The Domestic Politics of Let

2019 ◽  
pp. 149-196
Author(s):  
C. Christine Fair
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The State ◽  
Deep State ◽  
Foreign Policies

Most scholars of Lashkar-e-Tayyaba/Jamaat ud Dawah (LeT/JuD) tend to view the tanzeem as a proxy militia for the Pakistani army. While the organization certainly performs this role, this narrow understanding undervalues the full scope of activities it performs, alongside the full range of political and social perquisites that the organization affords the Pakistani state, and thus, the importance that the state attaches to it. Presumably, the formation of the Milli Muslim League (MML) will further entrench this alliance between the state and the LeT/JuD. This chapter demonstrates that LeT/JuD performs a critical role in assisting the deep state to secure its domestic objectives as well as its foreign policies in India and Afghanistan.

scholarly journals The political consequences of the product cycle: industrial history and political outcomes

1979 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Kurth
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
International Political Economy ◽  
Product Cycle ◽  
The West ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Industrial History ◽  
Political Outcomes ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
The Impact

What explains the continuing stagnation in the industrial economies of the West? What will be the impact of such stagnation upon domestic politics and upon international relations? Are there domestic and foreign policies which the state can undertake to bring about a return to sustained economic prosperity and a recapitulation of that lost golden age of 1948–1973? These are now the central questions for scholars in the emerging field of international political economy. A recent special issue of International Organization, edited by Peter Katzenstein, has presented some of the most useful and sophisticated approaches to these questions and analyses of the international political economy of the West during the period of the last thirty years.

Confronting Soviet Power: U.S. Policy during the Early Cold War

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 151-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul C. Avey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soviet Power ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Distribution Of Power

Many self-identified realist, liberal, and constructivist scholars contend that ideology played a critical role in generating and shaping the United States' decision to confront the Soviet Union in the early Cold War. A close look at the history reveals that these ideological arguments fail to explain key aspects of U.S. policy. Contrary to ideological explanations, the United States initially sought to cooperate with the Soviet Union, did not initially pressure communist groups outside the Soviet orbit, and later sought to engage communist groups that promised to undermine Soviet power. The U.S. decision to confront the Soviets stemmed instead from the distribution of power. U.S. policy shifted toward a confrontational approach as the balance of power in Eurasia tilted in favor of the Soviet Union. In addition, U.S. leaders tended to think and act in a manner consistent with balance of power logic. The primacy of power over ideology in U.S. policymaking—given the strong liberal tradition in the United States and the large differences between U.S. and Soviet ideology—suggests that relative power concerns are the most important factors in generating and shaping confrontational foreign policies.

Protecting the Land

2019 ◽  
pp. 48-83
Author(s):  
David Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The State ◽  
State Parks ◽  
John Muir ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Administrative Capacity ◽  
Hydraulic Mining ◽  
Forestry Commission

This chapter discusses the efforts to protect Yosemite and the sequoias in the Sierras in the nineteenth century and then turns to the more heated conflicts over the fate of the coastal redwoods. The roots of California's tradition of civic mobilization lie in nature protection. This tradition began with the efforts of a few prominent individuals—including John Muir, Horace Greeley, and Frederick Olmsted—and then became institutionalized in the upper-middle-class Sierra and Sempervirens clubs and the predominantly upper-class Save-the-Redwoods League. Broader grassroots citizen mobilization played a critical role in campaigns to return control of Yosemite to the federal government, expand the size of and increase the funding for state parks, and protect endangered sequoias in the Sierras. The state's administrative capacity to protect California's scenic environment was initially limited, paralleling its inability to regulate hydraulic mining during the mid-nineteenth century. However, this capacity subsequently expanded through the establishment of institutions such as the State Board of Agriculture, the State Forestry Commission, and the State Parks Commission.

Gold Mining

2019 ◽  
pp. 22-47
Author(s):  
David Vogel
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Gold Mining ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Federal Court ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Nineteenth Century America ◽  
Business Interests ◽  
Hydraulic Mining ◽  
History Of

This chapter, which begins by exploring California's early history, demonstrates the critical role played by both geography and public policy in shaping the state's early economic development, the environmental impacts of that development, and the state's efforts to address those impacts. The discovery of gold in the Sierra foothills in 1848 literally created the state of California. However, the geography of those foothills and the valley into which their rivers flowed also made gold mining one of the most environmentally destructive natural resource activities in nineteenth-century America. It sharply divided the business interests of northern California, leading to a prolonged and bitter battle between mining companies and farmers in the Sacramento Valley. This conflict was finally resolved by a federal court decision in 1884 that banned hydraulic mining—the first important environmental ruling issued by a federal court. This decision was issued in San Francisco by a California judge, illustrating the important role played by the state in the history of pollution control in the United States.

The (Mis)measure of Schools: How Data Affect Stakeholder Knowledge and Perceptions of Quality

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
Jack Schneider ◽  
Rebecca Jacobsen ◽  
Rachel S. White ◽  
Hunter Gehlbach
Keyword(s):  
School Choice ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
School Quality ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Parental Engagement ◽  
The State ◽  
Basic Question ◽  
Specific Information

Purpose/Objective Under the reauthorized Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), states and districts retain greater discretion over the measures included in school quality report cards. Moreover, ESSA now requires states to expand their measurement efforts to address factors like school climate. This shift toward more comprehensive measures of school quality provides an opportunity for states and districts to think intentionally about a basic question: What specific information should schools collect and report to their communities? Setting This study took place in the community surrounding a small, highly diverse urban school district. Population/Participants Forty-five local residents representing a range of demographic backgrounds participated in a modified deliberative poll with an experimental treatment. Intervention/Program/Practice We randomly assigned participants into two conditions. In the first, participants accessed the state web portal, which houses all publicly available educational data about districts in the state. In the second condition, participants accessed a customized portal that contained a wider array of school performance information collected by the research team. Research Design This mixed-methods study used a modified deliberative polling format, in conjunction with a randomized controlled field trial. Data Collection and Analysis Participants in both conditions completed a battery of survey items that were analyzed through multiple regressions. Findings/Results When users of a more holistic and comprehensive data system evaluated unfamiliar schools, they not only valued the information more highly but also expressed more confidence in the quality of the schools. Conclusions/Recommendations We doubt that more comprehensive information will inevitably lead to higher ratings of school quality. However, it appears—both from prior research, from theory, and from this project—that deeper familiarity with a school often fosters more positive perceptions. This may be because those unfamiliar with particular schools rely on a limited range of data, which fail to adequately capture the full range of performance variables, particularly in the case of urban schools. We encourage future exploration of this topic, which may have implications for school choice, parental engagement, and accountability policy.

Thailand: Chasing the Dream of Free Medical Care for the Sick

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Harris
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Universal Coverage ◽  
The State ◽  
Strategic Actions ◽  
Universal Healthcare ◽  
Coverage Policy ◽  
To Receive

Set against existing explanations for Thailand’s landmark universal coverage policy, this chapter traces the historical rise of a movement of progressive physicians in Thailand (the Rural Doctors’ Movement). After establishing their origins, it explores the critical role they played in institutionalizing universal healthcare over powerful opposition forces. In the absence of the strategic actions of this professional movement, the evidence presented here suggests that there is little reason to believe that Thailand’s universal coverage policy would ever have become a major issue in the 2001 election, much less a policy that would have been implemented and gone on to receive international acclaim. It points to the knowledge, social networks, and privileged positions in the state that allowed the movement to have an outsized role in the policy process following democratic transition in 1992.

Telecommunications Interception in Turkey

2011 ◽  
pp. 69-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melike Akkaraca Köse
Keyword(s):  
Power Relations ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Reforms ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
Perception Of Threat ◽  
Deep State ◽  
Micro Power ◽  
Conditions Of Possibility ◽  
Power Application

The paper discusses telecommunication interceptions in Turkey as a state surveilling itself as well as its citizens. While surveillance of state officials including the judiciary indicates a perception of threat from inside the state, these perceptions overlap with the ‘deep state’ phenomenon in Turkey. Despite the 2005 legal reforms which introduce strict legal standards for communications surveillance, current political developments reveal that wiretapping remains as a commonly used micro-power application. The paper, by utilizing Foucault’s theory, aims to uncover the ‘conditions of possibility’ for the use of this disciplinary technique in Turkey with a certain focus on the actual power relations and discourses of truth.

Overcoming Complacency Through Quality Intelligence in Greek Higher Education

2020 ◽  
pp. 121-140
Author(s):  
Loukas Anninos
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The State ◽  
Academic Leadership ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Institutional Improvement ◽  
University Performance ◽  
Institutional Initiatives

During the last decade, an intensification of evaluation at the Greek universities has been noted, encouraged by the state and institutional initiatives aiming to reform, modernize, and cultivate a culture of excellence. The progress that has been reported was facilitated by global developments that gradually strengthened the cultural and scientific foundations of university performance evaluation and set the foundations for continuous institutional improvement and transformation. However, the role of academic leadership is crucial if universities wish to fully embrace the concept of excellence in their operations and services not from an obligatory, but from an evolutionary perspective that would allow them to learn and improve. As Greek universities are currently in the process of quality accreditation, the chapter briefly presents the framework for quality accreditation in Greek universities and underlines the critical role of academic leadership for achieving accreditation and establishing a culture for sustainable excellence.

Push Comes to Shove

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
Stephen Skowronek ◽  
John A. Dearborn ◽  
Desmond King
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
The State ◽  
Support Networks ◽  
Public Servants ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Deep State ◽  
Good Government

This chapter introduces the main themes of the book. It situates the concepts of the Deep State and the unitary executive in the politics of the Trump presidency. When President Trump employed the term “Deep State,” he envisioned a duly elected leader hindered in the pursuit of his political priorities by an entrenched officialdom and their extensive support networks arrayed. Americans are predisposed to be wary of the state, and the specter of a Deep State is a national nightmare. President Trump invoked this image to strengthen the case for an executive branch unified and hierarchically controlled by the president. But for defenders of steady management, the presence of trained public servants is a necessary means to implementing knowledge-based public policy, guarding against hasty and arbitrary impositions, and ensuring that checks and balances work. The Deep State and the unitary executive are phantom twins, symptoms of two different conceptions of good government in contemporary America.

The Domestic Determinants of Russia’s Resurrection

2021 ◽  
pp. 235-268
Author(s):  
Kathryn E. Stoner
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
International Politics ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Social Stability ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Power Projection ◽  
Power Resources ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Sphere Of Influence ◽  
Vladimir Putin

This chapter examines the purposes of Russian power projection abroad under the regime of Vladimir Putin. The chapter reviews the various dimensions of Russian power in international politics, including its geographic domain in its immediate neighborhood and globally, as well as areas where Russian policy influence is particularly weighty. The chapter then looks briefly at different means of Russian power, like economy, conventional and nuclear defense capabilities, and human capital. It concludes that Russia is never as weak as it seems. Although it is not necessarily “the strongest” in all areas of international politics, Putin’s Russia has considerable usable power resources for the purposes of its leadership. The chapter then looks at the purposes of Russian power projection abroad. It looks first at realist arguments that insist Russia has national interests that any Russian regime would defend. These interests, according to this argument, are historically and geographically determined. Any Russian leader would seek to defend what is described as a “traditional sphere of influence.” In contrast, the author argues that Putin’s patronal autocracy has come to behave more aggressively in building and using Russia’s formidable power resources in order to maintain social stability for the sake of the regime’s survival. In this way, the chapter links Russian domestic politics to its foreign policies under Putin.

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