Genesis of Development Macroeconomics and National Accounts in Developing Countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 127-138
Author(s):  
Giovanni Andrea Cornia
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
The Impact

The chapter discusses the reasons whycKeynesian policies and development macroeconomics in low-income countries received any attention relatively late, as well as the factors that led to a gradual acceptance of demand-side measures. It also discusses the data, conceptual, and accounting problems encountered when measuring economic performance in low-income countries, including the importance of self-consumption, barter, unilateral transactions, and unrecorded monetary transactions in the informal economy. All this reduces the impact of monetary and fiscal policies and underline the importance of structural policies. The chapter also discusses the accounting conventions and practices used to overcome such problems, and the impact all this has on the estimates of the main macroeconomic aggregates and the evaluation of the impact of public policies.

scholarly journals Integration of Small Farmers Into Global Value Chains: Challenges and opportunities inside the current global demand. Integración de pequeños agricultores en cadenas globales de valor: Desafíos y oportunidades dentro de la demanda global actual.

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Joselyne Nájera
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Global Value Chains ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Impact

<p><strong>Resumen</strong></p><p>Las cadenas de valor global a menudo representan una opción, para las empresas y proveedores locales en los países en desarrollo, para obtener acceso a mercados de alto valor y nuevas tecnologías. Considerando que los beneficios potenciales de las cadenas de valor globales para los países en desarrollo están bien documentados, los estudios que se ocupan del impacto en los países en vías de desarrollo son escasos. El objetivo principal del artículo es analizar los principales retos y oportunidades que se derivan de la inserción de los pequeños agricultores en las cadenas de valor globales. El artículo sugiere que los pequeños agricultores se enfrentan a desafíos y oportunidades para el desarrollo dentro del mercado globalizado actual. Asimismo, se propone un modelo para la inserción sostenible y competitiva que pueda ser puesto en práctica, dado que aspectos como la educación, el acceso a la tecnología, el acceso a las finanzas, el apoyo a las políticas y la innovación pueden contener la clave para convertir una crisis en una oportunidad.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Global value chains often represent an option for local firms and suppliers in developing countries to get access to high-value markets and new technologies. Whereas the potential benefits from global value chains for medium-income developing countries are well documented, the studies dealing with the impact on low-income countries are scarce. The  objective of the article is to analyze the main challenges and opportunities derived from the insertion of small farmers in global value chains.The article suggests that small farmers are intertwined between both challenges and opportunities for development in this globalized market, nonetheless a model for sustainable and competitive insertion can be placed under consideration since aspects like education, access to technology, access to finance, policy support, and innovation can hold the key for turning a crisis into an opportunity.</p>

scholarly journals The impact of article processing charge waiver on conducting research in low-income countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M-Nasan Abdul Baki ◽  
Mahmoud Alhaj Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Health Sciences ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
The Impact

AbstractHealth sciences research is a major tool in exchanging publications and knowledge between the various countries of the world. Researchers in developing countries barely have any financial funding from governmental or educational institutes to support their research. In low-income countries such as Syria, With less than 30$ per month and almost no financial support, Syrian residency doctors are fighting to push the scientific research reality of this ongoing crisis country forward and without a doubt, APC waiver plays a crucial role in this continuing mission.

scholarly journals ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN CAPITAL INEQUALITY AND GLOBALIZATION

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmin Bani
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Trade Theory ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Political Globalization ◽  
The Impact

This study attempts to tackle the inequality and globalization issue by departing from the usual convention and studying the effect of globalization on another distribution, which is the distribution of human capital. We would like to investigate whether globalization helps to alleviate or worsen inequality in education and benefit everyone in the observed population in the same way in terms of education. Moreover, we would also like to analyze whether the benefit or loss experienced by countries differ across the level of development. Our focus is on the impact of the composite index of globalization as well as its three different dimensions on education inequality. The study shows that the developing countries (low and middle-income countries) do not necessarily benefit from globalization, which clearly contradicts the standard trade theory. This is because we observe the existence of variation of effects within the developing countries itself. Globalization narrows the education gap in low-income countries but it widens the gap in middle-income countries. Additionally, the study also show the importance of social and political globalization, which is often ignored in existing literature. The results are robust to different measures of globalization, exclusion of countries from different regions and inclusion of several control variables.Keywords: Globalization; Human Capital Inequality; System GMM.

scholarly journals The Bad Effects Caused by Policy Prescription and Financial Assistance by IMF on Developing Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 172-177
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Policy Prescription ◽  
The Imf

Actually in some cases, the IMF has a little positive effect on developing economics while has a vast bad effect on all developing economics. The main purpose of the study is to examine the impact of IMF on developing countries. The globalization of the world economy gives rise to large global inequalities. The inequalities are responsible for increasing absolute poverty and starvation. Low-income countries are suffering from financial crises to reduce their absolute poverty and starvation. So they have to depend on IMF and various financial institutions. But the IMF policies are heavily criticized and unhelpful. The IMF sometimes led to an increased dependency of developing countries upon developed countries. The social sectors of developing countries such as the health and education sectors are most affected by these policies. So these policies increase poverty and underdevelopment of the developing world.

scholarly journals Autism in Developing Countries: Lessons from Iran

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayyed Ali Samadi ◽  
Roy McConkey
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Parental Support ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Family Quality Of Life ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Professional Resources ◽  
The Impact

Most research into Autism Spectrum Disorders has been conducted in affluent English-speaking countries which have extensive professional support services. This paper describes a series of investigations that was undertaken in Iran, and these findings, together with reviews of research in other low-income countries, are used to identify key lessons in three areas of service provision of particular relevance to developing countries with scarce professional resources: first, the issues to be considered in establishing the prevalence of the condition nationally; second, identification of parental understanding of ASD and the impact it has on them as carers; third, the education and training that could be provided to families when professional supports are sparse. It is concluded that culturally sensitive, parental support strategies must be central to the planning and development of services. Moreover, future research should further elucidate the needs of families and evaluate the impact of culturally tailored interventions designed to promote the children’s development and overall family quality of life.

Trends in Infant Feeding in Developing Countries

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 648-666
Author(s):  
Francis Notzon
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Developing World ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

In recent years, interest in breast-feeding and infant-supplementation practices in the developing world has been growing. Numerous community, regional, and national studies have described the patterns of breast-feeding and, to a lesser extent, of supplementation in a wide range of low-income countries. Nevertheless, adequate documentation of national trends in breast-feeding is available for only a small number of developing countries, and trends in supplementation remain to be described. The apparent decline in breast-feeding in the developing world has been the subject of numerous articles describing the impact of this trend on infant morbidity and mortality, fertility levels, and family finances. Frequently, the examples used to illustrate the decrease in breast-feeding are methedologically flawed; they use nonrepresentative or noncomparable samples, for example, or make implicit assumptions about past breast-feeding practices. In spite of such shortcomings, the consistent reports of important declines appear to indicate that some basic changes are taking place in breast-feeding practices in certain areas of the developing world. The fact that these changes seem to be following the general pattern of breast-feeding decline that occurred at earlier times in developed countries adds to their plausibility. Although a general awareness of changes in lactation in the developing world now prevails, the documentation of this trend is far from complete. Even for those countries in which trends have been appropriately measured, the amount and pattern of change may vary widely from country to country. In most of the countries with information on breast-feeding trends, recent declines have occurred, although the decreases range from sharp to moderate.

The Impact of Increased Consumer-Orientation in Global Agri-Food Chains on Smallholders in Developing Countries

2005 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Pelupessy ◽  
Luuk Van Kempen
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Food Chains ◽  
Commodity Chain ◽  
Product Characteristics ◽  
Consumer Orientation ◽  
The Impact

The economic position of small-scale developing country farmers has been observed to weaken in many global agri-food chains. Several studies in the global commodity chain tradition suggest that recent consumer trends in developed country markets are the ultimate cause. However, these studies have not come up with a conceptual framework in which the effects of changing consumer preferences on farmer earnings can be explicitly analysed. This paper makes a first attempt towards building such a framework by drawing mainly on Lancaster's product characteristics approach. Within this framework it is shown how enhanced consumer-orientation in the global food system leads to adverse power shifts for small farmers in low-income countries. As signalled by previous global commodity chain studies, smallholders in developing countries will face growing inequality in intra-chain surplus distribution as well as a higher risk of exclusion from global agri-food chains. We discuss how thinking in terms of product characteristics may also help smallholders to reap a larger share of the surplus in the chain.

scholarly journals The Clean pilot study: evaluation of an environmental hygiene intervention bundle in three Tanzanian hospitals

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgia Gon ◽  
Abdunoor M. Kabanywanyi ◽  
Petri Blinkhoff ◽  
Simon Cousens ◽  
Stephanie J. Dancer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Low Income ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Surface Cleaning ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Training Period ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Environmental Hygiene ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Healthcare associated infections (HAI) are estimated to affect up to 15% of hospital inpatients in low-income countries (LICs). A critical but often neglected aspect of HAI prevention is basic environmental hygiene, particularly surface cleaning and linen management. TEACH CLEAN is an educational intervention aimed at improving environmental hygiene. We evaluated the effectiveness of this intervention in a pilot study in three high-volume maternity and newborn units in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Methods This study design prospectively evaluated the intervention as a whole, and offered a before-and-after comparison of the impact of the main training. We measured changes in microbiological cleanliness [Aerobic Colony Counts (ACC) and presence of Staphylococcus aureus] using dipslides, and physical cleaning action using gel dots. These were analysed with descriptive statistics and logistic regression models. We used qualitative (focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, and semi-structured observation) and quantitative (observation checklist) tools to measure why and how the intervention worked. We describe these findings across the themes of adaptation, fidelity, dose, reach and context. Results Microbiological cleanliness improved during the study period (ACC pre-training: 19%; post-training: 41%). The odds of cleanliness increased on average by 1.33 weekly during the pre-training period (CI = 1.11–1.60), and by 1.08 (CI = 1.03–1.13) during the post-training period. Cleaning action improved only in the pre-training period. Detection of S. aureus on hospital surfaces did not change substantially. The intervention was well received and considered feasible in this context. The major pitfalls in the implementation were the limited number of training sessions at the hospital level and the lack of supportive supervision. A systems barrier to implementation was lack of regular cleaning supplies. Conclusions The evaluation suggests that improvements in microbiological cleanliness are possible using this intervention and can be sustained. Improved microbiological cleanliness is a key step on the pathway to infection prevention in hospitals. Future research should assess whether this bundle is cost-effective in reducing bacterial and viral transmission and infection using a rigorous study design.

scholarly journals The Rotavirus Vaccine Landscape, an Update

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 520
Author(s):  
Roberto Cárcamo-Calvo ◽  
Carlos Muñoz ◽  
Javier Buesa ◽  
Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz ◽  
Roberto Gozalbo-Rovira
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Low Income ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Oral Vaccines

Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe acute childhood gastroenteritis, responsible for more than 128,500 deaths per year, mainly in low-income countries. Although the mortality rate has dropped significantly since the introduction of the first vaccines around 2006, an estimated 83,158 deaths are still preventable. The two main vaccines currently deployed, Rotarix and RotaTeq, both live oral vaccines, have been shown to be less effective in developing countries. In addition, they have been associated with a slight risk of intussusception, and the need for cold chain maintenance limits the accessibility of these vaccines to certain areas, leaving 65% of children worldwide unvaccinated and therefore unprotected. Against this backdrop, here we review the main vaccines under development and the state of the art on potential alternatives.

scholarly journals COVID-19 in children treated with immunosuppressive medication for kidney diseases

2020 ◽  
pp. archdischild-2020-320616
Author(s):  
Matko Marlais ◽  
Tanja Wlodkowski ◽  
Samhar Al-Akash ◽  
Petr Ananin ◽  
Varun Kumar Bandi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Immunosuppressive Therapy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Reference Network ◽  
Immunosuppressive Medication ◽  
Immunosuppressive Medications ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundChildren are recognised as at lower risk of severe COVID-19 compared with adults, but the impact of immunosuppression is yet to be determined. This study aims to describe the clinical course of COVID-19 in children with kidney disease taking immunosuppressive medication and to assess disease severity.MethodsCross-sectional study hosted by the European Rare Kidney Disease Reference Network and supported by the European, Asian and International paediatric nephrology societies. Anonymised data were submitted online for any child (age <20 years) with COVID-19 taking immunosuppressive medication for a kidney condition. Study recruited for 16 weeks from 15 March 2020 to 05 July 2020. The primary outcome was severity of COVID-19.Results113 children were reported in this study from 30 different countries. Median age: 13 years (49% male). Main underlying reasons for immunosuppressive therapy: kidney transplant (47%), nephrotic syndrome (27%), systemic lupus erythematosus (10%). Immunosuppressive medications used include: glucocorticoids (76%), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) (54%), tacrolimus/ciclosporine A (58%), rituximab/ofatumumab (11%). 78% required no respiratory support during COVID-19 illness, 5% required bi-level positive airway pressure or ventilation. Four children died; all deaths reported were from low-income countries with associated comorbidities. There was no significant difference in severity of COVID-19 based on gender, dialysis status, underlying kidney condition, and type or number of immunosuppressive medications.ConclusionsThis global study shows most children with a kidney disease taking immunosuppressive medication have mild disease with SARS-CoV-2 infection. We therefore suggest that children on immunosuppressive therapy should not be more strictly isolated than children who are not on immunosuppressive therapy.

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