSV (485 cases, 45.2%), PIV (125, 11.6%), and adenovirus (105, 9.8%). Children had a higher viral rate (981, 91.2%) compared to 94 (8.8%) cases in adults. Patients with identified viruses had significantly lower rates for ICU admission, hospital stay, mechanical ventilation, and overall mortality than those without identified viruses. No infections were independently associated with severe outcomes. Conclusions: Viral pathogens were encountered in one-third of hospitalized adult and pediatric Egyptian patients with SARI, while atypical bacteria had a minor role. Highest rates of viral infections were reported for RSV, PIV, and adenovirus. Viral infections had neither negative impacts on clinical features nor outcomes of patients with SARI in our locality.

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Probiotics for prevention of acute respiratory infections in children: therapeutic potential.

Medical Council ◽

10.21518/2079-701x-2021-1-254-260 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 254-260

Author(s):

Irina N. Zakharova ◽

Narine G. Sugyan

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Human Respiratory Tract ◽

Local Immunity ◽

Respiratory Viral Infections

Acute respiratory viral infections represent a group of clinically, pathomorphologically similar acute inflammatory respiratory diseases that manifest by fever, a runny nose, sneezing, cough, sore throat, a general feeling of ill health of varying severity. Activation of latent, persistent infections of viral and/or bacterial origin may occur in recurrent respiratory infections. Decreased production of local immunity contributes greatly to the development of viral and bacterial infections, persistence of pathogenic micro-organisms. Intestinal microflora can directly or indirectly affect the human respiratory tract through increased production of cytokines, short-chain fatty acids. In recent years, there has been a scientific interest in the therapeutic potential of probiotics for the prevention of acute respiratory viral infections. Earlier studies have shown a positive effect of probiotics on the respiratory tract with a view to prevent and reduce the incidence and severity of respiratory infectious diseases by expending the number of IgA secreting cells in the bronchial mucosa. Studies showed that the use of probiotics can reduce the incidence of acute respiratory infections, duration of fever, cough, and the need for antibacterial agents in children. Peptidoglycans and muramyl peptides that are constituents of the bacterial cell wall have antiviral activity. Probiotics can also inhibit virus attachment through a process of competing for the specific receptors. The regeneration of the mucous membrane is enhanced by the ability of mucin to prevent the virus from attaching to epithelial cells and suppress virus replication. The antiviral effect of probiotics may be caused by the ability to produce antimicrobial peptides, dehydrogenases and NOs. Probiotics can modulate the functions of epithelial and dendritic cells, CD4 +, CD8 + T lymphocytes, NK cells, stimulate the synthesis of secretory immunoglobulins, helping to neutralize the virus.

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The clinical end epidemiological characteristics of influenza and acute respiratory infections in North Ossetia-Alania

Vladikavkaz Medico-Biological Bulletin ◽

10.12737/17253 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 21 (31) ◽

pp. 65-68

Author(s):

Гуриева ◽

Z. Gurieva ◽

Плиева ◽

Zh. Plieva ◽

Гипаева ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Medical Problems ◽

The North ◽

Respiratory Viral Infections ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics ◽

North Ossetia

The influenza and acute respiratory infections are one of the medical problems. The relevance of influenza and acute respiratory infections was due to the lack of a persistent immune response and the lack of vaccines against many respiratory viral infections. We have analyzed the latest outbreak of influenza and acute respiratory infections in the North Ossetia-Alania, that occurred in winter 2015. During the analyzed period there was an increase in the incidence of acute respiratory infections by 42,1%. 66 cases of influenza were revealed by the laboratory. In order to reduce the intensity of flu and acute respiratory infections is necessary to observe all types of preventive measures: specific vaccination, chemoprophylaxis with antivirals and following the rules of non-specific prevention.

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High Prevalence of Respiratory Viral Infections in Patients Hospitalized in an Intensive Care Unit for Acute Respiratory Infections as Detected by Nucleic Acid-Based Assays

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.43.1.455-457.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 455-457 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

J. Legoff ◽

E. Guerot ◽

A. Ndjoyi-Mbiguino ◽

M. Matta ◽

A. Si-Mohamed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intensive Care Unit ◽

Intensive Care ◽

Nucleic Acid ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Respiratory Viral Infections

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Etiology of severe acute respiratory infections in Ekaterinburg in different epidemic seasons

Medical academic journal ◽

10.17816/maj77286 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 123-126

Author(s):

Evgeniya Viktorovna Lelenkova ◽

Alexandr Yurievich Markaryan

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Hospital Treatment ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

Hospital Patients ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Infections

BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory viral infections are ubiquitous. Part of the cases are severe and require hospital treatment. AIM: Studying the etiology of severe acute respiratory infections in patients of Ekaterinburg hospitals in different epidemic seasons (from 2017 to 2020). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 1,132 cases of severe acute respiratory infection were assessed. The structure of laboratory-confirmed cases was determined. RESULTS: In the assessed seasons, the proportion of respiratory viruses in the etiological structure of severe acute respiratory infections was 56.0% on average. B/Yamagata lineage of influenza viruses was predominant in the season of 2017/2018 (23.9% from the total number of respiratory viruses), influenza А (H1N1)pdm09 viruses were predominant in the season of 2018/2019 (27.7%), and influenza A and B viruses were identified in 2019/2020 (39.4% and 31.7%, respectively). СONCLUSIONS: The obtained results confirm a key role of influenza viruses in the etiology of severe acute respiratory infections among the hospital patients in different epidemic seasons.

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Immunological reactivity in children with recurrent bronchoobstructive syndrome in acute respiratory viral infections

Kazan medical journal ◽

10.17816/kazmj70700 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 67 (5) ◽

pp. 355-358

Author(s):

A. D. Tsaregorodtsev ◽

N. I. Kuznetsova ◽

L. M. Malysheva ◽

V. A. Anokhin ◽

D. Sh. Khaertynova

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Humoral Immunity ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

First Episode ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Immunological Reactivity ◽

Nonspecific Resistance ◽

Respiratory Viral Infections ◽

Cellular And Humoral Immunity

The aim of this study was to compare the state of nonspecific resistance, cellular and humoral immunity in young children with acute respiratory infections with a smooth course, with the first episode of bronchoobstructive syndrome (BOS) and with recurrence of this syndrome.

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Antibacterial therapy of complications of acute respiratory viral infections in children

Medical Council ◽

10.21518/2079-701x-2018-17-146-149 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 146-149

Author(s):

W. M. Delyagin

Keyword(s):

School Children ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Age Groups ◽

Primary School Children ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Socioeconomic Conditions ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Respiratory Viral Infections

The incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI) of the upper respiratory tract in children of the first 3 years of life can reach 3796.29: 1,000. Pre-school children from organized groups register up to 6–10 episodes of ARI annually, and 7–12 in primary school children. The frequency of bacterial complications (otitis, sinusitis, tracheobronchitis, pneumonia) in different age groups and socioeconomic conditions is 10–60%, which requires the appointment of antibiotics. In the case of a severe course of complications, with previously prescribed drugs of the 1st line, an unfavorable premorbid background the treatment with cefixime is preferable.

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