Levels of Intelligence

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Daeyeol Lee
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Essential Property ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Self Replication ◽  
Simple Behavior

Intelligence is the ability to find solutions to complex problems a life faces in a complex and uncertain environment. This cannot be captured by a standardized numerical score, such as IQ, that focuses on a narrow range of cognitive capabilities, such as working memory or verbal fluency. Intelligence also cannot be separated from the most essential property of all life forms, which is self-replication. This chapter briefly reviews the evolutionary history and diversity of intelligence from single-cell organisms to humans. The chapter includes a definition of intelligence and a discussion of how the nervous system works, the simple behavior of reflexes and the limitations of reflexes, connectome (the comprehensive map of all the connections in an animal’s nervous system), the multiple controllers for muscles, and the social nature of many behaviors. The chapter also includes a case study on eye movements.

Interplay between labour dynamics, accounting and accountability practices during the rise of a political logic: an Egyptian case study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 675-702
Author(s):  
Ahmed Abdelnaby Ahmed Diab
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Management ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
Revolutionary Politics ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Control ◽  
Accountability Practices ◽  
African Setting

Purpose The purpose of this study is to provide a political explanation of management, accounting and control (MAC) practices in a traditional and unstable African setting. This was done by exploring the influence of latest revolutionary politics in Egypt along with labour dynamics in the context. Design/methodology/approach Theoretically, the study uses the institutional logics perspective to understand the effects of higher order institutions on corporate management and workers at the micro level. Methodologically, the study adopts an interpretative case study approach. Data were collected using a triangulation of interviews, documents and observations. Findings The study finds that volatile political settings can have different contradictory implications for MAC practices. It also concludes that revolutionary events play a central role not only in the configuration of MAC practices but also in the mobilisation of labour resistance to these practices. Originality/value The study contributes to the literature by investigating the different appearances of MAC practices in a volatile, political or revolutionary context, in contrast to highly investigated stabilised Western contexts. This broadens the definition of the social in the area of accounting and control.

scholarly journals The Socio-Political Role of Zombie Categories. A Case Study of the Referendum Amending Article 48 of The Romanian Constitution (6-7 October 2018)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Georgeta Ghebrea
Keyword(s):  
Risk Society ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
The Public ◽  
Traditional Family ◽  
Political Role ◽  
Public Agenda ◽  
The Social ◽  
Definition Of

Our scope was to explain the failure of the Referendum on the revision of Article 48 of the Romanian Constitution, regarding the definition of family (held in 2018 and known as the "traditional family referendum"). We hypothesized that in Romania the traditional family has become a "zombie" category, unable to produce an authentic mobilization of the social-political actors. Still, the traditional family represents an anchor that counteracts insecurity and anxiety caused by the "risk society" in which we live. This function is capitalized by social-political actors as a source of their legitimation. Our understanding was based on the processual analysis of this issue on the public agenda, from inflammation to extinction. This analysis clearly showed the process of gradual demobilization of the actors involved.

Mediated Public Diplomacy Redefined: Foreign Stakeholder Engagement via Paid, Earned, Shared, and Owned Media

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 1665-1683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy J. Golan ◽  
Ilan Manor ◽  
Phillip Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
News Media ◽  
Stakeholder Engagement ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Public Diplomacy ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Media Platform ◽  
Definition Of

Mediated public diplomacy literature examines the engagement of foreign audiences by governments via mediated channels. To date, scholars have examined the competitive contest between global rivals in promoting and contesting one another’s frames as reflected in global news media coverage. Recognizing the meaningful impact of social media platforms, along with the global rise of government-sponsored media organizations, the current study builds on previous mediated public diplomacy scholarship by expanding the scope of the literature beyond the earned media perspective to also include paid, shared, and owned media. The article presents a revised definition of the term mediated public diplomacy along with a case study of government to foreign stakeholder engagement via the social media platform, Twitter.

Death by Decapitation: A Case Study of the Scientific Definition of Animal Welfare

1997 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence G. Carbone
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Historical Case Study ◽  
Historical Case ◽  
Laboratory Rodents ◽  
The Social ◽  
Animal Welfare Science ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Animal Care

AbstractAssessments of animal experience and consciousness are embedded in all issues of animal welfare policy, and the field of animal welfare science has been developed to make these evaluations. In light of modern studies of the social construction of scientific knowledge, it is surprising how little attention has been paid to date on how crucial evaluations about animals are made. In this paper, I begin to fill that gap by presenting a historical case study of the attempt to define the pain and distress of one common practice in animal research-the use of the tabletop guillotine to decapitate laboratory rodents. I describe the negotiations involved in reaching consensus on the meaning of the available data and caution animal care and use committees that they should always work with the realization that our scientific knowledge of what animals experience is partial and provisional knowledge at best.

scholarly journals Severe Head Injury Sequelae caused in humans

2019 ◽  
pp. 35-43
Author(s):  
Yolanda Cortés-Alvarez ◽  
Rafael Estrella-Velázquez ◽  
Aarón Ivan González-Neri ◽  
Quezada-Moreno Maribel
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Severe Head Injury ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Craniocerebral Trauma ◽  
Good Shape ◽  
System Composition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Severe Craniocerebral Trauma

This research points out how valuable the brain in humans is, it indicates from the definition of the word brain, of the nervous system, composition of the skull, parts of the brain, responsibilities of the brain, actions to keep the brain in good shape, the power that he has the brain and the senses that he indicates himself. There is a case study of an accident that caused a severe craniocerebral trauma teacher and the sequelae that will already be part of her teacher's daily life and the knowledge that these sequelae may continue to appear during the 3 years of the accident. It also presents the progress that has been achieved over 10 months of recovery, this with the aim of creating awareness in people and understanding how important the brain is to continue living in this magnificent world.

scholarly journals KETERKAITAN ANTARA MODAL SOSIAL DENGAN EFISIENSI KELEMBAGAAN PADA KOPERASI PONDOK PESANTREN SIDOGIRI, PASURUAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
FARAHDILLA KUTSIYAH ◽  
AGOES KAMAROELLAH ◽  
UMMU KULSUM
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
Shared Vision ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Operational Activities ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Depth Interviews

Sidogiri Islamic Boarding School is one of the oldest Islamic boarding schools and is capable of being independent in its operational activities by having very rich resources and this institution is also an example of success in developing Islamic economics. The definition of "institution" in this article is how the rules are implemented in the pesantren's economic activities that are deeply tied to the social capital that they have. This study uses a case study qualitative approach. Data collection through observation, documentation and in-depth interviews. The results of the study show that social capital that is embedded in the pesantren environment can reduce transaction costs so that the institutional of Sidogiri Islamic Boarding School cooperative is more efficient. Network can reduce the cost of information, negotiation, coordination and supervision. Norms can decrease the occurrence of irregularities and the existence of trust. Shared vision can facilitate coordination and increase motivation. It is recommended that the application of social capital in the management of the Sidogiri kopontren be able to be transferred some other pesantren that are still lagging behind in economic development so that they are able to be independent and can help the economic problems of the community.

The Dilemma of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR); Case Study of PT. Inco

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-50
Author(s):  
Noorwahid Sofjan
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Human Security ◽  
Voluntary Activity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
A Company

Since the CSR discourse has been widely discussed, the debate about the concept of CSR as an expression of moral responsibility and sensitivity to the social and environmental world has received resistance from some circles. The reason is that some people are trying to avoid CSR obligations. This paper talks about how the discourse and thinking about CSR struggles. Is CSR a voluntary activity for the company or is it an obligation (mandatory)? Then the authors describe the Indonesian context of CSR. And before the conclusion, the author tries to describe a case example of a CSR program run by a company in Indonesia and tries to analyze it from a human security perspective. As a result, from a human security perspective, the concept of CSR in Indonesia is still a problem. The cause, scholars are still trapped in efforts to formulate a detailed definition of CSR. As a result, practically the CSR program has not been seen as a humanitarian program. And it is still limited to a technical matter of fulfilling the company's procedural obligations.

The Dilemma of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR); Case Study of PT. Inco

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-50
Author(s):  
Noorwahid Sofjan
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Human Security ◽  
Voluntary Activity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
A Company

Since the CSR discourse has been widely discussed, the debate about the concept of CSR as an expression of moral responsibility and sensitivity to the social and environmental world has received resistance from some circles. The reason is that some people are trying to avoid CSR obligations. This paper talks about how the discourse and thinking about CSR struggles. Is CSR a voluntary activity for the company or is it an obligation (mandatory)? Then the authors describe the Indonesian context of CSR. And before the conclusion, the author tries to describe a case example of a CSR program run by a company in Indonesia and tries to analyze it from a human security perspective. As a result, from a human security perspective, the concept of CSR in Indonesia is still a problem. The cause, scholars are still trapped in efforts to formulate a detailed definition of CSR. As a result, practically the CSR program has not been seen as a humanitarian program. And it is still limited to a technical matter of fulfilling the company's procedural obligations.

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