Cancers of the Colon and Rectum

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kana Wu ◽  
NaNa Keum ◽  
Reiko Nishihara ◽  
Edward L. Giovannucci
Keyword(s):  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Precancerous Lesions ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Heavy Alcohol Use ◽  
Colon And Rectum ◽  
High Level

Worldwide, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in men and second in women, with annual estimates of 1.4 million newly diagnosed cases and over 690,000 deaths. Incidence rates relate closely to economic development. Although incidence rates have stabilized at a high level in most economically developed countries, they continue to increase in many traditionally low-risk countries, following the uptake of Western patterns of diet and physical inactivity. In principle, CRC is among the most preventable of all common cancers. Potentially modifiable risk factors include obesity, physical inactivity, high intake of red or processed meat, tobacco smoking, and heavy alcohol use. Several screening tests effectively reduce both the incidence and death rates of CRC through the detection of precancerous lesions and the treatment of early stage cancers. Despite the preventability of CRC, incidence rates over the last twenty years have decreased in only a few countries.

scholarly journals Nutrition and cancer – global and African perspectives: a focused update

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J Wiseman
Keyword(s):  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Excess Body Weight ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
The World ◽  
Nutritional Transition ◽  
High Level ◽  
Lower Income Countries

The burden of cancer worldwide is predicted to almost double by 2030 to nearly 23 million cases annually. The great majority of this increase is expected to occur in less economically developed countries, where access to expensive medical, surgical and radiotherapeutic interventions is likely to be limited to a small proportion of the population. This emphasises the need for preventive measures, as outlined in the declaration from the United Nations 2011 High Level Meeting on Non-communicable Diseases. The rise in incidence is proposed to follow from increasing numbers of people reaching middle and older ages, together with increasing urbanisation of the population with a nutritional transition from traditional diets to a more globalised ‘Western’ pattern, with a decrease in physical activity. This is also expected to effect a change in the pattern of cancers from a predominantly smoking and infection dominated one, to a smoking and obesity dominated one. The World Cancer Research Fund estimates that about a quarter to a third of the commonest cancers are attributable to excess body weight, physical inactivity and poor diet, making this the most common cause of cancers after smoking. These cancers are potentially preventable, but knowledge of the causes of cancer has not led to effective policies to prevent the export of a ‘Western’ pattern of cancers in lower income countries such as many in Africa.

scholarly journals New Trends in the Detection of Gynecological Precancerous Lesions and Early-Stage Cancers

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 6339
Author(s):  
Jitka Holcakova ◽  
Martin Bartosik ◽  
Milan Anton ◽  
Lubos Minar ◽  
Jitka Hausnerova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Precancerous Lesions ◽  
Major Complication ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Early Diagnostics ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Ovarian Cancers ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
New Biomarkers ◽  
Key Aspects

The prevention and early diagnostics of precancerous stages are key aspects of contemporary oncology. In cervical cancer, well-organized screening and vaccination programs, especially in developed countries, are responsible for the dramatic decline of invasive cancer incidence and mortality. Cytological screening has a long and successful history, and the ongoing implementation of HPV triage with increased sensitivity can further decrease mortality. On the other hand, endometrial and ovarian cancers are characterized by a poor accessibility to specimen collection, which represents a major complication for early diagnostics. Therefore, despite relatively promising data from evaluating the combined effects of genetic variants, population screening does not exist, and the implementation of new biomarkers is, thus, necessary. The introduction of various circulating biomarkers is of potential interest due to the considerable heterogeneity of cancer, as highlighted in this review, which focuses exclusively on the most common tumors of the genital tract, namely, cervical, endometrial, and ovarian cancers. However, it is clearly shown that these malignancies represent different entities that evolve in different ways, and it is therefore necessary to use different methods for their diagnosis and treatment.

New approaches to cancer prevention—preventive medical examination of patients from the high-risk pre-cancer registry

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1546-1546
Author(s):  
A. F. Lazarev ◽  
V. D. Petrova ◽  
T. V. Sinkina ◽  
S. A. Terekhova
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Cancer Registry ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Precancerous Lesions ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Medical Examination ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Stage 1

1546 Background: Such methods of cancer prevention as checkup in rooms for seeing patients’ examination, mass prophylactic examination, screening tests, which are currently in use in Russian Federation, are able to provide detectability of malignancies no more than 0.1%. The research objective was to increase the effectiveness of cancer detection by means of forming of the high-risk pre-cancer registry. Methods: With the help of multivariative analysis the patients with the high risk of malignancies (80–100%) were selected for the high-risk pre-cancer registry. It included patients with obligatory precancerous lesions (531), victims of radiation catastrophes (1024), members of ‘cancer’ families (1833) and patients cured from polyneoplasia (386). All of them were examined, got diagnostic procedures, treatment and rehabilitation according to specially designed schemes. Results: All patients with obligatory precancerous lesions underwent surgery. In 2003–2006 among them there were 23 (4.3%) cases of cancer revealed - 22- in I stage, 1 - in IV stage. In the group of patients from cancer ‘families’ in 2003–2006 69 (3.8%) cases of cancer were revealed - 67 (97.2%) in I and II stages, 2 - in III stage. Among the victims of radiation catastrophes in 2003–2006 there were 28 (2.7%) cases of cancer revealed - 26 (92.8%) in I and II stages, 2 - in III stage. General detectability of cancers among the patients the high-risk pre-cancer registry was 3.2%, the share of early stage (I and II) cancers- 95.9%, cancers in III stage - 4.1%, and there was only 1 case of cancer in IV stage (1.1%) revealed. Besides 65 cases of cancer in situ were detected among the patients of the registry. Conclusions: Preventive medical examination of patients from the high-risk pre-cancer registry makes it possible to increase the effectiveness of detection of precancerous lesions and early cancers. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

scholarly journals Pembrolizumab in cervical cancer: latest evidence and clinical usefulness

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 431-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edith Borcoman ◽  
Christophe Le Tourneau
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Precancerous Lesions ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Clinical Usefulness ◽  
Early Stage Cervical Cancer ◽  
Tumor Types

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. With the development of detection of precancerous lesions and preventive human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program, a survival improvement has been observed in these patients in developed countries, although disparities in accessibility to treatments exist across countries. While early-stage cervical cancer can be curable with surgery, prognosis of patients who recur remains poor, with limited treatment options. In this latter setting, recently, bevacizumab, an antiangiogenic monoclonal antibody targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), has been shown to improve overall survival in combination with chemotherapy as compared with chemotherapy alone. No standard treatments exist beyond this treatment regimen. New effective treatments are therefore much needed in this setting. Immunotherapy has represented a breakthrough in recent years in oncology, with antitumor activity reported with immune-checkpoint inhibitors in a variety of tumor types. We discuss here the latest evidence and clinical usefulness of pembrolizumab, anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor, in the treatment of advanced cervical cancer.

scholarly journals A Survey on Deep Learning Architectures and Frameworks for Cancer Detection in Medical Images Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 28-34
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Medical Images ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Convolutional Network ◽  
Energetic Approach ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Colon And Rectum ◽  
Learning Software ◽  
High Level

The various hurdles in machine learning are beaten by deep learning techniques and then the deep learning has gradually become preeminent in artificial intelligence. Deep learning uses neural networks to kindle decisions like humans. Deep learning flourished as an energetic approach and clarity marked its success in various domains. The study includes some dominant deep learning algorithms such as convolution neural network, fully convolutional network, autoencoder, and deep belief network to analyze the medical image and to detect and diagnose of cancer at an early stage. As early as the detection of cancer than to treat the disease is uncomplicated. Early diagnosis was particularly relevant for some cancers such as breast, skin, colon, and rectum, which prohibit the chance to grow and spread. Deep learning contributes to enhanced performance and better prediction in detection of cancer with medical images. The paper presents the study of a few deep learning software frameworks such as tensor flow, theano, caffe, torch, and keras. Tensor Flow provides excellent functionality for deep learning. Keras is a high-level neural network API that operates above on tensor flow or theano. The survey winds up by presenting several future avenues and open challenges that should be addressed by the researcher in the future.

scholarly journals Pattern of Blood Pressure Indices among the Residents of a Rural Community in South East Nigeria

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. C. Onwubere ◽  
E. C. Ejim ◽  
C. I. Okafor ◽  
A. Emehel ◽  
A. U. Mbah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
High Level

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main causes of death in industrialized countries, and are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disease in Nigerians, and the risk of CVD associated with hypertension is independent of other risk factors. Despite the high level of awareness of its presence in the developed countries, the level of control is still poor. CVDs tend to be commoner in urban settlements, and it has been hypothesized that rural sub-Saharan Africa is at an early stage of epidemiological transition from communicable to non-communicable diseases (NCD) because of the gradual adoption of unhealthy lifestyles. This study aimed at describing the pattern of blood pressure indices among the hypertensive residents of a rural community in South East Nigeria. A total of 858 individuals comprising 247 males and 611 females took part in the study. 46.4% of the subjects had hypertension. Hypertension was commoner in the males (50.2% vs. 44.8%) . The males were significantly older and heavier than the females while the females had higher mean values of BMI and WC. The prevalence of hypertension is becoming alarmingly high in the rural communities of sub-Saharan Africa.

Using Histological and Chemical Methods for Detection of Unauthorized Tissues Addition in Emulsion Type Meat Product

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Meat Product ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Plant Stem ◽  
High Level ◽  
Reliable Methods

Total twenty different processed meat plant producing emulsion type sausage were histologically and chemically examined for detection of adulteration with unauthorized tissues. Results revealed that samples were adulterated with different types of animal tissues included; hyaline cartilage, tendon, spongy bone, peripheral nerve trunk, basophilic matrix, lymphatic tissue, fascia, fibrocartilage and vascular tissue. Moreover, these samples were adulterated Also, adulterated with plant tissue included; plant stem, leaves and root. Chemical analysis showed a significant difference in their chemical composition (moisture, fat, protein, ash and calcium) content. Moisture and fat content varied around the permissible limit of E.S.S. while low protein, high ash and calcium content was detected in the examined samples. Therefore, Histological and chemical examinations can be used as reliable methods to detect adultration using unauthorized addition of both animal and plant tissues in processed meat product samples which revealed a high level of falsification.

scholarly journals AI-based localization and classification of skin disease with erythema

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ha Min Son ◽  
Wooho Jeon ◽  
Jinhyun Kim ◽  
Chan Yeong Heo ◽  
Hye Jin Yoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Sensitivity Score ◽  
Common Skin ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
High Level

AbstractAlthough computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) is used to improve the quality of diagnosis in various medical fields such as mammography and colonography, it is not used in dermatology, where noninvasive screening tests are performed only with the naked eye, and avoidable inaccuracies may exist. This study shows that CAD may also be a viable option in dermatology by presenting a novel method to sequentially combine accurate segmentation and classification models. Given an image of the skin, we decompose the image to normalize and extract high-level features. Using a neural network-based segmentation model to create a segmented map of the image, we then cluster sections of abnormal skin and pass this information to a classification model. We classify each cluster into different common skin diseases using another neural network model. Our segmentation model achieves better performance compared to previous studies, and also achieves a near-perfect sensitivity score in unfavorable conditions. Our classification model is more accurate than a baseline model trained without segmentation, while also being able to classify multiple diseases within a single image. This improved performance may be sufficient to use CAD in the field of dermatology.

Lung nodule classification using combination of CNN, second and higher order texture features

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Amrita Naik ◽  
Damodar Reddy Edla
Keyword(s):  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Lung Nodule ◽  
Texture Features ◽  
Svm Classifier ◽  
Softmax Classifier ◽  
Spatial Features ◽  
High Level ◽  
Learning Architectures ◽  
Nodule Classification

Lung cancer is the most common cancer throughout the world and identification of malignant tumors at an early stage is needed for diagnosis and treatment of patient thus avoiding the progression to a later stage. In recent times, deep learning architectures such as CNN have shown promising results in effectively identifying malignant tumors in CT scans. In this paper, we combine the CNN features with texture features such as Haralick and Gray level run length matrix features to gather benefits of high level and spatial features extracted from the lung nodules to improve the accuracy of classification. These features are further classified using SVM classifier instead of softmax classifier in order to reduce the overfitting problem. Our model was validated on LUNA dataset and achieved an accuracy of 93.53%, sensitivity of 86.62%, the specificity of 96.55%, and positive predictive value of 94.02%.

Early manifestations and first-contact incidence of schizophrenia in different cultures: A preliminary report on the initial evaluation phase of the WHO Collaborative Study on Determinants of Outcome of Severe Mental Disorders

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 909-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Sartorius ◽  
A. Jablensky ◽  
A. Korten ◽  
G. Ernberg ◽  
M. Anker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Symptom Profiles ◽  
Evaluation Phase ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
First Contact

SynopsisIn a context of a WHO collaborative study, 12 research centres in 10 countries monitored geographically defined populations over 2 years to identify individuals making a first-in-lifetime contact with any type of ‘helping agency’ because of symptoms of psychotic illness. A total of 1379 persons who met specified inclusion criteria for schizophrenia and other related non-affective disorders were examined extensively, using standardized instruments, on entry into the study and on two consecutive follow-ups at annual intervals. Patients in different cultures, meeting the ICD and CATEGO criteria for schizophrenia, were remarkably similar in their symptom profiles and 49% of them presented the central schizophrenic conditions as defined by CATEGO class S+. However, the 2-year pattern of course was considerably more favourable in patients in developing countries compared with patients in developed countries, and the difference could not be fully explained by the higher frequency of acute onsets among the former. Age- and sex-specific incidence rates and estimates of disease expectancy were determined for a ‘broad’ diagnostic group of schizophrenic illness and for CATEGO S+ cases. While the former showed significant differences among the centres, the differences in the rates for S+ cases were non-significant or marginal. The results provide strong support for the notion that schizophrenic illnesses occur with comparable frequency in different populations and support earlier findings that the prognosis is better in less industrialized societies.

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