Editor’s Introduction: The View from Erewhon

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinch Hoekstra
Keyword(s):  
Moral Realism ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Language Play ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
The World ◽  
Moral Properties

Kinch Hoekstra’s introduction to Philip Pettit’s The Birth of Ethics adumbrates the themes of the work with reference to earlier attempts to provide naturalistic accounts of or challenges to morality. For Pettit, moral properties are really in the world, and yet are the product of patterns of human interaction and conventions to promote interests; his theory is thus both a kind of moral realism and a kind of moral conventionalism. Self-interest and language play central roles in Pettit’s hypothetical account of the genealogy of ethics, and a sketch is accordingly provided of the disagreement between Pettit and Michael Tomasello, which focuses on those roles.

scholarly journals The Explanationist Argument For Moral Realism

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Moral Realism ◽  
Roll Call ◽  
States Of Affairs ◽  
Natural Properties ◽  
The World ◽  
Moral Explanations ◽  
Moral Properties

In this paper I argue that the explanationist argument in favour of moral realism fails. According to this argument, the ability of putative moral properties to feature in good explanations provides strong evidence for, or entails, the metaphysical claims of moral realism. Some have rejected this argument by denying that moral explanations are ever good explanations. My criticism is different. I will argue that even if we accept that moral explanations are (sometimes) good explanations the metaphysical claims of realism do not follow.According to moral realists, moral properties such as justice and goodness take their own unique place in nature's ontological roll-call. Although realists disagree about the nature of these moral properties — for example, whether they are reducible or otherwise constituted by non-moral or natural properties — they all agree that such properties are genuine constituents of the world that are sometimes instantiated by objects, events or states of affairs.

Moral Facts and Best Explanations

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Leiter
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Philosophy Of Mind ◽  
Moral Realism ◽  
Explanatory Relevance ◽  
Explanatory Account ◽  
The World ◽  
Moral Explanations ◽  
Moral Properties ◽  
Gilbert Harman ◽  
Moral Facts

Do moral properties figure in the best explanatory account of the world? According to a popular realist argument, if they do, then they earn their ontological rights, for only properties that figure in the best explanation of experience arerealproperties. Although this realist strategy has been widely influential—not just in metaethics, but also in philosophy of mind and philosophy of science—no one has actually made the case that moral realism requires: namely, that moral facts really will figure in the best explanatory picture of the world. This issue may have been neglected in part because the influential dialectic on moral explanations between philosophers Gilbert Harman and Nicholas Sturgeon has focused debate on whether moral facts figure inrelevantexplanations. Yet as others have noted, explanatory relevance isirrelevantwhen it comes to realism: after all, according to the popular realist argument, it is inference to the best explanation of experience that is supposed to confer ontological rights. I propose to ask, then, the relevant question about moral explanations: should we think that moral properties will figure in the best explanatory account of the world?

Assimilative Moral Realism and Supervenience

Dialogue ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Yasenchuk
Keyword(s):  
Moral Realism ◽  
Ethical Naturalism ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Important Respect ◽  
Natural Properties ◽  
The World ◽  
Moral Properties ◽  
Macrophysical Properties ◽  
David Brink ◽  
The Way

David Brink has recently argued for the “parity” of ethics and the sciences. While the parity claim alone might be metaphysically neutral, Brink favours a form of ethical naturalism on which moral properties “are” natural properties, just as non-moral macrophysical properties “are” the microphysical states that compose them. Brink supports this claim by showing that both types of properties share certain important features: specifically, that both may be (and typically are) constituted, supervening and synthetically necessitated. I shall argue that notwithstanding these common features, there remain significant modal differences in the way the two types of properties are assigned to the world. These differences represent an important respect in which moral properties are not on par with their scientific counterparts.

New and not so new strategies in promoting integrity with particular reference to Africa

2018 ◽  
pp. 38-74
Author(s):  
Barry Rider
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
Intelligence Community ◽  
Generational Change ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
The World ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Law ◽  
Financial Intelligence ◽  
New Strategies

This article is focused on exploration not merely proposed developments in and refinements of the law and its administration, but the very significant role that financial intelligence can and should play in protecting our societies. It is the contention of the author that the intelligence community at large and in particular financial intelligence units have an important role to play in protecting our economies and ensuring confidence is maintained in our financial institutions and markets. In this article the author considers a number of issues pertinent to the advancement of integrity and in particular the interdiction of corruption to some degree from the perspective of Africa. The potential for Africa as a player in the world economy is enormous. So far, the ambiguous inheritance of rapacious empires and the turmoil of self-dealing elites in post-colonial times has successfully obscured and undermined this potential. Indeed, such has been the mismanagement, selfishness and importuning that many have grave doubts as to the ability of many states to achieve an ordered transition to what they could and should be. South Africa is perhaps the best example of a society that while avoiding the catastrophe that its recent past predicted, remains racked by corruption and mismanagement. That there is the will in many parts of the continent to further stability and security by addressing the cancer of corruption, the reality is that few have remained or been allowed to remain steadfast in their mission and all have been frustrated by political self-interest and lack of resources. The key might be education and inter-generational change as it has been in other parts of the world, but only an optimist would see this coming any time soon – there is too much vested interest inside and outside Africa in keeping things much as they are! The author focuses not so much on attempting to perfect the letter of the law, but rather on improving the ways in which we administer it.

Incentivizing Peace

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Tir ◽  
Johannes Karreth
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
East Timor ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Tools ◽  
The Impact

Civil wars are one of the most pressing problems facing the world. Common approaches such as mediation, intervention, and peacekeeping have produced some results in managing ongoing civil wars, but they fall short in preventing civil wars in the first place. This book argues for considering civil wars from a developmental perspective to identify steps to assure that nascent, low-level armed conflicts do not escalate to full-scale civil wars. We show that highly structured intergovernmental organizations (IGOs, e.g. the World Bank or IMF) are particularly well positioned to engage in civil war prevention. Such organizations have both an enduring self-interest in member-state peace and stability and potent (economic) tools to incentivize peaceful conflict resolution. The book advances the hypothesis that countries that belong to a larger number of highly structured IGOs face a significantly lower risk that emerging low-level armed conflicts on their territories will escalate to full-scale civil wars. Systematic analyses of over 260 low-level armed conflicts that have occurred around the globe since World War II provide consistent and robust support for this hypothesis. The impact of a greater number of memberships in highly structured IGOs is substantial, cutting the risk of escalation by over one-half. Case evidence from Indonesia’s East Timor conflict, Ivory Coast’s post-2010 election crisis, and from the early stages of the conflict in Syria in 2011 provide additional evidence that memberships in highly structured IGOs are indeed key to understanding why some low-level armed conflicts escalate to civil wars and others do not.

Reality and Morality

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Billy Dunaway
Keyword(s):  
Moral Realism ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Moral Disagreement ◽  
Moral Language ◽  
Moral Properties ◽  
Realist View

This book develops and defends a framework for moral realism. It defends the idea that moral properties are metaphysically elite, or privileged parts of reality. It argues that realists can hold that this makes them highly eligible as the referents for our moral terms, an application of a thesis sometimes called reference magnetism. And it elaborates on these theses by introducing some natural claims about how we can know about morality, by having beliefs that are free from a kind of risk of error. This package of theses in metaphysics, meta-semantics, and epistemology is motivated with a view to an explanation of possible moral disagreements. Many writers have emphasized the scope of moral disagreement, and have given compelling examples of possible users of moral language who appear to be genuinely disagreeing, rather than talking past one another, with their use of moral language. What has gone unnoticed is that there are limits to these possible disagreements, and not all possible users of moral language are naturally interpreted as capable of genuine disagreement. The realist view developed in this book can explain both the extent of, and the limits to, moral disagreement, and thereby has explanatory power that counts significantly in its favor.

scholarly journals Penerapan Bahasa Yang Baik Dan Benar Serta Sopan Santun Saat Melakukan Bimbingan Kelompok

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
YuliaKurniasari
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Group Counseling ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
The World ◽  
Collection Data ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Group Guidance ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

Language is a human interaction tool to facilitate humans to communicate with one another, language also has benefits that are very important for life as an introduction in the world of education. But what happens, the fact is that at the moment in carrying out group guidance conducted by some people, they have not been able to use good and correct grammar, but have already behaved politely when communicating with other interlocutors and some people still assume that when communicating only requires language simple or improvised. This study aims to teach that people need to apply true and wise communication, especially in the use of good and correct language systems when conducting group guidance. This study uses descriptive qualitative methods that refer to data collection, data analysis, interpretation of the data concerned with the situation. The results of this study indicate that in conducting group counseling they have not been able to apply good and correct language but have applied good manners. This research has various benefits, namely making people able to understand and realize that the importance of communication when guidance uses good and correct language so that it is easy to understand and easily accepted.

scholarly journals Perception of Newcomers Regarding Learning English and Culture in Canada

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Shahla Sattar Khan ◽  
Mehmet Takkac
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Language Play ◽  
New Immigrants ◽  
The World ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Learning English

There are some factors, which are motivational, and on the other hand, there are many challenges that may cause hindrance for learning English as a second language. Therefore, the main objective is to assess perception regarding factors for learning English as a second language, especially among new immigrants. This was a cross-sectional study conducted at a Polycultural center, Canada during the period of June-2017 to July-2017. The results of the study reinforced that new immigrants face challenges while learning English. Almost more than half the participants said that they find difficulty in understanding majority words. Regarding learning culture, two-thirds mentioned that the learning about culture gives them different points of view about the world and develops their critical thoughts. However, the socio-demographic characteristics like age, native language, play an important role in learning English.

scholarly journals Axiologically dominant concept „Egocentrism” in the French phraseological picture of the world

2020 ◽  
pp. 86-95
Author(s):  
L. V. Shapovalova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
Life Goals ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Life Evaluation ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
The World ◽  
To Come

The article deals with the basis of atropocentric cognitive-communicative paradigm of linguistic research, which developed in the XXI century; the most frequently used French phraseological units are analyzed in order to single out the axiologically dominant concept of the French phraseological picture of the world objectified in them and to build its model.Based on the study, it was found that the axiological dominant concept of the French phraseological picture of the world is the frame „Egocentrism”.The selected phraseological units are divided into groups that represent slots in the structure of the frame "Egocentrism". Each slot features individual elements of meaning, illustrated with idioms, that verbalize them.The isolated idioms convey such components of the meaning of the concept „Egocentrism” as the existence of their own rules of life, evaluation of something by its own rules, different ways of evaluating the same, self-interest, pretentiousness, behavior or opinion based on self-interest contempt for enemies, selfishness, independence of judgment, confidence in their own beliefs, their own way, subjectivity of judgments, firmness in their own position, pride, life goals and priorities, inflated self-esteem about themselves and their nation. All of the selected idioms have an assessment or evaluation in their meaning or represent an action based on their own needs, interests, priorities, selfishness, self-confidence, pride or other manifestations of their own ego, which actualizes their value aspect.An analysis of about 1,550 of the most commonly used French idioms allows us to come to conclusions about the hierarchy of axiologically dominant concepts in the French phraseological picture of the world and about the content and structure of the frame “Egocentrism” based on phraseological units that represent it.

America and Security Sponsorship

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Reich ◽  
Richard Ned Lebow
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Drug Policy ◽  
North Korea ◽  
The United States ◽  
Military Assistance ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Norms ◽  
The U.S

This chapter draws on a conceptual and empirical analysis to rethink America's posthegemonic role in the world. While guided by self-interest, the chapter contends that the United States should pursue a strategy that helps to implement policies that are widely supported and are often mooted or initiated by others. It should generally refrain from attempting to set the agenda and lead in a traditional realist or liberal sense. Drawing on Simon Reich's work on global norms, the chapter looks at the success Washington has had in sponsoring—that is, in backing—initiatives originating elsewhere. It examines the successful provision of military assistance to NATO's campaign in Libya, which offers a stark contrast to the U.S. approach to Iraq. The chapter then offers counterfactual cases of U.S. drug policy in Mexico and efforts to keep North Korea from going nuclear.

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