Documents Incorporated–Incorporating Documents

2021 ◽  
pp. 202-236
Author(s):  
Thomas Graumann
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Exact Order ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Implicit Argument ◽  
Made In

This chapter analyses the importance of including documents of originally distinct origin for the construction of a session’s record. It discusses the annotations affixed to documents in the process for their certain identification. It analyses the orders given by council leaders for the acceptance, reading, and filing of documents and their effects on the shape of the record. The council leadership also determines the exact order and placement of documents; our investigation can show that principles of social hierarchy govern such placing as much as the sequence of ‘recitation’ or use. Deliberate arrangement of documents serves to lay out an—often implicit—argument for the case made in the session. In later councils this practice increasingly dominates over ‘live’ speech-acts. The chapter can in this way also show the complex relationship between orality and writing, and the possibilities of editorial composition.

Linguistic expression of commands in Lao

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Enfield
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
National Language ◽  
Linguistic Expression ◽  
Serial Verb Constructions ◽  
Linguistic Resource ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
Person Reference ◽  
Serial Verb

This chapter undertakes a survey of commands and similar speech acts in Lao, the national language of Laos. The survey draws upon a corpus of naturally occurring speech in narratives and conversations recorded in Laos. An important linguistic resource for expressing commands is a system of sentence-final particles. The particles convey subtle distinctions in meaning of commands, including matters of politeness, urgency, entitlement, and expectation. These distinctions are illustrated with examples. Forms of person reference such as names and pronouns also play a role in the formulation of commands, particularly in so far as they relate to a cultural system in which social hierarchy is strongly valued. Various other linguistic issues related to commands are examined, including negative imperatives, complementation, indirect strategies for expressing commands, and serial verb constructions.

scholarly journals Speech Acts in the Facebook Status Updates Posted by an Apostate

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azweed Mohamad ◽  
Radzuwan Ab Rashid ◽  
Kamariah Yunus ◽  
Shireena Basree Abdul Rahman ◽  
Saadiyah Darus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Expressive Speech ◽  
Social Actions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Data Collection Period ◽  
Collection Period ◽  
Made In

This paper discusses the speech acts in Facebook Status Updates posted by an apostate of Islam. The Facebook Timeline was observed for a duration of two years (January 2015 to December 2016). More than 4000 postings were made in the data collection period. However, only 648 postings are related to apostasy. The data were classified according to the types of speech acts. Expressive speech act is the most frequent speech act (33%, n=215), followed by the directive (27%, n=177), assertive (22%, n=141), and commissive (18%, n=115), respectively. Based on the speech acts used, it is discernible that the apostate attempts to engage other Facebook users and persuade them into accepting her ideology while gaining their support. This paper is novel in the sense that it puts forth the social actions of an apostate which is very scarce in literature. It is also methodologically innovative as it uses social media postings as a tool to explore the apostate’s social actions in an online space.

Speech Acts

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitchell Green
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Speech Act Theory ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
Indirect Speech Acts ◽  
Grammatical Mood ◽  
Semantic Properties ◽  
Made In

Speech acts are acts that can, but need not, be carried out by saying and meaning that one is doing so. Many view speech acts as the central units of communication, with phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic properties of an utterance serving as ways of identifying whether the speaker is making a promise, a prediction, a statement, or a threat. Some speech acts are momentous, since an appropriate authority can, for instance, declare war or sentence a defendant to prison, by saying that he or she is doing so. Speech acts are typically analyzed into two distinct components: a content dimension (corresponding to what is being said), and a force dimension (corresponding to how what is being said is being expressed). The grammatical mood of the sentence used in a speech act signals, but does not uniquely determine, the force of the speech act being performed. A special type of speech act is the performative, which makes explicit the force of the utterance. Although it has been famously claimed that performatives such as “I promise to be there on time” are neither true nor false, current scholarly consensus rejects this view. The study of so-called infelicities concerns the ways in which speech acts might either be defective (say by being insincere) or fail completely. Recent theorizing about speech acts tends to fall either into conventionalist or intentionalist traditions: the former sees speech acts as analogous to moves in a game, with such acts being governed by rules of the form “doing A counts as doing B”; the latter eschews game-like rules and instead sees speech acts as governed by communicative intentions only. Debate also arises over the extent to which speakers can perform one speech act indirectly by performing another. Skeptics about the frequency of such events contend that many alleged indirect speech acts should be seen instead as expressions of attitudes. New developments in speech act theory also situate them in larger conversational frameworks, such as inquiries, debates, or deliberations made in the course of planning. In addition, recent scholarship has identified a type of oppression against under-represented groups as occurring through “silencing”: a speaker attempts to use a speech act to protect her autonomy, but the putative act fails due to her unjust milieu.

It Does Not Matter Whether We Can Derive ‘Ought’ From ‘Is’

1974 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-379
Author(s):  
Alison Jaggar
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Theoretical Underpinning ◽  
Classic Article ◽  
Counter Example ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
Made In

In this paper, I want to discuss the recent attempts by Professor John R. Searle to cast doubt on the traditional empiricist distinction between fact and value. Searle's first attack on this distinction was made in 1964 in his now classic article, “How to derive ‘ought’ from ‘is’.” In that paper, he presented what he claimed to be a counter-example to the thesis that statements of fact may not entail statements of value. Searle's argument aroused much controversy and inspired many attempted refutations, but Searle apparently found none of these convincing, for a few years later he published a revised version of his paper as the last chapter of his book, Speech Acts. The new version includes his replies to many of the objections which had been made to his thesis up to that time. It also includes, in the main body of the book, a theory of language which is supposed to provide the theoretical underpinning explaining why his original paper presents a genuine counter-example to the position he is attacking. It is the Speech Acts version of Searle's thesis which I want to consider here.

Developing the Ability to Perform Speech Acts

1996 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Explicit Instruction ◽  
Verbal Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Oral Speech ◽  
Underlying Processes ◽  
Made In

This paper calls attention to an increasingly prominent field of interest within second language acquisition research and pedagogy, namely, that of pragmatic ability. It focuses on an area within pragmatics, that of speech acts, considers the processes underlying the performance of such speech acts, and looks at the effects of explicit instruction in this area. The paper starts by asking what speech act ability entails. Several basic distinctions are made in the description of speech acts, such as that betweensocioculturalandsociolinguisticability. Second, directions of previous research describing speech acts are indicated and directions yet to be taken are pointed out. Difficulties in researching oral speech act performance are noted, and verbal report is recognized as one of a limited number of research tools available for investigating cognitive processes involved in speech act production. The paper then reviews four studies that utilize verbal report to gain at least some access to the underlying processes. Finally, the paper looks at previous research on the tutored and untutored acquisition of speech acts and provides suggestions for future research.

scholarly journals Justification

Pragmatics ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Cristina Macário Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Text Representation ◽  
Inference Process ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Coherence Relations ◽  
On Line ◽  
Argumentative Texts ◽  
Made In

The main purpose of this paper is to analyse formal and functional aspects of constructions based on a Justification (or Claim-Argument) coherence relation, explicitly marked by a connective. The prototype of this construction is an utterance like Está gente em casa, porquer as luzes estão acesas [“ There is somebody at home, because the lights are on”]. The empirical data are collected from an on-line corpus of contemporary written Portuguese (CETEMPúblico). Following Sanders et al.(2001), I assume the distinction between semantic and pragmatic coherence relations in text representation: Semantic relations connect the situations of the sociophysical world described by the propositional content of the related textual segments; pragmatic relations involve the illocutionary domain, i.e., the relation concerns the speech act status of the segments. Justification relation is a pragmatic relation and I argue that it requires simultaneously a sequence of speech acts and an inference process. In fact, Justification relations occur typically in argumentative contexts, and argumentation, according to van Eemeren & Grotendorst (1984), is a compound illocution, consisting of at least two functionally distinct statements: A main assertion corresponding to the claim being made and a subordinate assertion, which counts as an attempt by the speaker to justify his claim, convincing the listner of its acceptability. The claim being made in prototypical Justification constructions (p, because q) is an assumption, not a fact; it corresponds to a conclusion drawn by the speaker, supported by the premise expressed in the second clause and warranted by a generic implicit premise. The account presented in this paper contests Sweetser’s (1990) distinction between epistemic causal conjunctions and speech act causal conjunctions: The act of concluding may be speaker-internal, but since it is asserted and then justified, it is not possible to dissociate the epistemic and the illocutionary domains within the field of argumentative texts.

Femicide and the Speaking State

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-306
Author(s):  
Sumru Atuk
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Political Rhetoric ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Gender Based

Abstract High rates of gender-based violence and sexist political rhetoric are central features of contemporary Turkey. This article explores the complex relationship between the two by drawing on the literature that investigates the (re)making of the category of “woman” in the Middle East and the scholarship on femicide/feminicide. The article employs critical discourse analysis of ruling politicians’ gender-normative statements and shows how they reconstruct the category of “proper woman” as one with institutional and social consequences that compromise women’s safety. Using John L. Austin’s theory of performative speech acts, the article develops a theory of the speaking state to explain the effects of political speech. Ultimately it argues that the politics of “woman making” is central to “the politics of woman killing.”

Beliefs and Inferences: A Test of a Rational-Emotive Hypothesis: 2. On the Prospect of Seeing a Spider

1989 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Windy Dryden ◽  
Julia Ferguson ◽  
Sean McTeague
Keyword(s):  
Irrational Belief ◽  
Rational Belief ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Behavioral Consequences ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Lighting Conditions ◽  
Rational Emotive ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Recent Formulation ◽  
Made In

96 subjects were asked to imagine that they were about to enter a room in which there may have been one or more spiders. They were also asked to imagine that (a) they either held a rational or an irrational belief about spiders, (b) they were about to enter the room either alone or with someone, and (c) that the room was either dark or light. Having absorbed their assigned role, the subjects were then asked to make inferences about various elements of their situation. The results supported the hypothesis that holding an irrational belief leads to more negative inferences. It was also found that the lighting conditions in the room and whether the subject was alone or with someone affected the negativity of the inferences made. In addition, there were several two-way and three-way interactions between the independent variables which indicated that entering a light room or being with someone else tended to moderate the negativity of inferences made by those holding a rational belief rather than the opposite, amplifying the negativity of inferences made by those holding an irrational belief. The results supported Ellis's (1985) recent formulation concerning the complex relationship between events and inferences (A), beliefs (B), and emotional and behavioral consequences of beliefs (C).

Autophagy in cancer: a complex relationship

2018 ◽  
Vol 475 (11) ◽  
pp. 1939-1954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Wilde ◽  
Katherina Tanson ◽  
Joseph Curry ◽  
Ubaldo Martinez-Outschoorn
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Cellular Process ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Cancer Aggressiveness ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Initial Description ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Made In

Macroautophagy is the process by which cells package and degrade cytosolic components, and recycle the breakdown products for future use. Since its initial description by Christian de Duve in the 1960s, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms that underlie this vital cellular process and its specificity. Furthermore, macroautophagy is linked to pathologic conditions such as cancer and is being studied as a therapeutic target. In this review, we will explore the connections between autophagy and cancer, which are tumor- and context-dependent and include the tumor microenvironment. We will highlight the importance of tumor compartment-specific autophagy in both cancer aggressiveness and treatment.

scholarly journals Meteoroids as One of the Sources for Exosphere Formation on Airless Bodies in the Inner Solar System

2021 ◽  
Vol 217 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Janches ◽  
Alexey A. Berezhnoy ◽  
Apostolos A. Christou ◽  
Gabriele Cremonese ◽  
Takayuki Hirai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Dynamical Models ◽  
The Past ◽  
Solar System Bodies ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
Made In

AbstractThis manuscript represents a review on progress made over the past decade concerning our understanding of meteoroid bombardment on airless solar system bodies as one of the sources of the formation of their exospheres. Specifically, observations at Mercury by MESSENGER and at the Moon by LADEE, together with progress made in dynamical models of the meteoroid environment in the inner solar system, offer new tools to explore in detail the physical phenomena involved in this complex relationship. This progress is timely given the expected results during the next decade that will be provided by new missions such as DESTINY+, BepiColombo, the Artemis program or the Lunar Gateway.

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