Legal Dimensions of Access to Modern Energy Services in Africa

2020 ◽  
pp. 328-346
Author(s):  
Yinka Omorogbe
Keyword(s):  
Energy Access ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Energy Services ◽  
Essential Component ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Electricity Access

This chapter examines strategies to achieve access to electricity, premised against the necessity for legal solutions and structures that will stimulate or encourage effective implementation of necessary objectives. It primarily focuses on three sub-Saharan African countries, Nigeria, Ghana, and Rwanda, while drawing examples as necessary from other countries in Africa. It opines that electricity access has to be pro-poor. Also that the success or failure of governments to increase energy access is tied to their realization of the criticality of electricity as a catalyst for development, and to the presence of effective policies. Synergy between critical actors is also an essential component.

Intellectual Property Rights and Access to Energy Services in Africa

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Professor Adebambo Adewopo ◽  
Dr Tobias Schonwetter ◽  
Helen Chuma-Okoro
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Energy Services ◽  
Proper Role ◽  
The Law

This chapter examines the proper role of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in achieving access to modern energy services in Africa as part of a broader objective of a pro-development intellectual property agenda for African countries. It discusses the role of intellectual property rights, particularly patents, in consonance with pertinent development questions in Africa connected with the implementation of intellectual property standards, which do not wholly assume that innovation in Africa is dependent on strong intellectual property systems. The chapter examines how existing intellectual property legal landscapes in Africa enhance or impede access to modern energy, and how the law can be directed towards improved energy access in African countries. While suggesting that IPRs could serve an important role in achieving modern energy access, the chapter calls for circumspection in applying IP laws in order not to inhibit access to useful technologies for achieving access to modern energy services.

Financing Energy Access in Africa

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Kayode Oniemola ◽  
Jane Ezirigwe
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Sustainable Technologies ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Diesel Motors

To achieve universal energy access will attract huge capital investments. If sub-Saharan Africa is to realize anything close to the ambitious goals set for its energy access, then new actors, innovative funding mechanisms and sustainable technologies will have to be attracted. Finance is needed for activities such as rural electrification, clean cooking facilities, diesel motors and generators, other renewable energy technologies, oil and gas infrastructures, etc. Finance is also needed in research and development of suitable technologies and funding options as well as investment in the capacity to formulate and implement sound energy policies. This chapter examines the varied financing options for energy access in sub-Saharan Africa. It argues that with appropriate laws in place and effective mechanism for implementation, African countries can significantly engage private sector financing, international financial institutions and foreign donors. The role of the law here will be in creating an enabling environment for financing.

scholarly journals Implementation Issues in Rural Development in Sub-Saharan African Countries: Problems and Prospects

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-119
Author(s):  
VA Okosun ◽  
JO Ezomo
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Third World ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Modernization Theory ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Rural Development Policies

It is a credo amongst scholars cum academics all over the globe that well coordinated and elaborate programmes and policies of rural development mounted by the third world countries in sub-Saharan Africa will lift her entire citizenry from manacle of gross underdevelopment to a region of  development in all facets of their economies. The countries in sub-Saharan African have spent trillions of dollars in rural development sector but an overview of the economies of these countries show that the vast population are marooned and encapsulated in gross poverty, ignorance, and  underdevelopment. The reason is attributable to poor implementation of rural development policies and programmes coupled with a host of  variegated factors. This paper therefore defines the concept of  implementation and rural development. The authors of this paper adopt the modernization theory to explicate the work. It discusses the significance of rural development to the economies of Sub-Saharan African countries. The paper also explains how poor implementation of rural  development programmes affects these countries. Moreover, it  orchestrates the factors/problems that impede rural development drives of various governments in Sub-Saharan African. Furthermore, it elucidates on the prospects of rural development. The paper finally suggests that an effective implementation of rural development programmes in all  ramifications is the only vehicle for rapid growth and economic  development in Sub-Saharan Africa.

scholarly journals Sub-Saharan Africa Is Lighting Up: Uneven Progress on Electrification

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ofei D. Mante
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Electricity Access

This research paper provides a regional review of the state of electricity access in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), focusing on installed capacity, electricity generation, the growth of renewable energy, electricity consumption, government investment, public financial flows, and several major initiatives. The study contrasts electrification between 1990 and 2010 with recent efforts and identifies countries that are consistently making progress and those that lag. The analyses show signs of progress on scaling up SSA power infrastructure and increasing electricity access, particularly in the Eastern and Western sub-regions. The installed generation capacity expanded at an average rate of 2.43 GW/year between 2005 and 2015. Renewable energy is growing, particularly solar, wind, and geothermal; about 9.7 GW of renewable energy capacity was installed between 2010 and 2016. Over this period, the net electricity generation in SSA increased at 9.1 TWh/year, more than double the historical average growth of 4.02 TWh/year (1990–2010). In general, the study found that rates of electrification across the entire region are more than twice the historical rates, and an average of at least 26 million people are now gaining access to electricity yearly. Nevertheless, progress is uneven across SSA. As of 2016, almost half of the population without electricity access live in Nigeria, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Uganda. Quantitative analysis suggests that about 70 million people in SSA would have to gain access every year from 2017 to achieve universal access by 2030. Overall, SSA countries with national programs on energy access supported by policy/regulatory framework and infrastructure investment are making progress.

scholarly journals Towards Sustainable Energy Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (19) ◽  
pp. 6037
Author(s):  
Justyna Tomala ◽  
Mateusz Mierzejewski ◽  
Maria Urbaniec ◽  
Sergio Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Sustainable Energy ◽  
Weighted Least Squares ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Classification And Regression Tree ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan

Sub-Saharan Africa is considered a region with enormous economic and demographic potential. One of the main challenges it faces, included in the “Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want, implemented by the African Union”, is to provide access to electricity. Currently, 600 million inhabitants of the African continent do not have access to electricity, which is a significant limiting factor for further economic growth and socio-economic development. Moreover, the measures taken by individual Sub-Saharan African countries appear insufficient in the face of rapid population growth. The aim of the article is to analyse the opportunities and challenges of the development of Sub-Saharan Africa’s energy sector. This raises the following research question: to what extent can a sustainable energy transition be achieved in sub-Saharan African countries to ensure access to electricity? The study used Ward’s hierarchical clustering method, classification and regression tree analysis, and the distance-weighted least squares method. The results show that the level of development of the energy sector in the individual countries of Sub-Saharan Africa varies greatly. Moreover, the Sub-Saharan African region is exposed to the effects of climate change, which also affects the development of the energy sector and whether or not access to electricity can be ensured. The study contributes to assessments of the adaptive capacity and transformative potential of the energy sector in Sub-Saharan Africa. This is particularly important for achieving the Sustainable Development Goal 7, which relates to building more robust and efficient systems, as well as implementing diversified energy sources. This research is crucial to bridge the energy access gap and build a resilient and sustainable economy in Sub-Saharan Africa countries.

A Gender Aware Approach to Legal and Policy Strategies for Achieving Access to Modern Energy Services in Sub-Saharan Africa

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Gardam
Keyword(s):  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
Energy Poverty ◽  
Energy Services ◽  
National Initiatives ◽  
Policy Strategies ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact

This book chapter first outlines the facts in relation to energy and poverty globally, with a particular emphasis on the sub-Saharan Africa region. Secondly, the impact of gender on how energy poverty is experienced is explained. Then it considers the growing recognition in international, regional, and national initiatives of the link between access to modern energy services, women, and poverty and what legal and policy strategies have been adopted in response. Finally, the chapter provides some thoughts on possible future responses to improving the prevailing situation and the obstacles that must be surmounted in the achievement of a gender aware approach to energy access.

Energy Access: Illusion or Reality for the Poor?

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 743-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Latsoucabe Fall
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
Social Trends ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Access Rate ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Electricity Access

Electricity access is vital for alleviating poverty, and reversing the past and current negative economic and social trends in developing countries. However, despite efforts undertaken so far, the technological accomplishments and so-called breakthroughs, as well as global wealth, the population without electricity access in developing countries is still tremendous. In Sub-Saharan Africa, at least three-quarters of the population currently have no access to electricity; and over the past three decades, the number of people without access to electricity in this region has doubled. Moreover, if we applied the electricity connection rates of the past decade, one must wait until at least the end of this century, before achieving the electricity access objective set for the region. Some experts contend that electricity reform options experienced in Africa have not yet reached the expected beneficial effects, in terms of improvement of the electricity access rate for the poor, and that they were not designed to address the energy problems of the poor, but were explicitly aimed at achieving other objectives. It is thus well founded to raise the following questions: Is the WSSD objective of energy access realistic or utopian, particularly for Africa? Is the UN Millennium Development Goal of halving the number of African poor by 2015 a ‘white vow’? How can we reverse the past and current negative trends and move towards the achievement of ambitious yet realistic objectives of widespread energy access?

Renewable Energy for Sustainable Socio-Economic Development in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Sub-Saharan Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 1116 ◽  
pp. 33-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukhtar Bello
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Energy Services ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
Sub Saharan

Worldwide, developing countries struggle to overcome numerous problems that constrain their socio-economic development. Sub-Saharan African countries represent a good example of developing countries with serious developmental challenges. Thus, this chapter presents a critical analysis on the socio-economic situation in Sub-Saharan Africa and the links between limited access to modern energy services and the prevailing socio-economic circumstance. It discusses the expected roles of renewable energy technologies in increasing energy access in the region and highlights important factors that influence extensive deployment of renewable energy technologies for sustainable development. Reliable statistical data on both the Human Development Index (HDI) and Energy Development Index (EDI) rankings indicate that most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa lie far below the world average and as a region, Sub-Saharan Africa scores least. There is high level of poverty and inadequate social services, which is attributed to acute shortage of modern energy services. In Sub-Saharan Africa, over 70% of the population lack reliable access to electricity and modern cooking fuels, which represents a large proportion of the „energy poor‟ in the world. Lack of access to modern energy services limits economic and agricultural opportunities, negatively affects the environment, promotes gender inequality and constrains delivery of social services such as health care delivery system and education. Thus, one of the biggest developmental challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa is to find effective and pragmatic solutions for increasing energy access. Sub-Saharan Africa is richly endowed with renewable energy resources such as biomass, wind, solar, hydropower and geothermal, which largely remain unexploited. The renewable energy resources are widely available throughout the region unlike the conventional fossil-based resources, that is, coal, oil and gas, which are concentrated within very few countries. Therefore, the renewable energy resources if properly and fully utilized can provide clean, affordable and reliable energy services that will promote socio-economic activities and support sustainable development.

scholarly journals Benin

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (28) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Public Investment ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
West African ◽  
Institutional Framework ◽  
African Countries ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The Public ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
Sub Saharan

The Public Investment Management Assessment (PIMA) of Benin has brought to light an institutional framework of high quality but ineffective implementation. In accordance with the PIMA methodology applied in several countries, the mission focused on assessing the institutional strengths (such as the legal framework and organization) for each institution in the analytical framework, as well as its effective implementation. Benin was found to have a high-quality, relatively complete institutional framework. The country outperforms its peers in this regard, not only compared with the average for the countries of the subregion (the West African Economic and Monetary Union—WAEMU), but also the Sub-Saharan African countries that have already conducted a PIMA exercise (Figure 1). The effectiveness of the framework, however, is weak.

Crowdsourcing Covid-19 signals in sub-Saharan Africa: Leveraging digital contributor networks for participatory surveillance of Covid-19 symptoms and deaths (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngozi A Erondu ◽  
Sagal A Ali ◽  
Mohamed Ali ◽  
Schadrac C Agbla
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Local Networks ◽  
The World ◽  
Sub Saharan

BACKGROUND In sub-Saharan Africa, underreporting of cases and deaths has been attributed to various factors including, weak disease surveillance, low health-seeking behaviour of flu like symptoms, and stigma of Covid-19. There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 spread mimics transmission patterns of other countries across the world. Since the Covid-19 pandemic has changed the way research can be conducted and in light of restrictions on travel and risks to in-person data collection, innovative approaches to collecting data must be considered. Nearly 50% of Africa’s population is a unique mobile subscriber and it is one of the fastest growing smart-phone marketplaces in the world; hence, mobile phone platforms should be considered to monitor Covid-19 trends in the community. OBJECTIVE We demonstrate the use of digital contributor platforms to survey individuals about cases of flu-like symptoms and instances of unexplained deaths in Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, Somalia, and Zimbabwe. METHODS Rapid cross-sectional survey of individuals with severe flu and pneumonia symptoms and unexplained deaths in Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, Somalia and Zimbabwe RESULTS Using a non-health specific information platform, we found COVID-19 signals in five African countries, specifically: •Across countries, nearly half of the respondents (n=739) knew someone who had severe flu or pneumonia symptoms in recent months. •One in three respondents from Somalia and one in five from Zimbabwe respondents said they knew more than five people recently displaying flu and/or pneumonia symptoms. •In Somalia there were signals that a large number of people might be dying outside of health facilities, specifically in their homes or in IDP or refugee camps. CONCLUSIONS Existing digital contributor platforms with local networks are a non-traditional data source that can provide information from the community to supplement traditional government surveillance systems and academic surveys. We demonstrate that using these distributor networks to for community surveys can provide periodic information on rumours but could also be used to capture local sentiment to inform public health decision-making; for example, these insights could be useful to inform strategies to increase confidence in Covid19 vaccine. As Covid-19 continues to spread somewhat silently across sub-Saharan Africa, regional and national public health entities should consider expanding event-based surveillance sources to include these systems.

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