scholarly journals Ordinal Theories and the Social Choice Analogy

2020 ◽  
pp. 57-76
Author(s):  
William MacAskill ◽  
Krister Bykvist ◽  
Toby Ord
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Choice ◽  
Borda Rule ◽  
Moral Uncertainty ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Right

We introduce and discuss the problems of intertheoretic incomparability and merely ordinal theories. We then introduce the analogy between decision-making under moral uncertainty and social choice, and explain how this analogy can help us to overcome these problems. The rest of the chapter is spent fleshing out how this idea can help us to develop a theory of decision-making under moral uncertainty that is applicable even when all theories under consideration are merely ordinal, and even when there is neither level-nor unit- comparability between those theories. We consider whether My Favourite Theory or My Favourite Option might be the right theory of decision-making under moral uncertainty in conditions of merely ordinal theories and incomparability, but reject both of these accounts. We defend the idea that, when maximizing choice worthiness is not possible, one should use the Borda Rule instead.

New regulation of the right to a dignified dying in Spain: Repercussions for nursing

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 619-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cayetano Fernández-Sola ◽  
José Granero-Molina ◽  
Gabriel Aguilera Manrique ◽  
Adelaida María Castro-Sánchez ◽  
José Manuel Hernández-Padilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Patient Empowerment ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Discourse Practice

Preserving dignity during the dying process requires reviewing the roles of those involved in the treatment, care methods and decision-making. This article examines the participation and responsibility assigned to nurses regarding decision-making in the final stages of life, as laid out in the Rights to and Guarantee of Dignity for the Individual During the Process of Death Act. This text has been analysed on the levels of socio-cultural practice and discourse practice, using the critical discourse analysis methodology. The results show that, although the law is another result of the social trend of patient empowerment, the responsibility of the nurses is not recognised, and they are left out of the decision-making process in the final stages of life.

Condorcet Winners and the Paradox of Voting: Probability Calculations for Weak Preference Orders

1995 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradford Jones ◽  
Benjamin Radcliff ◽  
Charles Taber ◽  
Richard Timpone
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Social Choice ◽  
Individual Preferences ◽  
Weak Preference ◽  
The Social ◽  
Small Committee ◽  
Committee Decision Making ◽  
Preference Orders ◽  
Choice Literature

That individual preferences may he aggregated into a meaningful collective decision using the Condorcet criterion of majority choice is one of the central tenets of democracy. But that individual preferences may not yield majority winners is one of the classic findings of the social choice literature. Given this problem, social choice theorists have attempted to estimate the probability of Condorcet winners, given certain empirical or theoretical conditions. We shall estimate the probabilities of Condorcet winners and intransitive aggregate orders for various numbers of individuals with strong or weak preference orders across various numbers of alternatives. We find, using computer simulation, a stark contrast between these estimates assuming strong individual preferences and the estimates allowing for individuals' indifference between pairs of alternatives. In contrast to earlier work, which depends on the strong-preference assumption, we suggest that the problem is most acute for small committee decision making and least acute for mass elections with few alternatives.

scholarly journals PENGARUH KONDISI SOSIAL TERHADAP PERILAKU PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN “PEREMPUAN” PEMILIK UMKM JAWA TIMUR UNTUK MENGADOPSI E-COMMERCE

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elya Kurniawati
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Business People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive ◽  
The Right ◽  
Medium Enterprises

Recent competition in the economy is dominated by companies that are able to implement the right technology into their business. E-commerce technology provides many conveniences for business people, including women as owners of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME) in East Java. Women are very potential and competent as actors and managers of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME). The purpose of this study is to determine the social conditions that influence the decision-making of these women as owners of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) to adopt e-commerce. This study was conducted using quantitative descriptive methods. The sample consisted of 41 women as owners of MSME in East Java. Data were analyzed using percentages. The results of the study show that the majority of these MSME owners have understood e-commerce, but some of them have not adopted e-commerce as their competitive strategyDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um021v4i22019p094

scholarly journals A Decision Support Tool for Agricultural Applications Based on Computational Social Choice and Argumentation

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 54-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikos Karanikolas ◽  
Pierre Bisquert ◽  
Patrice Buche ◽  
Christos Kaklamanis ◽  
Rallou Thomopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Choice ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Software Tool ◽  
Decision Support Tool ◽  
Decision Problems ◽  
Computational Social Choice ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
The Social ◽  
Agricultural Applications

In the current article, the authors describe an applied procedure to support collective decision making for applications in agriculture. An extended 2-page abstract of this paper has been accepted by the EFITA WCCA congress and this manuscript is an extended version of this submission. The problem the authors are facing in this paper is how to reach the best decision regarding issues coming from agricultural engineering with the aid of Computational Social Choice (CSC) and Argumentation Framework (AF). In the literature of decision-making, several approaches from the domains of CSC and AF have been used autonomously to support decisions. It is our belief that with the combination of these two fields the authors can propose socially fair decisions which take into account both (1) the involved agents' preferences and (2) the justifications behind these preferences. Therefore, this article implements a software tool for decision-making which is composed of two main systems, i.e., the social choice system and the deliberation system. In this article, the authors describe thoroughly the social choice system of our tool and how it can be applied to different alternatives on the valorization of materials coming from agriculture. As an example, that is demonstrated an application of our tool in the context of Ecobiocap European project where several decision problems are to be addressed. These decision problems consist in finding the best solutions for questions regarding food packaging and end-of-life management.

scholarly journals Agendas in legislative decision‐making

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-274
Author(s):  
Sean Horan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Choice ◽  
Broad Class ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
History Independence ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Social Choice Rules ◽  
Legislative Decision

Despite the wide variety of agendas used in legislative settings, the literature on sophisticated voting has focused on two formats: the so‐called Euro–Latin and Anglo–American agendas. In the current paper, I introduce a broad class of agendas whose defining structural features—history‐independence and persistence—are common in legislative settings. I then characterize the social choice rules implemented by sophisticated voting on agendas with these two features. I also characterize the rules implemented by more specialized formats (called priority agendas and convex agendas) whose structure is closely related to the prevailing rules for order‐of‐voting used by legislatures. These results establish a clear connection between structure and outcomes for a wide range of legislative agendas.

Reconsidering the Role of Political Argument in Democratic Politics

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Knight ◽  
James Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Choice ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Collective Decision ◽  
Collective Decision Making ◽  
Strategic Manipulation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Analytical Argument

This chapter examines three ways that political argument can affect democratic decision making and, thus, significantly mitigate the force of the social choice challenge. By engaging in political argument, relevant agents can settle the dimensions that, in any instance, structure their disagreements. This causal effect not only dampens the prospects that collective decision making will generate cyclical outcomes, it thereby reduces the opportunities for strategic manipulation that such instability presents. Once the analytical argument has established the possibility that voting, augmented by argument, could produce normatively legitimate decisions, the chapter considers two ways in which democratic argument can enhance the quality of such decisions: diversity and reflexivity.

Social Choice in an Islamic Economic Framework

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-274
Author(s):  
Masudul A. Choudhury
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Choice ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
State Variables ◽  
Economic Framework ◽  
The Social ◽  
Individual Task ◽  
Islamic Economic

In this paper, the decision-making character of shura, the consultativedemocratic concept in an Islamic social order, will be shown to clearly definethe determination of both state variables (socioeconomic variables) and policyvariables and the simulative interactions between them. These variables willthen be shown to configure the consumption, production, and distributionmenus in an Islamic political economy. They will thus be shown as clearlydefined variables that help to formulate the social choice, the social welfarefunction, and the institutional decision-making problems in an Islamic politicoeconomicorder.Shuratic Decision Making in the Perspective ofOrganizational TheoryThe Islamic shuratic (i.e., based on shura) decision-making process isthe centerpiece of organhtional behavior in Islamic institutions. The followingis a technical explanation of this process in light of modem organizationaltheory:’(a) Shura is structured into representative decision makers fromvarious walks of life (“sharees”).(b) “The abstract nature of each individual task” is carried outby ijtihad and the interpretations and implementation of theShari’ah (Islamic law) to various socioeconomic problems ...

scholarly journals Interval-Scale Theories and Variance Voting

2020 ◽  
pp. 77-111
Author(s):  
William MacAskill ◽  
Krister Bykvist ◽  
Toby Ord
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Interval Scale ◽  
Decision Situation ◽  
Borda Rule ◽  
Moral Uncertainty ◽  
Moral Theories

This chapter discusses how to take into account moral uncertainty over interval-scale measurable but non-comparable theories. Once again, we make use of the analogy between decision-making under moral uncertainty and voting. We give examples of interval-scale theories where it’s plausible to think that these theories are incomparable with each other and discuss what to do in such cases. Arguing against the Borda Rule and Ted Lockhart’s Principle of Equity Among Moral Theories, we argue in favour of an account we call variance voting. Finally, we discuss what to do in conditions where one has positive credence in some merely ordinal theories, some interval-scale but non-comparable theories, and some theories that are both interval-scale measurable and comparable with each other. We discuss whether the normalization used by this account should be done only within the decision-situation at hand, or whether it should be done over all possible decision-situations.

scholarly journals The Right to Listen: A Not So Simple Matter of Audiobooks

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Keren Dali ◽  
Leah K. Brochu
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Public Libraries ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Analysis ◽  
Literature Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Right

This article, written on the intersection of public and technical services, proposes a conceptual and theoretical foundation of advocacy for integrating audiobooks into library collections and programs. Suggestions are made primarily with librarians in public libraries in mind, although it is hoped that academic and special librarians will also benefit from them; these suggestions build on the analysis of the rising popularity of audiobooks as an accessible medium and a medium of choice for leisure readers with and without disabilities. We look at the equal status for audiobooks and the wider acceptance of audiobooks through the combined lens of diversity and privilege. In our study, we survey extant literature (research-based, media, and social media publications); examine and synthesize it in a critical and innovative manner (e.g., by combining the social analysis of proliferating and diversified audiobooks with the notions of diversity and privilege); propose new ways of looking at the issues of advocacy and practice; and offer specific ideas for librarians to implement them. We argue that some anxieties and concerns about audiobooks and audio-reading, among others, can derive from different types of privileges held by professionals and social groups, which becomes particularly important when they are endowed with decision-making power; these privileges include the privilege of body ability; the privilege of lifestyle; the Western privilege; the privilege of literacy; privileging format over story; and the privilege of citizenship and language.

scholarly journals Do We Have the Right? How Polish Same-Sex Female Families Negotiate Turning Parenting Desires into Parenting Reality

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-83
Author(s):  
Magdalena Wojciechowska
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Social Fabric ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cultural Climate ◽  
The Right ◽  
Shed Light

This paper aims to shed light on how various micro- and macro-level contexts shape the parenting decision-making process among same-sex female couples. Drawing on my six-year study of two-mother planned families in Poland, I focus on voicing their experiences related to the process of family formation from its genesis and their related desires to fit in the social fabric despite being different. Specifically, I illustrate how those who navigate within the unfavorable socio-cultural climate give meanings to their experiences thereof, and thus negotiate their moral right to become mothers, as well as what kind of interactional and contextual factors shape how same-sex female couples in Poland embrace motherhood as an option they can choose. That is, how they decide to do what is largely considered normal—to enlarge their families.

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