Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Nisenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Intentional Action ◽  
German Idealism ◽  
Human Action ◽  
The World ◽  
Fundamental Tension

The concluding chapter draws on the story of Rosenzweig’s near conversion to Christianity and return to Judaism to explain why, for Kant and his heirs, what is at issue in reason’s conflict with itself is our ability to affirm both the value of the world and of human action in the world. The chapter explains why Rosenzweig came to view the conflict of reason as the manifestation of a more fundamental tension between one’s selfhood and one’s worldliness, which could only be dissolved by understanding human action in the world as the means by which God is both cognized and partly realized. To make Rosenzweig’s ideas more accessible, the chapter compares them with contemporary interpretations of Kant’s views on the nature of practical knowledge and (intentional) action. It also shows how the book’s take on the issues that shaped the contours of post-Kantian German Idealism can help us see that the conflict of reason can be regarded as the underlying concern that recent competing interpretations of this period share.

Practical Knowledge

2019 ◽  
pp. 155-200
Author(s):  
John Schwenkler
Keyword(s):  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Intentional Action ◽  
Thomas Aquinas ◽  
Efficient Cause ◽  
The World ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
Strict Requirement ◽  
Observational Knowledge

This chapter discusses the argument of Sections 44-48 of G.E.M. Anscombe’s Intention. It begins by situating her appeal to the concept of practical knowledge in relation to the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas. Following this, the chapter shows how several elements in Aquinas’ account are drawn on by Anscombe in her argument that an agent’s self-knowledge of her act is “the cause of what it understands”. It is argued that Anscombe meant to characterize an agent’s practical knowledge as both formal and efficient cause of its object. Finally, the chapter considers whether Anscombe succeeds in defending her thesis that intentional action is necessarily known without observation. Here it is argued, first, that knowledge of one’s act is not a strict requirement of doing something intentionally, and second, that the role of observation in an agent’s self-knowledge is different from that of evidence in observational knowledge of the world.

Seeing, Knowing, and Doing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Audi
Keyword(s):  
Practical Reasoning ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Human Action ◽  
A Priori Knowledge ◽  
Rational Action ◽  
Reasons For Action ◽  
Discriminative Response ◽  
Rich Information ◽  
Priori Knowledge

This book provides an overall theory of perception and an account of knowledge and justification concerning the physical, the abstract, and the normative. It has the rigor appropriate for professionals but explains its main points using concrete examples. It accounts for two important aspects of perception on which philosophers have said too little: its relevance to a priori knowledge—traditionally conceived as independent of perception—and its role in human action. Overall, the book provides a full-scale account of perception, presents a theory of the a priori, and explains how perception guides action. It also clarifies the relation between action and practical reasoning; the notion of rational action; and the relation between propositional and practical knowledge. Part One develops a theory of perception as experiential, representational, and causally connected with its objects: as a discriminative response to those objects, embodying phenomenally distinctive elements; and as yielding rich information that underlies human knowledge. Part Two presents a theory of self-evidence and the a priori. The theory is perceptualist in explicating the apprehension of a priori truths by articulating its parallels to perception. The theory unifies empirical and a priori knowledge by clarifying their reliable connections with their objects—connections many have thought impossible for a priori knowledge as about the abstract. Part Three explores how perception guides action; the relation between knowing how and knowing that; the nature of reasons for action; the role of inference in determining action; and the overall conditions for rational action.

Schopenhauer and Hume on Will and Causation

2020 ◽  
pp. 160-174
Author(s):  
Severin Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Intentional Action ◽  
Voluntary Action ◽  
Material Objects ◽  
Full Understanding ◽  
The World ◽  
Immediate Experience

One aspect of Schopenhauer’s doctrine that the world is will, which can be assessed independently of his more ambitious metaphysical ideas, is the claim that our own agency provides us with a full understanding of causation which then permeates and structures our experience of the world in general. In this chapter, the author argues that this claim can be defended against Hume’s well-known objections because they are based on a volitional theory of voluntary action, which Schopenhauer rightly rejected. Schopenhauer quite plausibly located an immediate experience of causation between at least some kinds of motives and our consequent actions. However, he was wrong in suggesting that this experience might be the source of our understanding of causation since intentional action already presupposes that understanding and cannot provide it. It is more plausible to argue that an understanding of causation is derived from our bodily encounters with material objects.

FORMATION OF THE CULTURE OF PREVENTION OF BREAST CANCER THROUGH SELF-OBSERVATION AND SELF-EXAMINATION

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kateryna Mulyk ◽  
◽  
Aleksander Skaliy ◽  
Larysa Ruban ◽  
Liana Duhina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Physical Culture ◽  
Common Cancer ◽  
The World ◽  
Culture Of Prevention ◽  
Self Examination ◽  
Prevention Of Breast Cancer

The article is devoted to breast cancer, a common cancer among women around the world. The level of awareness of applicants and employees of the Kharkov State Academy of Physical Culture regarding risk factors and clinical features of breast cancer, as well as self-examination procedures was analyzed. It has been proven that the formation of a culture of prevention of breast cancer through self-observation and self-examination of young Ukrainian women can save human lives, since raising public awareness and gaining practical knowledge will certainly change the fate of many people.

scholarly journals Reconciling Practical Knowledge with Self-Deception

Mind ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 128 (512) ◽  
pp. 1205-1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Marcus
Keyword(s):  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Intentional Action ◽  
The Self ◽  
Correct Description ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Do So

Abstract Is it impossible for a person to do something intentionally without knowing that she is doing it? The phenomenon of self-deceived agency might seem to show otherwise. Here the agent is not (at least in a straightforward sense) lying, yet disavows a correct description of her intentional action. This disavowal might seem expressive of ignorance. However, I show that the self-deceived agent does know what she's doing. I argue that we should understand the factors that explain self-deception as masking rather than negating the practical knowledge characteristic of intentional action. This masking takes roughly the following form: when we are deceiving ourselves about what we are intentionally doing, we don't think about our action because it's painful to do so.

scholarly journals CubeSat Development for Lightning Flashes Detection: RaioSat Project

2020 ◽  
pp. 80-93
Author(s):  
Antonio Cassiano Julio Filho ◽  
Auro Tikami ◽  
Elaine de Souza Ferreira de Paula ◽  
Jhonathan Murcia Piñeros ◽  
George Favale Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Severe Weather ◽  
Preliminary Design ◽  
The World ◽  
Prediction Techniques ◽  
Operational Modes ◽  
Existing Data

Annually, severe weather phenomena are responsible for tens of thousands of deaths and tens of billions of dollars of damage around the world. In Brazil, unlike other hydrometeorological events, severe atmospheric events are random and, therefore, do not have a sociospatial pattern. Because of that, there is a significant motivation to improve the prediction techniques for this kind of events, using high resolution numerical models. A large amount of high-quality observational data is required, including lightning data in a very short-range. In addition, the detection of lightning flashes produced by storms is important for a wide variety of applications and in some areas of scientific research, which include the understanding of the human action on the climate and how the climate change can affect the behavior of storms in long range. One method to monitor the lightning flashes is the implementation of sensors in satellites to obtain data. In this sense, the objective of the RaioSat project is to develop national technology for detecting lightning flashes from the space, in order to complement the existing data from the ground detection network, BrasilDAT. The main objective of this article is to present a methodology for the development of the RaioSat mission including some parts of the preliminary design and operational modes. Additionally, the article describes the expected results and the continuity of the project and a preliminary analysis of a constellation for future projects.

Nothing Absolute

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Theology ◽  
German Idealism ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The World ◽  
Theological Perspective ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
First Time ◽  
Point Of Reference

Staging for the first time in extant scholarship a rigorous encounter between German thought from Kant to Marx and new forms of political theology, this ground-breaking volume puts forward a distinct and powerful framework for understanding the continuing relevance of political theology today as well as the conceptual and genealogical importance of German Idealism for its present and future. Against traditional approaches that view German Idealism as essentially a secularizing movement, this volume approaches it as the first speculative articulation of the political-theological problematic in the aftermath of the Enlightenment and the advent of secularity. Via a set of innovative readings and critiques, the volume investigates anew such concepts as immanence, utopia, sovereignty, mediation, indifference, the earth, the absolute, or the world, bringing German Idealism and Romanticism into dialogue with contemporary investigations of the (Christian-)modern forms of transcendence, domination, exclusion, and world-justification. Over the course of the volume, post-Kantian German thought emerges as a crucial phase in the genealogy of political theology and an important point of reference for the ongoing reassessment of modernity and secularity. As a result, this volume not only rethinks the philosophical trajectory of German Idealism and its aftermath from a political-theological perspective, but also demonstrates what can be done with (or against) German Idealism using the conceptual resources of political theology today.

Why We Need a New Kind of Higher Education

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Kosslyn ◽  
Ben Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Effective Interaction ◽  
Significant Problem ◽  
Global Context ◽  
The World ◽  
To Come ◽  
Curricular Model ◽  
Enhance Student Learning

Minerva is a response to problems that beset higher education writ large. We focus in large part on the most significant problem, which centers on the value of higher education. We address this problem by teaching “practical knowledge,” which is knowledge the students can use to achieve their goals. Practical knowledge is rooted in critical thinking, creative thinking, effective communication and effective interaction. We also have considered in depth how to teach this material effectively; all of our pedagogy is informed by the science of learning, which has led us to develop new forms of active learning. In addition, we have developed a software platform that supports our unique pedagogical and curricular model. This platform provides tools that not only facilitate teaching but also--and more importantly--enhance student learning. Furthermore, we believe that the future is increasingly international and thus our students learn to use practical knowledge in a global context. To achieve this, no one nationality is a majority—so students learn from each other—and students live and study together in up to seven different cities around the world. Finally, the Minerva talent agency supports our students from the beginning of their tenure through their post-graduate career, helping them succeed for many years to come.

Indigenous Knowledge as Resource to Sustain Self-Employment in Rural Development

2018 ◽  
pp. 142-158
Author(s):  
Ladislaus M. Semali
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Education ◽  
Young People ◽  
Indigenous Knowledge ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Living Condition ◽  
Cultural Knowledge ◽  
Community Wellbeing ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
The World

This chapter explores the ways African rural youths and women seek opportunities to innovate and adapt indigenous knowledge as a locally developed resource of community resilience in the attempt to reduce household poverty. The two case groups discussed in this chapter engaged in self-employment enterprises. They drew upon their ecological and cultural knowledge, enabling themselves through shoestring budgets to sustain their livelihood and community wellbeing. The chapter shows that unemployment affects young people and rural women from all occupations and ethnic groups, a situation that puts them in a vulnerable and precarious living condition. The analysis showed that for most of youth found on the Tanzania's streets and urban municipalities, a secondary education has not proven useful in practical knowledge, skills, values or attitudes necessary to enter the world of work or to become self-employed.

The Material and Spiritual Rationales Are Inseparable

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roald Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Sustainable Chemistry ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The People ◽  
Moral Perspective ◽  
Material Reality ◽  
The World ◽  
Spiritual Satisfaction ◽  
To Come ◽  
Fundamental Tension

There are sound spiritual reasons for the ecological and environmentalist perspective—for minimizing pollution and harm to ourselves, to future generations, to the earth. Are these consistent with the material reality and aspirations of chemistry and chemical industry? One would like to think they are. But what of the realities? I want to take a hard, personal look at this fundamental tension. And also search for what is special about Green or Sustainable Chemistry, facing up to the obstacles confronting the field. And, while reaching for a measure of transformation, a multifaceted Green Index, to come back to a moral perspective on our creative activities. Chemists and chemical engineers are prone to believe that the general public does not recognize the contributions that chemistry has made to our health and our standard of living. And we often cringe at the perception that others blame us (and the great industries that employ us) for fouling our own nest, the infinity of ways we have found of affecting adversely our bodies and the earth by producing on the megaton scale the unnatural. Each of these adverse opinions can be productively discussed—both with the people whose adversarial or anguished arguments chemists react to, and with the chemists’ exaggerated and defensive response to them. The facts remain that the industries that transform matter (to which chemistry is central) have flourished to an extent that is staggering. They’ve played an essential material role in prolonging life, and while not making people any happier, they have provided spiritual value. The value I’m thinking of is not in creating the materials for CDs and books, ancillary tools to spiritual satisfaction, but in providing partial, yet unprecedented knowledge of the world. And the transformative industries are also responsible for an immense quantity of hazardous waste. The scale of their fecund creative enterprise is such that the major cycles of the world are perturbed. More than half the N and S atoms in our bodies have seen the inside of a chemical factory. And C, O, and H atoms too, through agriculture, food preparation, and sewage treatment.

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