Poverty has a Woman’s face

2020 ◽  
pp. 129-139
Author(s):  
Constantine Michalopoulos
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
National Development ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Gender Issues ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Global Impact ◽  
Women Ministers ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
Global Initiatives

The global impact of four women Ministers of Development on empowering women and eradicating their poverty was varied, multidimensional, and substantial but difficult to measure with any degree of accuracy. Their very existence and actions as a group had an important demonstration effect in empowering women in developing countries. Though they did not launch a joint ‘gender’ initiative as such, they each took many initiatives in their national development policies to raise the profile of gender issues, increase women’s empowerment, and reduce their poverty. They also worked together to support international undertakings aimed at improving women’s access to education and health care, and empowering them on issues of family planning. More broadly they supported initiatives on women’s rights and strengthening their status in society. This chapter starts with a short review of their efforts to empower women before they became ministers. It then presents examples of their efforts as Development Ministers at the national level as well as in support of global initiatives in which one or more of them were involved.

scholarly journals Gender Dimensions of Demographic Change in Pakistan

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (4II) ◽  
pp. 705-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naushin Mahmood ◽  
Durr-e- Nayab
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Development Process ◽  
National Development ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Development Goals

The achieving of equality and equity between men and women in different spheres of life is essential for the attainment of sustainable development goals. In this context, the need for enhancement of women’s participation in national development programmes and their full integration into the development process has been widely recognised in various global and regional forums. More recently, the Programme of Action adopted by the International Conference on Population and Development at Cairo in 1994 reaffirmed and elaborated the role of women in national development, and endorsed a new strategy that emphasises “gender equality, equity and empowerment of women”. In this context, the Programme of Action recommends that countries should act to empower women and should take steps to eliminate inequalities between men and women by providing them with more choices through expanded access to education and health services, skill development and employment, and eliminating all practices that discriminate against women [United Nations (1995)].

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Distribution Characteristics and Driving Forces of PM2.5 in Three Urban Agglomerations of the Yangtze River Economic Belt

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2222
Author(s):  
Jin-Wei Yan ◽  
Fei Tao ◽  
Shuai-Qian Zhang ◽  
Shuang Lin ◽  
Tong Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Geographically Weighted Regression ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
National Level ◽  
National Development ◽  
Urban Agglomeration ◽  
Spatiotemporal Distribution ◽  
Weighted Regression ◽  
Series Data ◽  
The Yangtze River ◽  
Urban Agglomerations

As part of one of the five major national development strategies, the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB), including the three national-level urban agglomerations (the Cheng-Yu urban agglomeration (CY-UA), the Yangtze River Middle-Reach urban agglomeration (YRMR-UA), and the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration (YRD-UA)), plays an important role in China’s urban development and economic construction. However, the rapid economic growth of the past decades has caused frequent regional air pollution incidents, as indicated by high levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Therefore, a driving force factor analysis based on the PM2.5 of the whole area would provide more information. This paper focuses on the three urban agglomerations in the YREB and uses exploratory data analysis and geostatistics methods to describe the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of air quality based on long-term PM2.5 series data from 2015 to 2018. First, the main driving factor of the spatial stratified heterogeneity of PM2.5 was determined through the Geodetector model, and then the influence mechanism of the factors with strong explanatory power was extrapolated using the Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) models. The results showed that the number of enterprises, social public vehicles, total precipitation, wind speed, and green coverage in the built-up area had the most significant impacts on the distribution of PM2.5. The regression by MGWR was found to be more efficient than that by traditional Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), further showing that the main factors varied significantly among the three urban agglomerations in affecting the special and temporal features.

How do public companies respond to national challenges through sustainability reporting? – The case of Sri Lanka

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinithi Dissanayake ◽  
Carol A. Tilt ◽  
Wei Qian
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
National Level ◽  
National Development ◽  
Sustainability Reporting ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Integrative Social Contracts Theory ◽  
Reporting Practices

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how sustainability reporting is shaped by the global influences and particular national context where businesses operate. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses both content analysis of published sustainability information and semi-structured interviews with corporate managers to explore how sustainability reporting is used to address unique social and environmental challenges in a developing country – Sri Lanka. The use of integrative social contracts theory in investigating sustainability reporting offers novel insights into understanding the drivers for sustainability reporting practices in this particular country. Findings The findings reveal that managers’ perceptions about usefulness of sustainability reporting, local contextual challenges and global norms influence the extent to which companies engage in sustainability reporting and the nature of sustainability information reported. In particular, Sri Lankan company managers strive to undertake sustainability projects that are beneficial not only to their companies but also to the development of the country. However, while company managers in Sri Lanka are keen to undertake sustainability reporting, they face different tensions/expectations between global expectations and local contextual factors when undertaking sustainability projects and reporting. This is also showcased in what is ultimately reported in company annual reports, where some aspects of sustainability, e.g. social, tend to focus more on addressing local concerns whereas other disclosures are on issues that may be relevant across many contexts. Research limitations/implications Important insights for government and other regulatory authorities can be drawn from the findings of this study. By capitalising on the strong sense of moral duty felt by company managers, policymakers can involve the business sector more to mitigate the social and environmental issues prevalent in Sri Lanka. The findings can also be used by other developing countries to enable pathways to engage with the corporate sector to contribute to national development agendas through their sustainability initiatives and projects. Originality/value While the usual understanding of developing country’s company managers is that they try to follow global trends, in Sri Lanka, this research shows how managers are trying to align their responsibilities at a national level with global principles regarding sustainability reporting. Therefore, this paper highlights how both hypernorms and microsocial rules can interact to define how company managers undertake sustainability reporting in a developing country.

Extractivist Geographies: Mining and Development in Late-Nineteenth and Early-Twentieth-Century Peru

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Himley
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Environmental History ◽  
National Level ◽  
National Development ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Contemporary Politics ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
Extractive Economies

In Peru, development dreams have not infrequently been hitched to the expansion of mining and other extractive activities. While the Peruvian state pursued strategies to stimulate mining expansion during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the geography of capitalist mining that emerged mapped poorly onto the national development imaginaries of the country’s elites. State-led efforts to mobilize subsurface resources in the service of national-level development conflicted with the tendency for extractive economies to exhibit uneven and discontinuous spatialities. Attention to the long-run unevenness of extractive investment in global resource frontiers such as Peru promises to deepen understandings of both world environmental history and the contemporary politics of resource extractivism. En el Perú, los sueños de desarrollo han sido enganchados con frecuencia a la expansión de la minería y otras actividades extractivas. Mientras que el estado peruano siguió estrategias para estimular la expansión minera a fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX, la geografía de la minería capitalista que surgió no se proyectó bien en los imaginarios de desarrollo nacional de las élites del país. Los esfuerzos dirigidos por el estado para movilizar los recursos del subsuelo al servicio del desarrollo a nivel nacional contradijeron la tendencia de las economías extractivas a mostrar espacialidades desparejas y discontinuas. La atención al carácter desparejo a largo plazo de la inversión extractiva en las fronteras de recursos globales, como Perú, promete profundizar el entendimiento tanto de la historia ambiental mundial como de la política contemporánea del extractivismo de recursos.

scholarly journals Deforestation and Changes in People's Economies Due to Oil Palm Plantations in East Kalimantan

POPULIKA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
Ramadhan Dwi Purwanto ◽  
Alam Mahadika
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Living System ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Decent Life ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
The Government ◽  
Land Exploitation

The market demand for oil palm commodities does make the plantation business a very profitable endeavor. The high demand led to the massive clearing of oil palm plantations in East Kalimantan that resulted in land exploitation. In addition, the concept of poverty alleviation by the government in East Kalimantan by relying on employment from palm oil plantations then added a new problem that is deforestation and changes in the local people's system to be discussed in this journal. This research uses qualitative descriptive. The result in the Get is 1.) The job opening brought about a new problem of community economic vulnerability due to an error in understanding the concept of poverty and the existence of fundamental source of blindness. 2.) East Kalimantan Region is only a land that is not followed by access to education and health and the assurance of a decent life for the company. 3.) The change of the living system depends only on one commodity of oil palm 4.) The exploitation of this land has an ongoing impact on deforestation in East Kalimantan, which is detrimental to the existence of diversity of plants, animals and local communities.

scholarly journals Gender Equity, Women Education and National Development in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Ezinna ◽  
Christopher Ugwuibe ◽  
Chikaodili Ugwoke
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
National Development ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Equity In Education ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
The Impact

<p>Gender equity in education generates a push force that accelerates progress across sectors and goals; thus sustainable development. Gender equality constitutes central position in both national and international programmes as an accelerator for achieving development. Women’s place in national development appears subordinated. Thus, this study examined gender equity in education in Nigeria and the impact on national development. Specifically, the study sought to determine the degree of women access to education, ascertain the impact of women education on socio-economic development and determine the factors that constitute barriers to women education in Nigeria. The study discovered that educated women serve as stabilizing factor in national development and recommended ‘soft competition technique’ as the approach that will grant women the needed equity in national development in Nigeria. </p>

scholarly journals Rights to Education for Poor Peoples: How The Country Protect Them?

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-42
Author(s):  
Luthfi Widyantoko
Keyword(s):  
Educational Development ◽  
National Development ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Right To Education ◽  
Equal Distribution ◽  
Classic Problem ◽  
Development Agenda ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

This paper discusses the rights of the poor and marginalized in obtaining the right to education as one of the basic human rights. This paper is based on the condition that the urgency of educational development is one of the top priorities in the national development agenda. Educational development is very important because of its significant role in achieving progress in various fields of life: social, economic, political, and cultural. Therefore, the Government is obliged to fulfill the rights of every citizen in obtaining education services in order to improve the quality of life of the Indonesian people as mandated by the 1945 Constitution, which requires the Government to be responsible in educating the life of the nation and creating public welfare. The lack of equal distribution of education in Indonesia is a classic problem which until now there has not been any strategic steps from the government to handle it. This paper confirms that the achievement of the right to education in Indonesia has not been achieved and is motivated by several key factors, among government policies. In addition, human resources and infrastructure are also one of the causes of unequal access to education in Indonesia.

Advanced Sultanism: A Category Emerges

2021 ◽  
pp. 237-256
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Rentier State ◽  
Advanced Economy ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Security Services ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Political Patronage ◽  
Almost All

The first of two summary discussions, this chapter begins by assessing the extent to which MBS and MBZ’s regimes converge or diverge with other examples of contemporary sultanism. With regard to convergence, it notes: their political patronage networks; their dominance over economic affairs; the extent to which their extended families have served as surrogates for ruling parties; their tightening up of almost all civil society and media organizations; their increasing control over military forces and security services (including the development of more potent praetorian guards); the apparently non-ideological nature of their regimes; and—with some caveats—their erection of personal charismatic façades. With regard to divergence, it notes: Saudi Arabia and the UAE’s relatively well-performing health and education systems; their advances in women’s access to education and health; their fairly positive economic development indicators; their strong global economic integration; and what seems to have been a genuine reduction in corruption. Seeking to explain these divergences, the chapter suggests that Saudi Arabia and the UAE’s rentier state legacies combined with their continuing use of Western and other advanced economy consultants are key to understanding MBS and MBZ’s more ‘advanced’ strain of sultanism. In this context, ‘advanced sultanism’ is posited as an important new sub-set of contemporary sultanism.

Sovereign Debt and the Right to Development

2018 ◽  
pp. 248-266
Author(s):  
Gail Hurley
Keyword(s):  
Sovereign Debt ◽  
Task Force ◽  
National Development ◽  
Country Ownership ◽  
Right To Development ◽  
Primary Responsibility ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
Regional Partnerships

The right to development is an over-arching, synthesis-based collective right that has found a solid place in the international human rights architecture. Under the UN Declaration on the Right to Development, States have the primary responsibility for establishing national and international conditions favourable to the realisation of the right to development. According to the high-level task force on the implementation of the right to development, this responsibility is at three levels: (a) States acting collectively in global and regional partnerships; (b) States acting individually as they adopt and implement policies that affect persons strictly not within their jurisdiction, and (c) States acting individually as they formulate national development policies and programmes affecting persons within their jurisdiction. The right to development also implies the full realisation of the right of peoples to self-determination. In many contexts, however, onerous debt service obligations and related conditionalities often undermine country ownership of national development strategies, thereby threatening the right to development.

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