Changing State Thinking

2020 ◽  
pp. 59-108
Author(s):  
Himanshu Jha
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Change ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
Tipping Point ◽  
The State ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
Incremental Effect ◽  
Final Layer ◽  
Official Information

This chapter examines the emerging processes in the second phase (1989–2005), which is treated as the second and final layer. It shows that the incremental effect of emerging ideas on the state’s thinking resulted in tangible policy movements and led to institutional change. We show that in the final stage of layering the transition from ‘opposition’ to ‘mainstream’ politics was consequential in institutional change. Nascent ideas emanating from the ‘opposition politics’ got embedded within the ‘mainstream politics’ resulting in political commitment and tangible policy actions. The rudimentary ideas on the norm of openness matured and were consolidated within the state thinking and reached a tipping point in 2005. The weight and momentum of ideas incrementally rendered the issues of openness and access to official information a sine qua non within the state.

Tribal Land Rights: A Situational Analysis in the Context of West Bengal

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-209
Author(s):  
Sudipta Biswas ◽  
Sukumar Pal
Keyword(s):  
Land Reform ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Land Rights ◽  
The State ◽  
Situational Analysis ◽  
Tribal Population ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
Large Section ◽  
Tribal People ◽  
Tribal Land

Tribal communities in India are most deprived. Socio-economically, they are poor and marginalised. The root cause of socio-economic marginalisation can be attributed to alienation of tribal people from their land, territory and resources. The overall situation of the tribal population of West Bengal is not better than the national average, even more deprived than the tribal population of other states. Despite progressive land reform laws and political commitment to implement such laws, issues of tribal land rights have not been addressed adequately. There is no such exclusive study to understand the situation of tribal land rights in the state of West Bengal. This article analyses the status of tribal land rights in the state context and makes some suggestions for improving the situation. It is found that despite distribution of land titles, a large section of the tribal population remains landless. A sizable portion has not received received record-of-rights. Claims of many tribal people for forest patta remain pending or stand rejected. Tribal land alienation continues to be a matter of concern. The state has not taken any concrete steps for the restoration of unlawfully alienated tribal lands. A large section of the tribal sharecroppers in the state remain unrecorded.

The Neutral State: Optional or Necessary?: A Triangular Analysis of State–Religion Relationships, Democratisation and Human Rights Compliance

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen Temperman
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Religious Freedom ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
Religious Denomination ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Religious Difference ◽  
Full Compliance ◽  
State Neutrality

AbstractThis article suggests a signicant correlation between the notions of state neutrality and religious freedom. The absence of a considerable degree of state neutrality has a detrimental effect on human rights compliance. Under states which identify themselves strongly with a single religious denomination as well as under states which identify themselves negatively in relation to religion, there is no scope for human rights compliance. Both extreme types of state–religion identication are characterised by repression of all beliefs and manifestations thereof which do not correspond with the state sanctioned view on belief. This may be either the upholding of a specic religious denomination or of militant ideological secularism. Consequently, discrimination and marginalisation rather than compliance with the norms of freedom of religion and the promotion of non-discrimination comprise policy and practice under these regimes. Intermediate forms of state–religion afliation, i.e. types of identication in which the state is not drenched with the excluding ideals of a single denomination or with anti-religious sentiments, allow for a degree of democratic inclusion of religious difference and of religious tolerance. The most substantial scope for full compliance, however, lies in the combination of democratic inclusion of people from different religions and the indispensable political commitment characterised as state neutrality with respect to all people. State neutrality refers to a regime of state–religion identi cation that can best be understood as 'accommodative non-partisanship'.

scholarly journals Kharkiv in the Period of Interpower: Maintenance of Law in the City at the End of 1918

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
The State ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Rural Districts ◽  
The Past ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Red Army ◽  
The City ◽  
Official Information

The article deals with the situation in the city of Kharkiv at the end of 1918. At this time, Ukraine was experiencing the completion of one more historical stage, preparing for new, more turbulent and tragic events. German troops which have been the guarantors of security of the state over the past ten months were evacuated from its territory, a popular uprising broke out against the hetman Pavlo Skoropadsky, the republican authorities that recognized the Directory were forming slowly, local Bolsheviks and other left-wing groups were getting noticeably more active. In December 1918 all these forces were represented in the provincial Kharkiv. Some of them, for example, the German command and the hetman's guard, tried to transfer power to their successors in an organized manner. Others, on the contrary, tried to get to the controls as soon as possible. This multi-power lasted about a month, which became a real ordeal for the inhabitants of the city. Kharkovites tried to figure out a kaleidoscope of political developments, a variety of orders and decrees, the intricacies of official information and street rumors. Meanwhile, the criminal situation became more and more threatening: gangs of looters raged in rural districts, and shots were fired more often in Kharkiv itself. In the second half of December, the number of the city shops robberies became impressive. At that time, several influential forces were engaged in law enforcement: the German commandant’s office, the hetman’s guard, Directory fighters and socialist squads. However, all their efforts did not give the desired result, and ordinary Kharkovites were forced to organize self-defense units to protect their own homes. The culmination of anarchy in the city was the Bolshevik uprising on January 1–2, 1919, as a result of which Kharkiv was captured by armed units of the Red Army.

scholarly journals The Delegation of State Sovereignty over Air Space in the Implementation of Air Navigation: The Analysis of the Agreement between Indonesia and Singapore on Management of the Batam and Natuna Flight Information Region

FIAT JUSTISIA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Endang Puji Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Transition Period ◽  
Aviation Safety ◽  
The State ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Cooperation Agreement ◽  
Air Space ◽  
The Government ◽  
Air Navigation Services ◽  
Navigation Service

The state sovereignty over airspace with its complete and exclusive nature experiences a significant dynamic in both its concept and implementation in the international air law. Sovereignty over the airspace not only provides legislative, executive, and judicialauthorities of the state but also puts an obligation on the state to provide facilities for aviation safety. The reason for aviation safety airspace of a sovereign state can be delegated to other states to manage the service of navigation, for example, Indonesian air spaces in the Natuna and Batam, are maintained by Singapore for the sake of aviation safety. The taking over of the management of FIR in Batam and Natuna had been carried out through several steps. First, establishing Civil Military Aviation Coordination (CMAC) as outlined in the Government Regulation (Ministry of Transportation Regulation Number 55 on 2016) concerning the order of the national airspace. Second, evaluating the implementation of air navigation by reformulating the institutional of LPPNPI, evaluating the cooperation agreement between the Government of Indonesia and Singapore, and providing air navigation service during the transition period in Natuna Islands. Third, conducting the taking over concept phase by phase, in which the first phase, Singapore only provides air navigation service, while Indonesia only monitors. The second phase, Indonesia provides air navigation services, while Singapore only monitors, and for the third phase, as the final implementation, Indonesia provides air navigation services fully. Keywords: Delegation, Sovereignty, Air Space, Air Navigation, Agreement

STOCK MARKET IN A PANDEMIC, TRENDS IN ITS DEVELOPMENT AND IMPACT ON THE ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT OF STATES

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-73
Author(s):  
Vladimir M. Gribanich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
The State ◽  
Securities Market ◽  
Source Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Graphical Presentation ◽  
Official Information ◽  
Systematic Collection

The article is devoted to the analysis of the development of the stock market, its stages of development and the impact on the economic conjuncture of countries. The relevance of studies on the development of the stock market in modern realities is growing every day, the number of transactions also grows steadily despite the pandemic, and that forms huge cash flows. The purpose of the study carried out in the article is not only to identify the influence of the stock market on the development of countries in modern conditions, but also to conduct a statistical analysis of data reflecting the state of the main stock exchange indices in a pandemic, as well as to assess the state of the securities market in 2019 and 2020 and work out forecasts for its future development. Several methods were used in the work: analysis of official information sources, statistical observation (systematic collection of information), grouping of the source data, their graphical presentation, as well as building diagrams.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Benjamin Kohlmann
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Institutional Change ◽  
British Literature ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Administrative Procedures ◽  
The Welfare State

The Introduction begins to outline a literary prehistory of the welfare state in Britain around 1900 by turning to a period that forces us to look beyond the connotations associated with the terms reform and revolution today. The chapter presents the book’s two intertwined goals, one reconstructive and literary-historical, the other conceptual and theoretical. First, British Literature and the Life of Institutions reconstructs the emergence of a reformist literary mode around 1900 by exploring how literary texts responded and adapted to the elongated rhythms of institutional change that characterized the emergence of new state structures in this period. But the book also, secondly, aims to make visible a reformist idiom which pervades literary, philosophical, political, and social writing of the period, and which insists that we need to think about the state as an idea, as a speculative figure, rather than as a set of administrative procedures and bureaucratic processes.

Return

2014 ◽  
pp. 269-325
Author(s):  
David Gillis
Keyword(s):  
Positive Answer ◽  
Natural Process ◽  
The State ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Final Cause ◽  
First Cause ◽  
Guide Of The Perplexed

This chapter focuses on the second phase of Neoplatonic cosmogony: the idea of return. In a Jewish context, ‘return’ evokes the idea of repentance. Redemption is represented as a natural process through an expanding pattern of loss and restoration built into the structure of Mishneh torah's main divisions. With the inclusion of this second phase of Neoplatonic emanation, the form of Mishneh torah rationalizes the commandments as flowing from a first cause, God's existence (the form of forms), and towards a final cause, the realized microcosmic form of man and of the state. This structural rationalization stands in contrast to the summative explanation of the commandments in The Guide of the Perplexed. It also provides a solution to the problem of the authority of the commandments, and a positive answer to the question of whether the commandments can be cognitive. The positioning of ‘Laws of Mourning’ as the work's penultimate section is both a tempering of messianic hopes, signalling that the reality of death will remain after the redemption, and an encouragement to hope, signalling, in alliance with the pattern of loss and restoration, that national mourning will be lifted.

Discontinuities in the Trajectory of Solar Photovoltaic (spv) Technology Development in India

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-332
Author(s):  
P. Devaraj ◽  
E. Haribabu
Keyword(s):  
Technology Development ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Photovoltaic Technology ◽  
Oil Crisis ◽  
Jawaharlal Nehru

The objective of this paper is to understand different phases of solar photovoltaic (spv) technology in India and the interplay of scientific, technological, economic, and political factors in each of the phases. There are four distinct phases. In the first-phase (1947-1970), spv technology was recognized as an important source of energy for countries like India. In the second phase (1971-1990), the oil crisis led to the formulation of new scientific and technological initiatives and programs in spv, but due to a lack of political commitment the initiatives disintegrated. In the third phase (1991-2003), several factors seemed to have undermined the development of spv sector. Currently in the fourth phase (2003 to the present), India has virtually lost the race for development of photovoltaic technology. Within the context of climate change and resource constraint, India has reformulated its strategy which has taken the form of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission Plan (jnnsm).This paper examines how jnnsm influences indigenous attempts in photovoltaic technology development. The paper shows how scientific, technological, economic and political factors have contributed to discontinuities in the development of the technology.

scholarly journals Homeostatic Adjustment and Metabolic Remodeling in Glucose-limited Yeast Cultures

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 2503-2517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Brauer ◽  
Alok J. Saldanha ◽  
Kara Dolinski ◽  
David Botstein
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
The State ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Diauxic Shift ◽  
Batch Cultures ◽  
Chemostat Cultures ◽  
Metabolic Remodeling

We studied the physiological response to glucose limitation in batch and steady-state (chemostat) cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by following global patterns of gene expression. Glucose-limited batch cultures of yeast go through two sequential exponential growth phases, beginning with a largely fermentative phase, followed by an essentially completely aerobic use of residual glucose and evolved ethanol. Judging from the patterns of gene expression, the state of the cells growing at steady state in glucose-limited chemostats corresponds most closely with the state of cells in batch cultures just before they undergo this “diauxic shift.” Essentially the same pattern was found between chemostats having a fivefold difference in steady-state growth rate (the lower rate approximating that of the second phase respiratory growth rate in batch cultures). Although in both cases the cells in the chemostat consumed most of the glucose, in neither case did they seem to be metabolizing it primarily through respiration. Although there was some indication of a modest oxidative stress response, the chemostat cultures did not exhibit the massive environmental stress response associated with starvation that also is observed, at least in part, during the diauxic shift in batch cultures. We conclude that despite the theoretical possibility of a switch to fully aerobic metabolism of glucose in the chemostat under conditions of glucose scarcity, homeostatic mechanisms are able to carry out metabolic adjustment as if fermentation of the glucose is the preferred option until the glucose is entirely depleted. These results suggest that some aspect of actual starvation, possibly a component of the stress response, may be required for triggering the metabolic remodeling associated with the diauxic shift.

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