A Drought Warning System for Thailand

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Apisit Eiumnoh ◽  
Rajendra P. Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Drainage Density ◽  
Agricultural Economics ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Moderate Drought ◽  
Hot Season ◽  
Agricultural Use ◽  
Dry Climates

Thailand is located between 5°30' and 20°30'N latitudes and between 97°30' and 105°30'E longitudes. Geographically, the country can be divided into northern, northeastern, central, and southern regions. Most of the country experiences distinct wet and dry climates, except some parts of the southern region, which experience a wet and humid climate. Of the country’s total area (514,000 km2), 41% is under agricultural use (Office of Agricultural Economics, 1999) with 92% of it being rainfed. Drought normally occurs during the hot season (March–April) and sometimes during dry season (November–April) due to inadequate rains. In recent times, the occurrence of drought has increased in Thailand, threatening sustainability of agricultural production. According to Department of Local Administration (1998), droughts of varying intensity occur in 67 out of 76 provinces of Thailand almost every year. During the period from 1987 to 1997, drought impacted a total of 5.44 million ha of agricultural land, causing $1.4 billion in losses. Droughts of varying intensity or severity occur in different regions of Thailand. A drought is categorized as severe, moderate, slight, or none drought using a radiative index (RI) determined during the rainy season (May– October). The RI for a region is determined using the number of rainy days, percentage of irrigated area, groundwater availability, topography, land use, soil, drainage density, and watershed size. If RI ranges from 1.0 to 1.2 for 15 consecutive days for a region or area, the region is said to be affected by slight drought. If RI exceeds 1.2 for 30 consecutive days, the region is considered to be affected by moderate drought, and if RI exceeds 1.0 for more than 30 consecutive days, severe drought is said to have occurred in the region. Using these criteria, the percentage of area affected by different drought categories has been determined in Thailand. It can be observed from table 25.1 that the northeastern region is the most droughtprone in Thailand. A drought index, D, is also used to monitor drought conditions in Thailand.

Earliness of an indeterminate crop, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., as affected by drought, temperature, and plant density

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 531 ◽  
Author(s):  
DA Grantz ◽  
AE Hall
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Semiarid Environments ◽  
Land Race ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Moderate Drought ◽  
Extreme Variability

Earliness of an indeterminate crop, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., was studied to aid development of selection techniques for improving adaptation to semiarid environments. Earliness was based upon the time of first appearance of floral buds and flowers, proportion of shoot dry matter in reproductive parts at midseason, and time of maturity. A cowpea land race, Chino 3, was earlier than cultivars California Blackeye No. 3 and No. 5, with respect to all of these criteria. Time to flowering from different sowing dates was related to heat units, which were calculated from daily mean air temperature above a base temperature of c. 10�C. The proportions of shoot dry matter in reproductive parts during early stages of pod-filling were greater with moderate drought but were unaffected by severe drought, compared with the response of adequately irrigated plants. Widely spaced plants exhibited greater proportions of shoot dry matter in reproductive parts at midseason than did closely spaced plants. Adaptation of cowpeas to semiarid environments may be improved by selecting for early partitioning of carbohydrates to reproductive parts. Selection for early partitioning may be more effective in adequately watered conditions, owing to extreme variability under drought, and at wide and precise spacing.

The Bolivian Drought Monitor: an operational tool, calibrated on impact records, to identify and communicate drought severity conditions.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauro Rossi ◽  
Alessandro Masoero ◽  
Anna Mapelli ◽  
Fabio Castelli
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Drought Severity ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Drought Event ◽  
Context Analysis ◽  
Management Platform ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Civil Defence

<p>Within the framework of the CIF financed “Pilot Program for Climate Resilience”, the Drought Monitoring and Early Warning System for Bolivia was developed and implemented. The system is operational since July 2020 and aims at detecting emerging severe drought conditions in the country, in order to trigger timely warnings to stakeholders and the general public.</p><p>The Bolivian Drought Monitor has two main components: a technical one (data gathering and analysis, performed through the multi-hazard early warning “myDEWETRA” platform) and an institutional one (creating consensus and disseminating warnings). The system design followed a participatory approach, involving since the early stages the Ministry for Water and Environment (MMAyA), the National Hydrometeorological Service (SENAMHI), the Vice-Ministry for Civil Defence (VIDECI). These institutions actively contribute to the monthly edition of the drought bulletin, each one for its own sector of competence, through a dedicated IT tool for synchronous compilation. Ongoing drought conditions are reported in a national bulletin, issued monthly and published on a dedicated public website: http://monitorsequias.senamhi.gob.bo/</p><p>Given the Bolivian data-poor context, analysis strongly relies on a large variety of multi-source satellite products, spanning from well consolidated ones in the operational practice to more experimental ones such as from the SMAP mission. This information is used to monthly refresh the spatial maps of 17 indexes covering meteorological, hydrological and agricultural droughts for different aggregation periods (from 1 to 12 months). Simulation of the system performance over a long period (2002-2019) and comparison with recorded socio-economic drought impacts  from the National Disaster Observatory (Observatorio Nacional de Desastres- OND) of the Vice-Ministry of Civil Defence (VIDECI) was used to define a most representative compound index, based on a weighted combination of a selection of 4 indexes with their related thresholds. The combination of 3-month SPEI, 2-month SWDI, 1-month VHI and 1-month FAPAR indexes performed the best in the comparison with impact records. This combination encompasses both the medium-term effects of meteorological and hydrological deficits (3-month SPEI and SWDI), both the short-term effects on vegetation (1-month VHI and FAPAR). This set of indexes proved to be a solid proxy in estimating possible impacts on population of ongoing or incoming drought spells, as happened for most significant recent drought events occurred in Bolivia, such as the 2010 event in the Chaco region and the 2016 drought event in the Altiplano and Valles regions, that heavily affected the water supply in several major cities (La Paz, Sucre, Cochabamba, Oruro and Potosí).</p><p>The design of the monitoring and bulletin management platform, together with its strong remote-sensing base, give to the system a high potential for easy export to other regional and national contexts. Also, the variety of the different computed drought indexes and the replicability of the procedure for the best compound index identification will allow for efficient evolutionary maintenance as new remote-sensing products will be available in the future.</p>

scholarly journals Analisis Alih Fungsi Lahan di Kabupaten Aceh Selatan

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 400-408
Author(s):  
Riski Yunianda ◽  
Syakur Syakur ◽  
Teti Arabia
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Spatial Data Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Land Use ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Land Distribution ◽  
Space Pattern ◽  
Agricultural Use

Abstrak. Seiring terjadinya penyimpangan penggunaan lahan sangat sering terjadi terhadap rencana tata ruang wilayah (RTRW). Daerah pinggiran kota merupakan wilayah yang banyak mengalami perubahan penggunaan lahan terutama perubahan penggunaan lahan pertanian menjadi non pertanian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perubahan penggunaan lahan pertanian di Kabupaten Aceh Selatan tahun 2013 dengan tahun 2017 dan menganalisis keselarasan penggunaan lahan pertanian eksisting tahun 2017 dengan pola ruang Kabupaten Aceh Selatan tahun 2013-2033. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif dengan teknik survai. Sedangkan analisis data spasial menggunakan SIG dengan konsep extract, overlay dan intersect. Hasil kajian menunjukkan hasil koreksi pada pengunaan lahan pertanian tahun 2013 dengan tahun 2017 didapatlah luas penggunaan lahan pertanian yang telah beralih fungsi seluas 8.041,56 ha, yang mana pada lahan sawah seluas 3.680,30 ha dan pada pertanian lahan kering seluas 4.361,26 ha. Penggunaan lahan pertanian yang telah beralih fungsi tersebut telah menjadi berbagai macam penggunaan lahan lainnya yang tersebar di seluruh Kabupaten Aceh Selatan, penggunaan lahan pertanian yang selaras dengan rencana pola ruang memiliki luas 36.293,85 ha (91,30%), penggunaan lahan yang tidak selaras yaitu Penggunaan lahan eksisting tidak selaras dengan rencana pola ruang seluas 1.513,53 ha (3,81%), dan belum terlaksana atau belum terealisasi terhadap lahan pertanian yang direncanakan terhadap pola ruang atau masih dapat berubah sesuai dengan rencana pola ruang seluas 6.711,08  ha (14,44 %). Analysis of Functional Land Distribution of Agriculture in District Aceh SelatanAbstract. Absorption of deviation of land use is very frequent to spatial planning (RTRW). Suburban areas are areas that have undergone many changes in land use due to changes in agricultural land use to non-agricultural use. This research was conducted for 2013 with 2017 and analysis of existing agricultural land use in 2017 with South Aceh Regency spatial pattern year 2013-2033. The method used in this research is descriptive method with survey technique. While spatial data analysis using GIS concept with overlay and intersect concept. The results showed that agricultural land in 2013 with the year 2017 obtained the wide use of agricultural land that has a function conversion of 8,041.56 ha, which in the rice field area of 3,680.30 ha and on dry land of 4,361.26 ha. The use of converted agricultural land into various land uses scattered throughout the District of South Aceh, different use of agricultural land with plans of wide spatial pattern 36,29,85 ha (91,30%), land use that is not aligned Land use the existing is not aligned with the plan of the pattern of the space of 1,513.53 ha (3.81%), and has not been realized or not yet realized on agricultural land that allows the pattern of space can be changed in accordance with the Plan of Space Pattern covering 6,711,08 ha (14,44%).

scholarly journals Enhancement of drought tolerance in diverse Vicia faba cultivars by inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria under newly reclaimed soil conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsayed Mansour ◽  
Hany A. M. Mahgoub ◽  
Samir A. Mahgoub ◽  
El-Sayed E. A. El-Sobky ◽  
Mohamed I. Abdul-Hamid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Moderate Drought ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Effects Of Drought

AbstractWater deficit has devastating impacts on legume production, particularly with the current abrupt climate changes in arid environments. The application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is an effective approach for producing natural nitrogen and attenuating the detrimental effects of drought stress. This study investigated the influence of inoculation with the PGPR Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae (USDA 2435) and Pseudomonas putida (RA MTCC5279) solely or in combination on the physio-biochemical and agronomic traits of five diverse Vicia faba cultivars under well-watered (100% crop evapotranspiration [ETc]), moderate drought (75% ETc), and severe drought (50% ETc) conditions in newly reclaimed poor-fertility sandy soil. Drought stress substantially reduced the expression of photosynthetic pigments and water relation parameters. In contrast, antioxidant enzyme activities and osmoprotectants were considerably increased in plants under drought stress compared with those in well-watered plants. These adverse effects of drought stress reduced crop water productivity (CWP) and seed yield‐related traits. However, the application of PGPR, particularly a consortium of both strains, improved these parameters and increased seed yield and CWP. The evaluated cultivars displayed varied tolerance to drought stress: Giza-843 and Giza-716 had the highest tolerance under well-watered and moderate drought conditions, whereas Giza-843 and Sakha-4 were more tolerant under severe drought conditions. Thus, co-inoculation of drought-tolerant cultivars with R. leguminosarum and P. putida enhanced their tolerance and increased their yield and CWP under water-deficit stress conditions. This study showed for the first time that the combined use of R. leguminosarum and P. putida is a promising and ecofriendly strategy for increasing drought tolerance in legume crops.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF VULNERABILITY IN AGRICULTURAL LAND IN FLOOD PRONE AREAS AND APPLICATION OF MOBILE SMART PHONE IN PROVIDING FLOOD HAZARD INFORMATION IN LAM RIVER BASIN (VIETNAM)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-264
Author(s):  
Nguyen DUNG ◽  
◽  
Dang MINH ◽  
Bui AN ◽  
Nguyen NGA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Smart Phone ◽  
Flood Management ◽  
Drainage Density ◽  
Slope Length ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
High Hazard ◽  
Very High

Floods are considered to be one of the most costly natural hazards in the Lam river basin causing infrastructure damages as well as devastating the affected area and relatively high death toll. So prevention is necessary for shielding lives and properties. The flood management on the Lam River basin has been considering for many years to minimize damages caused by flooding. The flood hazard zoning map is one of the indispensable tools to provide information about hazard and risk levels in a particular area and to perform the necessary preventive and preparedness procedures. The multicriteria decision analysis based on geographic information systems is used to build a flood hazard map of the study area. The analytic hierarchy process is applied to extract the weights of six criteria affecting the areas where are prone to flooding hazards, including rainfall, slope, relative slope length, soil, land cover, and drainage density. The results showed in 91.32 % (20103.83 km2) of the basin located in the moderate hazard zones to very high hazard zones. Accordingly, this study also determined 4 vulnerability levels to agricultural land including low, medium, high, and very high. About 94% of the total area of agricultural land in the basin are classified into moderate to the very high hazard of flood vulnerability. The paper presents a method that allows flood risk areas in the Lam River basin to receive information about flood risks on a smartphone, making them more aware.

Phedimus Aizoon L. Responds to Drought Stress: Growth, Physiological Changes and Mechanism of Drought Resistance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhang Liu ◽  
Zhongqun He ◽  
Yongdong Xie ◽  
Lihong Su ◽  
Ruijie Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Resistance ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Moderate Drought ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Mda Content ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Mild Drought

Abstract A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the growth, physiological changes and mechanism of drought resistance of Phedimus aizoon L. under different levels of water content .CK: 75% ~ 80% of the MWHC (maximum water holding capacity), Mild drought: 55% ~ 60%, Moderate drought: 40% ~ 45%, Severe drought: 20% ~ 25%.We observed that the plants grew normally in the first two treatments, even the mild drought promoted the growth of the roots. In the last two treatments, drought stress had a significant negative effect on plant growth, at the same time, Phedimus aizoon L. also made positive physiological response to cope with the drought: The aboveground part of the plant (leaf, plant height, stem diameter) was smaller, the waxy layer of the leaves was thickened, the stomata of the leaves were closed during the day, and only a few stomata were opened at night, which proved that the dark reaction cycle metabolism mode of the plant was transformed from C3 cycle to CAM pathway. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD and CAT) was continuously increased to alleviate the damage caused by drought. To ensure the relative stability of osmotic potential, the contents of osmoregulation substances such as proline, soluble sugar, soluble protein and trehalose increased correspondingly. But plants have limited regulatory power, with aggravation of drought stress degree and extension of stress time, the MDA content and electrolyte leakage of leaves increased continuously. Observed under electron microscope,the morphology of chloroplast and mitochondria changed and the membrane structure was destroyed. The plant's photosynthetic and respiratory mechanisms are destroyed and the plant gradually die.

scholarly journals Abandonment or Regeneration and Re-Use? Factors Affecting the Usage of Farm Premises in Different Social Spaces of the Rural

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 9124
Author(s):  
Josef Navrátil ◽  
Tomáš Krejčí ◽  
Stanislav Martinát ◽  
Kamil Pícha ◽  
Petr Klusáček ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Fodder Crops ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
Agricultural Use ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
National Databases ◽  
Use Factors

Nearly every village in Central and Eastern European countries with heavily collectivized agriculture has its collective farm premises that encompass substantial parts of the village area, were built in the sixties, and now are unable to be used in former ways. The aim of the paper is to identify indicators that are relevant for spatial disparities in the utilization of agricultural premises thirty years after the fall of the Iron Curtain. The location and its area of all pre-1989 rural farm premises within two NUTS 3 regions of the Czech Republic with its current uses were identified, and differences in present uses were tested against agri-natural and socio-economic characteristics (of the municipalities where rural farm premises are located) obtained from national databases. From a global point of view, socio-economic characteristics of municipalities were found to be exceedingly more important than agri-natural—thus, changing of uses is rather dependent on socio-economic context than on geographical preconditions of agriculture. Surprisingly, agricultural use or re-use can be primarily found in municipalities not suitable for intensive agriculture located in the fodder crops and potatoes areas of agricultural production with the highest shares of permanent grassland on agricultural land. On the other hand, areas with the best preconditions for agriculture tend to re-use former farm premises for non-agricultural production.

scholarly journals An Agricultural Value Tax as an Alternative to Land Use Tax or Market Value Tax on Land

1975 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-143
Author(s):  
Fred C. White ◽  
Bill R. Miller ◽  
Charles A. Logan
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Land Values ◽  
Land Resource ◽  
Value Assessment ◽  
Marginal Product ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Agricultural Use ◽  
Income Stream

A use-value assessment tax requires a system by which agricultural land values may be established. Land value in agricultural use can in principle be determined from the land's income-generating ability. The value of agricultural land can be based upon the capitalized income stream, which implies that net income attributable to land resource, or more theoretically, its value of the marginal product, can be capitalized into economic value. A major weakness in the process of determining net returns to land is the requirement that returns to other production inputs can be determined accurately. To be exact, the marginal productivity of every input must be known.

The response to moisture and defoliation stresses, and traits for resilience of perennial grasses on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 903 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Boschma ◽  
M. J. Hill ◽  
J. M. Scott ◽  
G. G. Rapp
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Moderate Drought

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of defoliation and moisture stresses on perennial pasture grasses and to identify traits associated with their resilience. The experiment, conducted near Armidale on the Northern Tablelands of NSW, studied 4 introduced perennial grass species (Phalaris aquatica, Festuca arundinacea, Dactylis glomerata, and Lolium perenne) and 2 native grass species (Microlaena stipoides and Austrodanthonia richardsonii) subjected to 3 moisture regimes (non-stress moisture, moderate drought, and severe drought) and 2 defoliation intensities (severe and moderate). Basal area, herbage mass, phenological growth stage, nitrogen concentration, root mass, and rooting depth were compared over 2 independent 6-month periods: spring–summer (1 September 1994–28 February 1995) and summer–autumn (1 December 1994–31 May 1995). Multiple regression was used to determine which traits were important for determining plant resilience.The differences between species and their respective responses were evident in the traits measured. In general, basal area tended to increase over summer and show little change during autumn. Severe defoliation stimulated plant growth, resulting in higher harvested herbage mass than from those moderately defoliated. Reproductive development was suppressed by severe drought and reduced by moderate drought. Severe defoliation suppressed flowering of Dactylis and Lolium at both drought intensities, compared with moderate defoliation. Phalaris, Festuca, and Austrodanthonia were the deepest rooting species during spring–summer, and Dactylis the shallowest. All species had similar rooting depths during summer–autumn, with those under severe and moderate drought having the deepest and shallowest rooting, respectively.Carbohydrate reserves and basal area were important traits for determining plant resilience during spring–summer. During summer–autumn, maintaining basal area and plant biomass through moderate grazing was important for resilience.

scholarly journals Effects of watershed and riparian zone characteristics on nutrient concentrations in the River Scheldt Basin

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 913-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Meynendonckx ◽  
G. Heuvelmans ◽  
B. Muys ◽  
J. Feyen
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Drainage Density ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Buffer Strip ◽  
Additional Influence ◽  
Scheldt Basin

Abstract. The relative influence of a set of watershed characteristics on surface water nutrient concentrations was examined in 173 watersheds within two subcatchments (Upper-Scheldt and Nete) of the River Scheldt Basin (Flanders, Belgium). Each watershed was described by seasonal rainfall, discharge loading of point sources, morphological characteristics (area, average slope, drainage density, elongation), land use and soil properties (soil texture and drainage). Partial regression analysis revealed that soil drainage variables had the strongest influence on nutrient concentrations. Additional influence was exerted by land use and point source loading variables. Nitrate concentrations were positively correlated with effluent loadings coming from wastewater treatment plants and with the area of agricultural land. Phosphate concentrations were best explained by effluent loadings of industrial point sources and by the area of urban land. Land use close to the river was not a better predictor of nitrate and phosphate concentrations than land use away from the river. This suggests that the mediating impact of riparian zones is rather explained by the hydrologic pathways within the buffer strip.

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