Refining of Steel in Converters

2021 ◽  
pp. 550-588
Author(s):  
Olle Wijk
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Important Process ◽  
Processes And Reactions ◽  
Important Chemical ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Argon Oxygen Decarburization

In this chapter steelmaking processes and reactions are covered. A brief historical summary of important process developments is given and different types of converters are described. Then important chemical factors are detailed for the removal of the undesirable elements sulfur and phosphorus, and for the decarburization reactions. The refining of stainless steels in the argon oxygen decarburization (AOD) process is explained in detail, and a model for the AOD process is presented. Example simulations with the model illustrate how process changes may be introduced to improve productivity and reduce production costs.

A TEM study of the effect of oxygen on nanocavity formation and precipitation in rapid - solidified Fe-16Ni-9Cr stainless steels

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 700-701
Author(s):  
S. Wisutmethangoon ◽  
T. F. Kelly ◽  
J.E. Flinn
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steels ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Hot Extrusion ◽  
Extrusion Ratio ◽  
Gas Atomization ◽  
Cavity Formation ◽  
Nucleation Sites ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Effect Of Oxygen

Vacancies are introduced into the crystal phase during quenching of rapid solidified materials. Cavity formation occurs because of the coalescence of the vacancies into a cluster. However, because of the high mobility of vacancies at high temperature, most of them will diffuse back into the liquid phase, and some will be lost to defects such as dislocations. Oxygen is known to stabilize cavities by decreasing the surface energy through a chemisorption process. These stabilized cavities, furthermore, act as effective nucleation sites for precipitates to form during aging. Four different types of powders with different oxygen contents were prepared by gas atomization processing. The atomized powders were then consolidated by hot extrusion at 900 °C with an extrusion ratio 10,5:1. After consolidation, specimens were heat treated at 1000 °C for 1 hr followed by water quenching. Finally, the specimens were aged at 600 °C for about 800 hrs. TEM samples were prepared from the gripends of tensile specimens of both unaged and aged alloys.

PROFITABILITAS USAHA PETERNAKAN AYAM BROILER DENGAN TIPE KANDANG YANG BERBEDA

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Mukminah ◽  
Rita Purwasih
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Different Types

This study aims to determine and compare the profitability of different types of broiler chicken farms (open and cloused houses) in Subang Regency. This study involved 9 farmers consisting of 5 farmers with closed house and 4 farmers with open house who partnered with PT. Surya Unggas Mandiri (PT. SUM). Production costs taken are 2 production periods from May-August 2018. Data are analyzed using economic analysis and descriptive methods. The results showed that the production cost per period per 1000 birds closed house was higher (Rp. 27.656.768,-) compared to open house (Rp. 24.975.671,-). The revenue per period per 1000 birds of closed house is higher (Rp. 30.606.931,-) compared to open house (Rp. 25.788.618,-). The profit of farmers who use closed house is higher (Rp. 2.621/period/bird) than open house (Rp.417,-). The profitability in close house s is 9.48% and is very feasible to develop

scholarly journals Non-Negligible Effects of UV Irradiation on Transformation and Environmental Risks of Microplastics in the Water Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Fangyuan Cheng ◽  
Tingting Zhang ◽  
Yue Liu ◽  
Yanan Zhang ◽  
Jiao Qu
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Uv Irradiation ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Important Process ◽  
Environmental Behaviors ◽  
Environmental Media ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Harmful Effects

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous in environmental media, and their harmful effects on MPs on the ecosystem have attracted more and more attention. Once released into the environment, MPs can trigger oxidative degradation through ultraviolet (UV) to cause photoaging. Photoaging significantly affects the properties of MPs, which leads to changing their environmental behaviors and increasing environmental risks. In this review, the generation of MPs under UV irradiation and the influence of environmental factors on the photoaging of MPs were discussed. Photoaging of MPs is an important process affecting the migration, transformation and interaction of pollutants in water and soil. In order to fully predict the fate and environmental interaction of MPs, more researches are needed in the future to explore the photoaging behavior of different types of MPs under natural environmental conditions.

The challenges facing the feed industry.

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Angela Booth ◽  
Helen Masey O'Neill ◽  
Liz Quigley
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Product Safety ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Feed Formulation ◽  
Feed Industry ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Uk

Abstract This chapter describes the characteristics of the UK feed industry, including performance and efficiency, environmental impact of different types and quantities of nutrients, health and welfare, feed formulation, product safety, legislation, production costs, marketing and continuous improvements.

Working Body for Deformation of Thin-Walled Pipe Billets

2019 ◽  
Vol 945 ◽  
pp. 628-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.B. Maryin ◽  
Phyo Wai Aung
Keyword(s):  
Production Costs ◽  
Compression Load ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Thin Walled Pipe ◽  
Thin Walled ◽  
Working Bodies ◽  
Fast Flow ◽  
Rigid Matrix ◽  
Transfer Pressure

In this paper we consider different types of working bodies and fillers used in the manufacture of hydro-gas systems of aircraft from thin-walled pipe billets, and also explored the advantages and disadvantages of liquid, fusible, solid, elastic, loose and combined fillers in the deformation of pipe segments by means of distribution, crimping, forming and flexible. As a result of the research, a device for distributing pipe billets along a rigid matrix and a working body made of granular polyurethane and ice, the main advantages of which are: good rheological properties (fast flow); high ductility and viscosity; high ability to transfer pressure throughout the metal zone; ability to withstand high compression load; ease of entry into the workpiece and removal from the finished part; low production costs.

scholarly journals Corrosion Resistance of TIG Welded Joints of Stainless Steels

2017 ◽  
Vol 885 ◽  
pp. 190-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Silveira Alcantara ◽  
Enikő Réka Fábián ◽  
Monika Furkó ◽  
Éva Fazakas ◽  
János Dobránszky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Ferric Chloride ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Welded Joints ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
Tungsten Inert Gas Welding ◽  
Type Stainless Steel ◽  
Different Types

The aim of this work was to analyze the performance of joints made by TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) welding process in austenitic and duplex stainless steels with special regards to their corrosion resistance. Three different types of stainless steel were butt welded with TIG method. Ferric-chloride test and electrochemical treatments revealed how does the TIG process affects the corrosion resistance depending upon the alloy used for welding the joint. This work focuses on the weldability of the 2304, 2404 and 304 type stainless steel heterogeneous welds.

scholarly journals A Subsidy Strategy to Boost the Activity of Small Milk Producers in Morocco

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ali Labriji ◽  
Youssef El Foutayeni ◽  
Mostafa Rachik
Keyword(s):  
Market Share ◽  
Demand Function ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
World Average ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Average Consumption

The dairy sector in Morocco is a sector that struggles to develop by facing several difficulties. Therefore, a significant gap has emerged between the main national producers and small farmers, while in the economy, the development of small economic actors presents an important lever of growth. If we assume that the consumer’s milk demand function is linear, that it depends only on the consumer’s price, and that production costs follow a decreasing return, and finally, by considering only two actors representing the different types of producers, we will show in this paper that a competitive production subsidy of 0.5 MAD can triple the market share of small farmers while being in a situation of Nash-Cournot’s equilibrium. In addition, the addition of a subsidy to production costs will reduce the price of milk and, thus, increase the annual milk consumption of Moroccans from 59 liters, which is below the world average consumption, to 94 liters annually, thus benefiting the consumer in addition to small farmers.

scholarly journals Formation of Production Strategy in the Management System of Industrial Enterprises

2021 ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
Е. Myronenko ◽  
◽  
L. Byvsheva ◽  
O. Kondratenko ◽  
R. Shulin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
High Technology ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Production Strategies ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Species Characteristics ◽  
Production Strategy

The article systematizes the main species characteristics of production strategies and their classification features. It is shown that the most common production strategies are focused on improving product quality, reducing production costs, introducing high technology, expanding opportunities to produce different types of products, creating specialized and diversified production. The interrelation of market and production strategies is determined. It is substantiated that each production strategy should be considered along with typical production strategies and at the present stage the concept of synergism has the most supporters, according to which strategies should provide a synergistic effect. It is proved that the production strategy should be considered as an integral part of the whole planning process, which ensures compliance with the tasks of the production process. As the tasks tend to change, the production strategy also needs to be developed taking into account the possible future needs of consumers.

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