Ways to be Blameworthy

Author(s):  
Elinor Mason

This book examines the relationship between our deontic notions, rightness and wrongness, and our responsibility notions, praise- and blameworthiness. The book presents a pluralistic view of both our deontic concepts and our responsibility concepts, identifying three different ways to be blameworthy. First, ordinary blameworthiness is essentially connected to subjective rightness and wrongness. Subjective obligation and ordinary blameworthiness apply only to those who are within our moral community, that is to say, those who understand and share our value system. By contrast, the second sort of blameworthiness, detached blameworthiness, can apply even when the agent is outside our moral community, and has no sense that her act is morally wrong. We blame agents for acting objectively wrongly, even if we do not have any view about their state of mind in so doing. Finally, the third sort of blameworthiness is ‘extended blameworthiness’, which applies in some contexts where the agent has acted wrongly, and understands the wrongness, but has acted wrongly entirely inadvertently. In such cases the agent is not personally at fault but the social context may be such that she should take responsibility, and thus become blameworthy.

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Pétrequin ◽  
Michel Errera ◽  
Anne-Marie Pétrequin ◽  
Pierre Allard

Two groups of quarries (Mont Viso and Mont Beigua, Italy) were the source of the Alpine axeheads that circulated throughout western Europe during the Neolithic. The quarries on Mont Viso (Oncino: Porco, Bulè and Milanese), discovered in 2003, have been radiocarbon-dated, and this has revealed that the exploitation of jadeites, omphacitites and eclogites at high altitude (2000–2400 m above sea level) seems to have reached its apogee in the centuries around 5000 BC. The products, in the form of small axe- and adze-heads, were distributed beyond the Alps from the beginning of the fifth millennium, a few being found as far away as the Paris Basin, 550 km from their source as the crow flies. However, it was not until the mid-fifth millennium BC that long axeheads from Mont Viso appeared in the hoards and monumental tombs of the Morbihan, 800 km from the quarries. Production continued until the beginning of the third millennium BC, but at this time the distribution of the products was less extensive, and the process of distribution operated in a different way: tools made from jadeite and eclogite are still found in the French Jura, but the extraction sites at the south-east foot of Mont Viso no longer seem to have been used. The variability in the geographical extent of the distribution at different times seems to be related to the social context of exploitation of the high-altitude quarries, which were only ever accessible for a few months each year.


Author(s):  
Jared Alan Gray ◽  
Thomas E. Ford

AbstractAn experiment supported our hypotheses about the relationship between the social context in which sexist humor is delivered and the adoption of a non-critical humor mindset to interpret it. First, a professional workplace setting implied a local norm that is more prohibitive of sexist jokes than the general societal norm, whereas a comedy club implied a local norm of greater approval of sexist jokes. Second, offensiveness ratings revealed that participants were less likely to adopt a non-critical humor mindset to interpret sexist jokes delivered in a professional workplace setting and more likely to do so in a comedy club setting, compared to a setting governed by only the general societal norm. Finally, meditational analyses revealed that participants used the local norm of acceptability of sexist jokes to determine whether they could interpret the jokes in a non-critical humor mindset.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Alexandra Paterson

<p>This thesis examines the poetry of John Keats through an exploration of his attitude towards reading. Keats's reading is characterized by openness, receptivity, and crucially, response. The first chapter explores the dynamics of this by analyzing some early sonnets about his reading within the greater context of this thought as he lays it out in his letters. For Keats, the poetic process, which includes both reading and writing, is an organic one. The second chapter considers his mediated reading, looking first at the Chapman's Homer sonnet as a celebration of translation and the social reading experience. This leads into a greater exploration of Keats's friendships and sociability, which are not only fundamental to him, but which also play an important role in his reading and poetry. The chapter considers the dialogue that occurs within Keats's marginalia, with his friends, and with the books and authors he reads. This dialogue illustrates Keats's positive relationship with mediation and influence. The theatre in particular is a site of sociability and adaptation, and, for Keats it is also a platform for poetic voice. The third chapter expands on the importance of the aural experience of reading for Keats, primarily through an examination of "mistiness," a term Keats uses to describe a positive mediated reading experience in a letter to John Hamilton Reynolds. Keatsian mist is a state of mind which, while obscuring one sense -usually visual - amplifies the aural sense and imagination. The fourth chapter comprises an analysis of Keats's poetry of 1819 in order to explore questioning as a creative mode of reading, and silence as an ideal site for the growth of the creative imagination. "To Autumn" presents the culmination of Keats's reading in an affirmation of his own poetic voice.</p>


Pragmatics ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nieves Hernández-Flores

TV-panel discussions constitute a communicative genre with specific features concerning the situational context, the communicative goals, the roles played by the participants and the acts that are carried out in the interaction. In the Spanish TV-debate Cada día, discourse is characterized as semi-institutional because of having both institutional characteristics – due to its mediatic nature – and conversational characteristics. In the communicative exchanges the social situation of the participants is negotiated by communicative acts, that is, facework is realised. Facework concerns the speakers’ wants of face, both the individual face and the group face. In the present article face is described in cultural terms within the general face wants autonomy and affiliation and in accordance with the roles the speakers assume in interaction. In the analysis of an excerpt from the TV-debate Cada día two types of facework are identified: On the one hand politeness, that is, when an attempted balance between the speaker’s and the addressees’ face is aimed at and, on the other hand, self-facework, which appears when only the speaker’s face is focused on. No samples of the third case of facework, impoliteness, are found in this excerpt. The results of the analysis display the relationship between the communicative purposes of this communicative genre (to inform, to entertain and to convince people of political ideas) and the types of facework (politeness, self-facework) that are identified in the analysed data.


Author(s):  
Olga Perazzolo ◽  
Siloe Pereira ◽  
Marcia María Cappellano dos Santos

Abstract:VIOLENCE AGAINST THE ELDERLY: THE THIRD PART AS A PSYCHIC REGULATORThe paper proposes reflections on the idea that the ingress of a third part in the relationship marked by violence, especially against the elderly, contributes to alter the dysfunctional model and to stabilize the guiding moral behaviors boundaries. It is not to consider that the aggressor hesitates in front of a third part to avoid the social disapproval or the punishment, but it is to observe that the psyche loosens the bounds with the social conventions in the absence of an element which sustains the constitutive triangulation of the moral space especially in stressful situations. The theoretical readings related to the proposition are made from the psychoanalysis contributions mainly in which it refers to the updating of the paternal role; the systemic model, particularly due the changes that occur in the system when there are alterations in its composition; and the social learning regarding the exposure to models to be adopted as source of vicarious schooling. It still proposes reflections over the aging context in the contemporary society, considering the increase on the number of elderly people, the demands of work which take to the deflation of the inner space in the family and thelongevity as a collective reality that the mankind is not aware of and which requires to be signified, invented and appraised.Keywords: Violence. Elderly. Family. Society.Resumo:O trabalho propõe reflexões sobre a ideia de que o ingresso de um terceiro na relação marcada pela violência, em especial contra o idoso, contribui para alterar o modelo disfuncional, estabilizar os marcos morais norteadores do comportamento. Não se trata de considerar que o agressor contenha-se frente a um terceiro para evitar o rechaço social ou a punição, mas de observar que o psiquismo afrouxa os laços com as regras sociais na ausência de um elemento que sustente a triangulação constitutiva do espaço moral, especialmente, em situações de estresse. As leituras teóricas acerca da proposição são feiras a partir de contributos da psicanálise, sobretudo no que se refere à atualização da função paterna; do modelo sistêmico, particularmente no que tange à mudança do sistema quando de alterações em sua composição; e da aprendizagem social, relativamente à exposição à modelos a serem adotados como fonte de aprendizagem vicária. Propõe, ainda, reflexões sobre o contexto do envelhecimento na sociedade contemporânea, considerando o aumento do numero de pessoas idosas, as demandas de trabalho, esvaziando o interior do espaço familiar, e a longevidade como realidade coletiva que a humanidade não conhece e que precisa ser significada, inventada, valorada.Palavras-chave: Violência. Idoso. Família. Sociedade


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Alzahrani ◽  
Subrata Acharya ◽  
Philippe Duverger ◽  
Nam P. Nguyen

AbstractCrowdsourcing is an emerging tool for collaboration and innovation platforms. Recently, crowdsourcing platforms have become a vital tool for firms to generate new ideas, especially large firms such as Dell, Microsoft, and Starbucks, Crowdsourcing provides firms with multiple advantages, notably, rapid solutions, cost savings, and a variety of novel ideas that represent the diversity inherent within a crowd. The literature on crowdsourcing is limited to empirical evidence of the advantage of crowdsourcing for businesses as an innovation strategy. In this study, Starbucks’ crowdsourcing platform, Ideas Starbucks, is examined, with three objectives: first, to determine crowdsourcing participants’ perception of the company by crowdsourcing participants when generating ideas on the platform. The second objective is to map users into a community structure to identify those more likely to produce ideas; the most promising users are grouped into the communities more likely to generate the best ideas. The third is to study the relationship between the users’ ideas’ sentiment scores and the frequency of discussions among crowdsourcing users. The results indicate that sentiment and emotion scores can be used to visualize the social interaction narrative over time. They also suggest that the fast greedy algorithm is the one best suited for community structure with a modularity on agreeable ideas of 0.53 and 8 significant communities using sentiment scores as edge weights. For disagreeable ideas, the modularity is 0.47 with 8 significant communities without edge weights. There is also a statistically significant quadratic relationship between the sentiments scores and the number of conversations between users.


10.3823/2415 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Benegelania Pinto ◽  
Kênia Lara Silva ◽  
Luciana Dantas Farias de Andrade

Goals: The aim of this study was to analyze the scientific production on the relationship between school and community in the perspective of Health Promotion. Method: Integrative review. The search was guided by question: How has the relationship between school and community occurred in Health Promotion? Results: Nine studies were selected in Portuguese, Spanish and English, published from April 2006 to April 2016. Most of the rescued studies showed that the type of relationship between school and community has based on actions that are not linked to the principles of Health Promotion, mostly focused on the individual, without considering collective issues, risk factors that cause illness, disconnected from the social context. Few studies present advances in Health Promotion with a critical-citizen perspective and experiences with the potential for the necessary establishment of the school and community relation. Conclusion: Although the relationship between school and community in the perspective of Health Promotion presents as elementary and not deepened, the successful experiences show good prospects of overcoming. It is necessary to move forward and bring the relationship between school and community in a synergetic movement in favor of Health Promotion. Descriptors: Health promotion; School; Community.


Te Kaharoa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Derby

The purpose of this article is to illustrate the influence that socio-historical context has on the identity of a group. The identity of the hapū (tribe) Ngāi Tamarāwaho is examined to demonstrate the impact that specific phenomena associated with colonisation had on hapū identity, and the major focus of this chapter is the interplay between Ngāi Tamarāwaho and the phenomenon of colonisation. This article concentrates specifically on hapū identity during the colonisation era, which, in the context of this article, commenced with the arrival of Pākehā (British) settlers in New Zealand in 1814, and concluded with the establishment of the Waitangi Tribunal in 1975. For comparative purposes, parallels are drawn with other indigenous groups globally to highlight similarities between the colonisation experiences of these groups and those of Ngāi Tamarāwaho, and to illustrate common trends that occur as a result of colonisation and its associated phenomena. The first section in this article discusses the need to consider socio-historical context in research pertaining to identity, and provides examples of research that has been conducted to this effect. The second section establishes the social context of Ngāi Tamarāwaho, and the third section outlines the historical context. Following this is an analyis of the effects of aspects of colonisation on Ngāi Tamarāwaho identity, and this article concludes by discussing ways in which the hapū revived and reasserted their identity


2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
CJ Pascoe ◽  
Sarah Diefendorf

We examine a case of homophobic language online, specifically the deployment of the phrase “no homo,” shorthand for “I’m not a homosexual.” An analysis of 396 instances (comprising 1061 individual tweets) of the use of the phrase “no homo” on the social media platform Twitter suggests that the phrase is a gendered epithet that conveys cultural norms about masculinity. The first finding is that the phrase is used more often by male tweeters than by female tweeters. The second, as predicted by the literature on homophobia, is that the phrase is used in a negative emotional context to convey disapproval for men’s homosexuality or behavior that is not gender normative. The third finding is that the modal use of the phrase “no homo” is in a positive emotional context, accompanying expressions of men’s pleasure, desire, affection, attachment, and friendship. Our analysis suggests that the phrase “no homo” is a gendered one, primarily used by men to facilitate a particularly masculinized construction of positive emotional expression. Our research adds to and complicates findings on the relationship between homophobia and masculinity that suggests that homophobia is an organizing principal of masculinity in western cultures.


Author(s):  
Clara Bejarano Pellicer

<p>Este trabajo se pregunta qué funciones desempeñaba la música entre los jóvenes de la primera mitad del siglo XVII en España, haciendo hincapié en sus aplicaciones en el contexto de las relaciones entre los sexos. La novela picaresca española puede apuntar indicaciones sobre cuál era la relación entre la música y la juventud en ese período, y en qué medida esta relación se debe a las características psicológicas de la edad o al contexto social en que tiene lugar.</p><p>This paper wants to know which roles music played for youth in the first half of XVIIth century Spain,<br />focusing on its application in the context of relationship between men and women. Spanish picaresque<br />can point ways of which was the relationship between music and youth in that period, and how much<br />this relationship is caused by psycological characteristics of youth or the social context.</p>


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