Freedom and Taxation

2020 ◽  
pp. 153-174
Author(s):  
Kristi A. Olson
Keyword(s):  
John Rawls ◽  
Occupational Choice ◽  
Moral Claim ◽  
Thomas Nagel

Chapter 9 invokes the solidarity solution to explain why some taxes are morally permissible while others are not. Take, for example, the endowment tax. Unlike the traditional earnings tax based on the individual’s actual income, the endowment tax is based on the individual’s maximum potential income. Although, intuitively, the endowment tax impermissibly interferes with freedom of occupational choice, it is difficult to explain why it impermissibly interferes while other taxes do not. After showing that the well-known attempts of John Rawls, Liam Murphy, and Thomas Nagel fail, chapter 9 puts forward a new solution: the endowment tax is impermissible not because it forecloses more options but rather because it forecloses options to which individuals have a stronger moral claim. The solidarity solution identifies these options.

Zwischen Tradition und Geltung

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Roseneck
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
John Rawls ◽  
Jürgen Habermas ◽  
Thomas Nagel ◽  
Scientific Discussion ◽  
Jurgen Habermas ◽  
Broad Scope ◽  
Social Scientific ◽  
New Atheism

This book shows under which conditions religious reasoning for generally binding norms can be legitimately introduced into democratic decision-making, even if societies are religiously diverse and pluralistic. To this end, the philosophical and social scientific discussion on this subject, which is still continuing today, is first systematically reviewed and critically discussed, starting with New Atheism, continuing with John Rawls and Thomas Nagel and ending with contemporary contributions by Jürgen Habermas. Subsequently, the book adopts the standpoint that the evaluation of religiously founded claims in democracy can only be determined by their practical consequences, thus leaving broad scope for their integration.

Property as a Constraint on the State

2019 ◽  
pp. 66-83
Author(s):  
Dan Moller
Keyword(s):  
Social Contract ◽  
John Rawls ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Free Rider ◽  
The State ◽  
Thomas Nagel ◽  
Free Ride ◽  
Moral Importance ◽  
Opt Out ◽  
Just Society

This chapter argues that private property constrains what the state may do. Figures like John Rawls, Thomas Nagel, and G. A. Cohen have advanced views according to which ownership is not a consideration that significantly hems in the content of just institutions. But this chapter shows that private property has independent weight that must be acknowledged in organizing a just society. A social contract that ignores the independent moral importance of private property is not one that should command our respect. This raises the question of whether it is ever permissible to take someone’s property by force, without which we would arguably be left with anarchy. The answer sketched relies on an anti-free-rider principle that permits us to compel people to contribute to projects we cannot reasonably forgo, which people benefit from and could opt out of, and which they may otherwise free-ride on.

From the Nature of Persons to the Structure of Morality

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Noggle
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Personal Identity ◽  
John Rawls ◽  
Moral Theory ◽  
Moral Claim ◽  
Human Soul ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Human Motivation ◽  
Norman Daniels ◽  
Moral Theories

Intuitionism—in some form or another—is the most widely recognized and thoroughly discussed method of justification for moral theories. It rests on the claim that a moral theory must not deviate too much from our pre-theoretical moral convictions (or at least those that we are prepared to hold on reflection). In some form or another, this methodology goes back at least as far as Aristotle, and has been discussed, refined, and defended by such contemporary philosophers as John Rawls and Norman Daniels.There is, however, another methodology for constructing and defending moral theories. It draws on premises about human nature or the nature of persons to support conclusions about the nature and structure of morality. This method—which I will call the nature to morality methodology—evaluates a moral claim or moral theory on the basis of its relation to some (alleged) facts about the kind of beings we are. For brevity, I will use the term ‘nature-claims’ to refer to claims about human nature or the nature of persons, and the term ‘nature-facts’ to refer to true nature-claims. The nature-claims that have been used to support or criticize various moral theories include claims about human motivation, personal identity, the human soul, and the conceptual features of personhood or rational agency.

Conventionalism and Legitimate Expectations

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
C.M. Melenovsky
Keyword(s):  
John Rawls ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Moral Claim ◽  
Natural Right ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Moral Claims ◽  
Legitimate Expectations ◽  
Specific Obligation

To be a conventionalist about a specific obligation or right is to believe that the obligation or right is dependent on the existence of a social practice. A conventionalist about property, for example, believes that a moral right to property is generated by conventional norms rather than by any natural right. One problem with dominant conventionalist theories is that they do not adequately justify conventional moral claims. They can justify why it is wrong to steal, for example, but they do not justify the claim that you have on me to not steal from you. As a remedy, this article develops and defends the Principle of Legitimate Expectations. Suggested by John Rawls, this principle grants individuals a moral claim to what the rules of morally justified practices entitle them. This article addresses common objections to the principle to show how it can ground a wide range of conventional moral claims.

scholarly journals Liberalismo igualitário e ação afirmativa: da teoria moral à política pública

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (48) ◽  
pp. 85-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Feres Júnior ◽  
Luiz Augusto Campos
Keyword(s):  
John Rawls ◽  
Ronald Dworkin ◽  
Thomas Nagel ◽  
Politica Publica

O presente artigo examina a hipótese de que a teoria política e moral do liberalismo igualitário serve de justificação para políticas de ação afirmativa de recorte étnico-racial, hipótese essa que tem sido assumida como verdadeira por acadêmicos e importantes operadores do direito em nosso país. Buscamos estabelecer como autores fundamentais do liberalismo igualitário, como John Rawls, Ronald Dworkin, Thomas Nagel e Robert Taylor, trataram a questão das políticas de discriminação positiva. O método usado é a interpretação textual, tomando cuidado de trabalhar o mais próximo possível da linguagem e dos conceitos nos próprios textos dos autores e cobrindo a evolução do tema na obra de cada um, particularmente na de Rawls. Pretendemos mostrar que há uma gradação de opiniões em relação à questão, que vai da defesa à rejeição de tais políticas, passando por posições intermediárias que justificam algumas modalidades de ação afirmativa, mas não outras. Portanto, não há uma relação unívoca entre a teoria política e moral do liberalismo igualitário e a justificação de políticas de ação afirmativa de recorte étnico-racial, a despeito do senso comum e do fato de teóricos do liberalismo igualitário e defensores da ação afirmativa partilharem o mesmo lugar no espectro político das democracias liberais.

scholarly journals Overcoming Ignorance: The Case for a Moral Imperative to Combat Global Poverty

Elements ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Wendel
Keyword(s):  
John Rawls ◽  
The State ◽  
Global Poverty ◽  
Peter Singer ◽  
Thomas Nagel ◽  
Moral Imperative ◽  
Thomas Pogge ◽  
National Boundaries

The response of affluent individuals and countries to the extremes of global poverty in today's world is in dire need of reconsideration. While political philosophies such as John Rawls and Thomas Nagel argue that obligations of justice should not extend beyond national boundaries, other such as Thomas Pogge and Peter Singer emphasize that increased global interdependence has made national boundaries irrelevant for matters of morality and justice. Instead, affluent individuals must undertake a new moral mindset when considering the issue of global poverty, and a new, moderate, moral cosmopolitan theory for justice should be established in order to change the state of poverty in our world radically.

The State’s Role in Ensuring Fair Income Distribution in Vietnam Today: Some Issues from the Theory of Justice as Fairness by John Rawls

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-195
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
John Rawls ◽  
Social Stability ◽  
Social Equality ◽  
Justice As Fairness ◽  
Theory Of Justice ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Economic Philosophy ◽  
The Relationship

Fairness in income distribution is a factor that both motivates employees and contributes to maintaining social stability. In Vietnam, fair income distribution has been studied from various perspectives. In this article, through the analysis and synthesis of related documents and evidence, and from the perspective of economic philosophy, the author applies John Rawls’s Theory of Justice as Fairness to analyze some issues arising from the implementation of the state’s role in ensuring fair income distribution from 1986 to present. These are unifying the perception of fairness in income distribution; solving the relationship between economic efficiency and social equality; ensuring benefits for the least-privileged people in society; and controlling income. On that basis, the author makes some recommendations to enhance the state’s role in ensuring fair income distribution in Vietnam. Received 11thNovember 2019; Revised 10thApril 2020; Accepted 20th April 2020

Application of Special Psycho-Physiological Technologies in the System of Occupational Choice of Aviation Specialists in Ukraine

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 36-52
Author(s):  
V.P. Babak ◽  
◽  
O.R. Malkhazov ◽  
V.P. Kharchenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Choice
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