A War to Remember (1)

2021 ◽  
pp. 166-203
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Shams
Keyword(s):  
Iraq War ◽  
Literary Analysis ◽  
Literary Discourse ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Devotional Poetry ◽  
The Way

The Iran–Iraq War ran for eight grueling and bloody years between 1980 and 1988, when the Islamic Republic was still in its infancy, irrevocably changing the official literary discourse of the 1980s. Through a socio-literary analysis, this chapter investigates the way in which the state’s martial campaign was manifested in, and promoted by, the canonized voices of the war, resulting in the launch of a whole new genre of Sacred Defense poetry, and the deployment of a form of mystic militantism, drawing on the lexicon and tropes of the classical Persian mystical and devotional poetry.

scholarly journals Compliance Bargaining Mechanism as The Way to Ended Iran-Iraq War 1988

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditya Maulana Hasymi
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Iraq War ◽  
Peace Process ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Loss Of Life ◽  
The Third ◽  
Border Dispute ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Way

<p align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Isu-isu terkait budaya, ekonomi, dan nilai seringkali menghasilkan konflik. Tak terkecuali dengan isu perebutan wilayah. Salahsatu perang terbesar yang terkait dengan isu sengketa wilayah adalah perang Iran-Irak 1988. Perang Iran-Irak 1988 membawa sejarah besar dari kedua negara yang saling berhubungan dengan isu perebutan wilayah, perebutan pengaruh ideologi, dan isu ekonomi. Perang yang berlangsung cukup lama ini membuat Iran dan Irak menyadari akan kerugian jangka panjang yang dialami. Pada akhirnya, kedua negara sepakat untuk berdamai dalam sebuah proses yang melibatkan pihak ketiga. Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa mengambil peran sebagai pihak ketiga yang membantu penyelesaian perang antara Iran dan Irak. Resolusi no.598 yang disusun oleh Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa mengarisbawahi akan pentingnya gencatan senjata dengan banyaknya kerugian dan korban jiwa yang muncul. Penelitian ini berargumen bahwa upaya Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa menyusun resolusi no.598 dalam menyelesaikan perang Iran-Irak adalah penerapan dari mekanisme compliance bargaining pada proses resolusi konflik.</p><p><strong>Kata kunci:</strong> compliance bargaining, resolusi konflik, rezim, gencatan senjata</p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Conflictual issues can be about economy, culture and values, or even a border dispute. The class cannot be avoided because of several issues triggering the conflict and also several interests. One of the bigger wars that can be was the Iran-Iraq War at 1980-1988. This war brought the long history between both of those countries, which were related with border disputes, ideological influences, and economic war. Those of both countries is thinking that if the war is still being run, it is not giving any good advantage. The damage was so big. So, it required a process to bring the two states involved war into one meeting to talk about peace or end the war. The process is called a peace process. In this case, the peace process arranged by the involvement of third party. The United Nations take a role as the third party in Iran-Iraq War by formed a Resolution no 598. In the resolution the council expressed its concern that, despite its calls for ceasefire, the conflict between Iran and Iraq continued with heavy loss of life and material destruction. The Iran-Iraq war was ended through the resolution no 598 that was produced by the United Nations. Furthermore, this paper argue that the way of the United Nations ended the Iran-Iraq war through Resolution no 598 is implementing the theory of compliance bargaining in conflict resolution.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: compliance bargaining, conflict resolution, regime, ceasefire</p>

Isolating, Placing and Contextualising the Hangover

The Hangover ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 9-32
Author(s):  
Jonathon Shears
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Literary Analysis ◽  
Tom Wolfe ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
The Way

This chapter identifies and isolates some of the prominent features of a hangover. It demonstrates the kind of physical phenomena that usually occupy quantitative studies of the hangover in the sciences before elaborating on the way these are linked to affect – often negative, although not exclusively – such as guilt, self-disgust and anxiety. It does this through contextualised, close literary analysis of hangover descriptions in the work of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tom Wolfe and Kingsley Amis. These readings demonstrate the way that hangover symptoms can both reveal and conceal larger socio-cultural concerns and how hangover consciousness is informed by the experience of transgressing social values. It also traces the etymology of the word hangover, reflecting on some of the vernacular used to describe hangovers in the early twentieth century, and introduces the Traditional-Punishment and Withdrawal-Relief responses that can disclose continuities between periods.

scholarly journals Five Teachers’ Range of Views on the Iraq war

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khodadad Kaviani ◽  
Terrence McCain
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Social Studies ◽  
Iraq War ◽  
Social Studies Teachers ◽  
First Time ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
The Way

The significance of this qualitative study is in showing, for the first time, what American teachers are teaching about the Iraq war and their conceptions of controversy and balanced instruction in the context of their lessons. Through in-depth interviews, five high school social studies teachers’ lessons related to the Iraq war were examined and analyzed through the lenses of Issues-Centered Education and teachers’ curriculum gatekeeping. Findings show that teachers’ conception of controversy and balanced instruction influences the way they teach about public controversies. Furthermore, the Iraq war controversy provides a unique opportunity to see how the Iraq war is taught during war time.

Brechts braver Schweyk

PMLA ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Knust
Keyword(s):  
Human Existence ◽  
Literary Analysis ◽  
The Political ◽  
Structural Pattern ◽  
Typical Representative ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Way

A close literary analysis of the text shows that Schweyk im Zweiten Weltkrieg is an artful antimorality play with parodistic parallels to Everyman and Faust. The confrontation and interrelation of the “big” and the “small” provide a thematic and structural pattern on both the political and the social levels of the play. Love, faith, and work of the “little” are exploited by the “big.” Scattered revolution and traditional virtues prove useless in an attempt to fight and survive a totalitarian system. Schweyk is caught between a “big” enemy and a “big” friend. As a typical representative of the “little man” he is pitted against Hitler, whose plans he sabotages by a devious method of opportunism mixed with opposition; as an individual he is also contrasted with the fat glutton Baloun, whom he tries to help. In both respects he is “virtuous.” However, the juxtaposition of Schweyk in the icy Russian steppes and Baloun in the cozy “Keich” inn marks two contradictory, yet interrelated extremes of human existence. Brecht subtly points the way out of these undesirable paradoxes. Only if the “little” resolve their differences will they truly cease to be “little.” Schweyk's virtues and Brecht's “Schweykian philosophy” are dictated by circumstances; they are not meant to be of permanent value.

Dostoevskii and the Book of Job: The Struggle to Find Faith

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Rampton
Keyword(s):  
Literary Analysis ◽  
Recent Criticism ◽  
Book Of Job ◽  
The World ◽  
The Way

The book of Job is essential for understanding Dostoevskii’s art, because of the similarity of the questions the authors engage with and the way their texts are constructed. However, ambiguities in the book of Job itself as well as disagreements about the presentation of faith and doubt in Dostoevskii’s fiction have made the discussion of precisely how the book of Job influenced Dostoevskii remarkably wide-ranging. In this article I argue for complementing the literary analysis of Dostoevskii’s novels with the insights of recent criticism of the book of Job. According to this reading, Job does not provide Dostoevskii with a cognitive answer to the question of why the innocent suffer or explain the existence of evil in the world, but rather acts as a confirmation that faith is a process in which doubt plays a crucial and ongoing role.

scholarly journals “My capacities and talents can only be expressed by my pen”: Linguistic aspects and literary discourse in Aphra Behn's history of Isabella and Villenoys

2014 ◽  
pp. 47-68
Author(s):  
Juan de Dios Torralbo Caballero
Keyword(s):  
Literary Discourse ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
English Novel ◽  
Linguistic Strategies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Semantic Techniques ◽  
The Way

This paper frames Aphra Behn’s mastery through The History of the Nun in order to single out the outstanding discursive and linguistic strategies from the beginning until Villenoys’s departure. This study highlights the interrelationship between the morphosyntactic tools and the semantic techniques to illustrate the author’s intention within the context of her work. This close reading allows us to scrutinize a few samples of lexical and semantic groupings as well as some homophonic puns found along the story without leaving aside the valuable writer’s purpose. It also explores the narrative geographies, the chronological coordinates and the historical landmarks that generate a very realistic scenario which paves the way towards the emergence of the English novel.

scholarly journals Miłosz the Visionary: His American experience in Visions from San Francisco Bay

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-51
Author(s):  
Ania Grudzien
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
San Francisco Bay ◽  
Nobel Prize Winner ◽  
Literary Analysis ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
Czeslaw Milosz ◽  
American Experience ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Way

Nobel Prize winner Czesław Miłosz is one of the most influential poets, prosiest, philosophers, and diplomats, his works spanning two centuries and multiple continents. Born in 1911, in what is now modern-day Lithuania, Miłosz spent most of his professional life in Europe including Poland and France. In 1960, fleeing the power of the communist regime, he found political asylum in California, teaching in the Slavic languages department at the University of California Berkley. The following paper examines Czesław Miłosz’s perspective on the radical West culture of the 1960s and ‘70s in his book Visions from San Francisco Bay. This work brings attention to previously unnoticed English mistranslations. I propose a new translation to reflect Miłosz’s original meaning, which changes the way English readers interpret his American experience as well as his book Visions from San Francisco Bay. Specifically, I consider two sets of Miłosz’s pros and cons which he crafted to describe the essence of his American experience, and one set of pros and cons I crafted from his writing to frame his experience. These juxtaposing pros and cons ultimately led him to the conclusion of the importance of richly interpreting one’s reality, especially in a time of change and uncertainty. By way of comparative literary analysis of Miłosz’s Visions and selected poems, we change the way we traditionally think of the ‘60s and ‘70s, realizing that instead of being a time of explosive interpretive energy, this was a time when Americans fell away from rich interpretation of their metaphysical realities.

The Holy Defense Museum in Tehran, or How to Aestheticize War

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-77
Author(s):  
Anna Vanzan
Keyword(s):  
Collective Memory ◽  
Contemporary Art ◽  
Iraq War ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Enormous Amount ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
Visual Materials ◽  
The Sacrifice

Abstract In September 2013 the Iranian authorities inaugurated the Holy Defense Museum (Muzeh-i Dafa’-i Moqaddas) in the capital Tehran that also hosts a Martyrs’ Museum (Muzeh-i Shuhada) built in the early 1980s and later renovated. The new museum is part of a grandiose project to commemorate the sacrifice of Iranians during the war provoked by the Iraqi regime (1980–1988). The museum encompasses various aspects of the arts (visual, cinematic, photographic, literary, etc.) shaped to remember and celebrate the martyrs of that war. The 1979 Iranian Revolution and the following Iran-Iraq War produced an enormous amount of visual material; works produced during this crucial period that disrupted the balance of power, both regionally and internationally, constitute an important part of Iran’s recent history. Visual materials produced in that period not only constitute a collective graphic memory of those traumatic years, they also revolutionized Iranian aesthetics. The Islamic Republic of Iran (hereafter IRI) establishment has a long experience in molding contemporary art for political purposes and the Holy Defense Museum represents the zenith of this imposing project. In this paper, I present an analytic and descriptive reading of the museum in light of my direct experience visiting the museum, and I explore its role in maintaining the collective memory of the Iran-Iraq conflict, in celebrating the revolution and in aestheticizing war.

Poets, Patronage, and Print in Sixteenth-Century Portugal

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Park
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Book History ◽  
Literary Analysis ◽  
Special Group ◽  
Devotional Poetry ◽  
Luis De Camoes

Portugal was not always the best place for poets in the sixteenth century. Against the backdrop of an expanding empire, poets struggled to articulate their worth to rulers and patrons. Many of their works considered what poetry could do and what its value was. The answers that poets like Luís de Camões, Francisco de Sá de Miranda, António Ferreira, and Diogo Bernardes offered to these questions ranged from lofty ideals to more practical concerns of making ends meet. This book articulates a ‘pragmatics of poetry’ that combines literary analysis and book history with methods from sociology to explore how poets thought about themselves and negotiated the value of their verse. Poets compared their work to that of lawyers and doctors and tried to set themselves apart as a special group of professionals. They threatened their patrons as well as flattered them and tried to turn their poetry from a gift into something like a commodity or service that had to be paid for. While poets set out to write in the most ambitious genres, they sometimes refused to spend months composing an epic without the prospect of reward. Their books of verse, when printed, were framed as linguistic propaganda as well as objects of material and aesthetic worth at a time when many said that non-devotional poetry was a sinful waste of time. This is therefore a book about how poets, metaphorically and more literally, tried to turn poetry and the paper it was written on into gold.

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