Locating the Public in the Basic Framework

2021 ◽  
pp. 153-185
Author(s):  
Jennifer Hochschild
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Genetic Influence ◽  
The Public ◽  
Basic Framework ◽  
Genetics Knowledge ◽  
Self Protection

Relying on two surveys of randomly selected American adults, Chapter 7 first locates the American public within the basic framework’s four quadrants. The surveys—Genomics: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Policies 1 (GKAP 1), and GKAP 2—were conducted in 2011 and 2017, respectively. Both are stratified by race and ethnicity; GKAP 1 includes almost 4,000 respondents and GKAP 2 includes almost 2,000. Survey items address perceptions of genetic influence and levels of technology optimism; in combination, these items enable respondents to be located in the four cells. Chapter 7 then explores demographic characteristics of individuals in particular cells, and views as revealed through coded responses to open-ended questions. Key findings include: about three-fifths of Americans are Enthusiatic; genetics knowledge is associated with Enthusiasm; racial or partisan differences have little impact on quadrant location; the Hopeful and especially Enthusiasts are committed to medical research or to criminal justice; Skeptics are mistrustful and protective of privacy; Rejecters seek withdrawal and self-protection.

Who Should Govern?

2021 ◽  
pp. 186-219
Author(s):  
Jennifer Hochschild
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Medical Professionals ◽  
Forensic Dna ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Dna Databases ◽  
The Public ◽  
Basic Framework ◽  
Expert Surveys

Chapter 8 uses the GKAP surveys, expert surveys, and interviews to examine views about governance of genomics technologies. Experts collectively offer long lists of appropriate and inappropriate governing bodies; they show little convergence. Interview subjects also offer diverse views on genomics governance, but mostly agree that government actors and medical professionals are not suited to it. The public generally endorses forensic DNA databases and their governance, has mixed views on medical research involving genetics, and is cautious about gene editing, especially germline. Americans express little confidence in any potential governing actor, but they trust families and doctors somewhat more than community forums, clergy, or public officials. There is little partisan division, some racial division, and mostly division by quadrants of the basic framework.

Whitewashing Criminal Justice in Canada: Preventing Research through Data Suppression

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Millar ◽  
Akwasi Owusu-Bempah
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Profiling ◽  
Public Knowledge ◽  
Race And Racism ◽  
The Public ◽  
Police Organizations ◽  
Canadian Law ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Do So

Race and racism have long played an important role in Canadian law and continue to do so. However, conducting research on race and criminal justice in Canada is difficult given the lack of readily available data that include information about race. We show that data on the race of victims and accused persons are being suppressed by police organizations in Canada and argue that suppression of race prevents quantitative anti-racism research while not preventing the use of these data by the police for racial profiling. We also argue that when powerful institutions, such as the police, have knowledge that they keep secret or refuse to discover, it serves the interests of those institutions at the expense of the public. Fears that reporting of racial data will result in racial profiling or the stigmatization of racialized communities are not assuaged by the repression of this information. Stigmatization may still occur, and racial profiling can continue to happen, but without public knowledge. Quantitative anti-racist research requires consistent, institutionalized reporting of race data through all aspects of Canadian justice. We outline what data are available, what data are needed, and where consistency is lacking. It is argued that institutional preferences for white-washed data, with race and ethnicity removed, should be subrogated to transparency.

A Local Area Network for Medical Research; Planning, Realization and Experience

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (01) ◽  
pp. 53-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Schosser ◽  
C. Weiss ◽  
K. Messmer
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Local Area Network ◽  
Local Area ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Test Installation ◽  
Cost Performance ◽  
The Public ◽  
On Line ◽  
The University

This report focusses on the planning and realization of an interdisciplinary local area network (LAN) for medical research at the University of Heidelberg. After a detailed requirements analysis, several networks were evaluated by means of a test installation, and a cost-performance analysis was carried out. At present, the LAN connects 45 (IBM-compatible) PCs, several heterogeneous mainframes (IBM, DEC and Siemens) and provides access to the public X.25 network and to wide-area networks for research (EARN, BITNET). The network supports application software that is frequently needed in medical research (word processing, statistics, graphics, literature databases and services, etc.). Compliance with existing “official” (e.g., IEEE 802.3) and “de facto” standards (e.g., PostScript) was considered to be extremely important for the selection of both hardware and software. Customized programs were developed to improve access control, user interface and on-line help. Wide acceptance of the LAN was achieved through extensive education and maintenance facilities, e.g., teaching courses, customized manuals and a hotline service. Since requirements of clinical routine differ substantially from medical research needs, two separate networks (with a gateway in between) are proposed as a solution to optimally satisfy the users’ demands.

Race and Ethnicity in Medical Research: Requirements Meet Reality

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 520-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret A. Winker
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Biomedical Literature ◽  
Genetics Research ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Policy And Procedure

Race and ethnicity are commonly reported variables in biomedical research, but how they were initially determined is often not described and the rationale for analyzing them is often not provided. JAMA improved the reporting of these factors by implementing a policy and procedure for doing so. However, still lacking are careful consideration of what is actually being measured when race/ethnicity is described, consistent terminology, hypothesis-driven justification for analyzing race/ethnicity, and a consistent and generalizable measurement of socioeconomic status. Furthermore, some studies continue to use race/ethnicity as a proxy for genetics. Research into appropriate measures of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic factors, as well as education of researchers regarding issues of race/ethnicity, is necessary to clarify the meaning of race/ethnicity in the biomedical literature.

scholarly journals Thabo Meli Revisited: The Pernicious Effects of Result-Driven Decisions

2013 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-55
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Arenson
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Natural Consequence ◽  
Privy Council ◽  
The Public ◽  
Adversarial System ◽  
The Common

Despite the hackneyed expression that ‘judges should interpret the law and not make it’, the fact remains that there is some scope within the separation of powers doctrine for the courts to develop the common law incrementally. To this extent, the courts can effectively legislate, but only to this limited extent if they are to respect the separation of powers doctrine. On occasion, however, the courts have usurped the power entrusted to Parliament, and particularly so in instances where a strict application of the existing law would lead to results that offend their personal notions of what is fair and just. When this occurs, the natural consequence is that lawyers, academics and the public in general lose respect for both the judges involved as well as the adversarial system of criminal justice. In order to illustrate this point, attention will focus on the case of Thabo Meli v United Kingdom in which the Privy Council, mistakenly believing that it could not reach its desired outcome through a strict application of the common law rule of temporal coincidence, emasculated the rule beyond recognition in order to convict the accused. Moreover, the discussion to follow will demonstrate that not only was the court wrong in its belief that the case involved the doctrine of temporal coincidence, but the same result would have been achieved had the Council correctly identified the issue as one of legal causation and correctly applied the principles relating thereto.

Forgiveness-related motives: A structural and cross-cultural approach

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandrine Ballester ◽  
Fatima Chatri ◽  
Maria Teresa Muñoz Sastre ◽  
Sheila Rivière ◽  
Etienne Mullet
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moral Principle ◽  
Cultural Approach ◽  
Meaningful Relationship ◽  
Self Protection

The structure of the motives invoked by people for forgiveness and for unforgiveness was assessed, and the relationships between these motives and demographic characteristics, conceptualizations of forgiveness, forgivingness, personality and culture were examined. Forgiveness appeared to be fueled mainly by three largely independent kinds of motives: having recovered sympathy for a repentant offender, applying a moral principle and preserving a meaningful relationship. Forgiveness may sometimes, however, amount to exploiting the offense for dominating or for challenging the offender as well as others. Unforgiveness appeared to be fueled mainly by persistent anger and indignation, sometimes associated with the desire for self-affirmation and self-protection, and, for a few participants, it was the only response to outgroup members. For each kind of invoked motive a meaningful pattern of relationships with the other measurements, including culture, was found.

Abstract TP409: Reporting of Key Demographic Characteristics in Neurological Trials Registered on ClinicalTrials.gov

Stroke ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kush Fansiwala ◽  
Lauren Southwick ◽  
Emily Goldmann ◽  
Nina S Parikh ◽  
Joy Madubuonwu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Mandatory Reporting ◽  
Trial Participation ◽  
Limited Participation ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Race Ethnicity

Introduction: To increase the transparency of clinical trial information, U.S. Congress passed the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Amendments Act of 2007, which expanded prior legislation to mandate inclusion of specific trial characteristics, such as funding source and gender demographics, in a new basic results section on ClinicalTrials.gov. Few studies have examined the extent to which key demographic characteristics such as sex and race/ethnicity are reported for neurological trials on ClinicalTrials.gov. Methods: As part of the National Initiative for Minority Involvement in Neurological Clinical Trials (NIMICT), we systematically identified neurological clinical trials on ClinicalTrials.gov (for stroke, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s Disease [AD]) and examined the proportion that reported sex, race, and ethnicity (Hispanic/Latino or not) of study participants. We used the website’s advanced search feature to evaluate demographic information reported from trials conducted between 1999 and 2015. We first calculated frequencies of trials reporting these characteristics, then assessed differences in reporting of each characteristic (yes/no) by condition (stroke, epilepsy, AD) and between trials conducted before and after the basic results section update (pre- and post-2008) using chi-square tests. Results: Our sample comprised 251,847 subjects across 393 trials (147 stroke, 127 epilepsy, 115 AD). Overall, sex was reported for nearly all trials (99.0%), while reporting of race and ethnicity was low (ethnicity: 14.0%, race: 19.8%). Reporting of these characteristics did not differ significantly across the three conditions or between periods preceding and following the FDA act. Conclusion: While ClinicalTrials.gov mandates reporting of sex, it does not require reporting of race/ethnicity, and few trials report these characteristics. This lack of information prevents understanding of neurological trial participation and how interventions might impact patients differently by race/ethnicity. Mandatory reporting of race/ethnicity would enhance transparency and increase awareness of the limited participation of racial/ethnic minorities-who suffer disproportionately from neurological diseases-in neurological trials.

Reducing Violent Injuries: Priorities for Pediatrician Advocacy

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 638-651
Author(s):  
Judith Cohen Dolins ◽  
Katherine Kaufer Christoffel
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Comprehensive Treatment ◽  
The Public ◽  
Firearm Injuries ◽  
Basic Framework ◽  
Policy Objectives ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
Adolescent Victims

A basic framework for developing an advocacy plan must systematically break down the large task of policy development implementation into manageable components. The basic framework described in detail in this paper includes three steps: • Setting policy objectives by narrowing the scope of policy, by reviewing policy options, and by examining options against selected criteria. • Developing strategies for educating the public and for approaching legislative/regulatory bodies. • Evaluating the effectiveness of the advocacy action plan as a process and as an agent for change. To illustrate the variety of ways in which pediatricians can be involved in the policy process to reduce violent injuries among children and adolescents, we apply this systematic approach to three priority areas. • Prohibiting the use of corporal punishment in schools is intended to curb the institutionalized legitimacy of violence that has been associated with future use of violence. • Efforts to remove handguns from the environments of children and adolescents are aimed at reducing the numbers of firearm injuries inflicted upon and by minors. • Comprehensive treatment of adolescent victims of assault is intended to decrease the reoccurrence of violent injuries.

Reforming the criminal justice system – an ethical leadership approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verl Anderson ◽  
Riki Ichiho
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Ethical Leadership ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
Moral Perspective ◽  
Conceptual Paper ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The current criminal justice system is pledged to serve and protect society while preserving the rights of those who are accused. The purpose of this paper is to explore the premise of “innocent until proven guilty” and examine whether this assumption truly prevails under the current criminal justice system, or be modified to accommodate a sliding continuum of virtuosity. Design/methodology/approach This paper is a conceptual paper which relies heavily on the current literature about criminal justice and related ethical issues. Findings The paper argues that today’s criminal justice system fails to meet the standards of the virtuous continuum and that those who oversee that system need to rethink how the system operates and is perceived by the public if they wish the criminal justice system to be perceived as just, fair, and ethically responsible. Research limitations/implications Because this paper is a conceptual paper it does not present research hypotheses. Practical implications This paper suggests that “virtue” and “ethics” must be the foundation upon which the criminal justice system is evaluated, and criminal justice must incorporate an ethical standard which is virtuous and fair to all parties and leaders who oversee that system must meet the standards suggested by the virtuous continuum. Originality/value This paper is among the first to identify the viewpoint of the virtuous perspective, moral perspective, amoral perspective, and immoral perspective in the criminal justice system.

scholarly journals White affects and sociolinguistic activism

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Bucholtz
Keyword(s):  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Teaching Assistants ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Social Injustice ◽  
Personal Names ◽  
The Public ◽  
Raising Awareness

This year, undergraduates in my class ‘Language, race, and ethnicity’ carried out collaborative sociolinguistic activism projects addressing a range of issues in our community, such as racist street signs and California's ban on diacritics in personal names on official documents. Despite my and my teaching assistants’ explicit instructions that the projects should aim to effect some tangible change—the replacement of the street signs, the legalization of diacritics—many students focused instead on the more amorphous goal of ‘raising awareness’ of these issues on our campus and in the local community. As we explained, while raising the public profile of a social injustice is a necessary step toward changing it, this act alone cannot bring about change.

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