The Changing Retail Cost Model

2020 ◽  
pp. 145-157
Author(s):  
Alan Treadgold ◽  
Jonathan Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Sustainable Performance ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
New Entrants ◽  
To Come ◽  
Established Firms ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost

This chapter examines the changing retail cost model. As established firms re-think existing business models, most will need to come to terms with a rather different operating cost model than the one they have been used to in a pre-internet era, when retailing was conducted entirely out of physical stores. Equally, new entrants may struggle to achieve sustainable performance without understanding the full implications of their evolving cost base. In an omni-channel world where shoppers are, as we have discussed, showing much more appetite to shop online and across multiple touchpoints, the implications for the cost model of traditional retailers are considerable. The extent to which any additional costs of omni-channel retailing become ‘baked in’ to the model is also up for discussion.

An Internet Cost Model, Assignment of Costs Based on Actual Network Use

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 19-34
Author(s):  
Miguel Ramírez ◽  
Alfredo Gutiérrez ◽  
Josep Maria Monguet ◽  
Christian Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Network Architecture ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Telecommunications Industry ◽  
Network Resources ◽  
Specific Content ◽  
The Real ◽  
Flat Rate

In a transforming, complex, and innovating telecommunications industry with evolving business models, providers have to resolve how the pricing of their services in a context with many unknowns and few equations. This paper proposes a cost assignment model based on differentiating the set of required services a user consumes in a granular network architecture, to get a requested content. Unlike the flat rate model, this model is focused on obtaining a variable pricing methodology that reflects the actual use of network resources that users utilize to get specific content. There are exploring elements to establish the importance of this topic; the theoretical models of pricing are reviewed, the complexity of the costing issue and the influence of content providers on the real network operating cost are explored. Also, a precise cost model is proposed, as well as some cases of the application of the model in the real world.

scholarly journals PROBLEMS OF THE LAND MARKET FORMATION AND THE ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Nemchenko ◽  
H. Nemchenko
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Land Market ◽  
Economies In Transition ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Market Formation ◽  
To Come ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost

The issues of formation of the land market and the role of the state in its regulation have been studied in the article. The great importance of the agrarian business (APC)’s reforming is placed on the landmarket. Its formation was carried out in all countries with economies in transition (CEIT). The necessity of amoratorium on land purchase and sale in present-day conditions in Ukraine has been proved. For Ukraine,the topicality of the solution of this problem lies in the fact that the country, on the one hand, has huge potential in food production, and, on the other hand, the theoretical and practical measures on the formation of theland market and the economic assessment of natural resources have not been fully developed yet. The aimof the research is to come to know the special aspects of the formation of the land market and factors thatstop its development, and the development of a concept for the assessment of natural resources, includingland ones. The concept of economic evaluation of natural resources, including land, has been developed.The authors believe that the assessment of natural resources should be determined by the cost of their reproduction. The faster the exhaustion of natural resources will occur, the more intense there should bechanges in the structure of the country's economy.

A Two-Year Follow-Up of a Comparative Trial of the Cost-Effectiveness of Home and Hospital Psychiatric Treatment

1984 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred R. Fenton ◽  
Lise Tessier ◽  
E.L. Struening ◽  
Frank A. Smith ◽  
Constance Benoit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Treatment ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Comparative Trial ◽  
Hospital Treatment ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Second Year ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Social Demographic

The manpower and operating cost of home-based treatment was compared with the manpower and operating cost of hospital-based treatment during the second year and at the end of two years of treatment. Of the 155 patients destined to receive inpatient treatment, 76 were randomly assigned to home treatment, 79 to hospital treatment. The two groups were similar as to important social, demographic, and clinical characteristics, including psychiatric diagnosis. The manpower and operating cost of treatment, measured in two ways, was similar in the two groups during the second year. However, over the 2-year period hospital-based treatment of patients in each of the three diagnostic groups was more expensive than home-based treatment. Also, regardless of which treatment was given, the cost of treating schizophrenics was higher than the cost of treating manic-depressives which, in turn, was higher than the cost of treating individuals with depressive neurosis. Treatment failures were discussed. Over the 2-year period, failures in home-based treatment accounted for 39.1% of the total manpower and operating cost of home-based treatment, calculated according to Cost Model 1, and for 67.1% of the cost calculated according to Cost Model 2. The concept of failure in hospital-based treatment is also discussed.

scholarly journals Economic profitability in conventional and irrigated coffee production systems in three municipalities in the Marilia region of São Paulo, Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia Helena Nogueira Turco ◽  
Maura Seiko Tsutsui Esperancini ◽  
Osmar de Carvalho Bueno ◽  
Marli Dias Mascarenhas Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Coffee Production ◽  
The One ◽  
Productive Systems ◽  
Coffee Cultivation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Technical Coefficients

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic benefit of coffee cultivation, with a focus on the distinction between conventional and irrigated coffee production systems. For the development of the study, the various productive systems were delineated from the data provided by a sample of producers to generate a matrix of average technical coefficients. The methodology used to estimate the operating cost of production is the one used by the Instituto de Economia Agrícola (IEA). Profitability indicators were also evaluated. Results indicated that the effective operational cost (EOC) incurred in the irrigated production system is higher than that in the conventional system. As regards the cost composition, in the conventional coffee production system, the largest cost incurred is on fertilizers among all inputs, whereas in the irrigated production system, the largest cost incurred is on machinery and equipment that are mainly used in harvesting, for the period 2013-2015. Profitability index of the conventional coffee production system in 2015 was 44.8%, and that of the drip irrigated production system was 49.7%. In 2014, profitability rates were negative for both the conventional (-13.9%) and irrigated coffee production systems (-8.6%). The most preferable choice was found to be the irrigated production system, as it allows reducing the risk of loss in production during prolonged periods of water shortage as well as greater yields due to a larger production of grains.

scholarly journals Costs and Benefits of Autonomous Shipping—A Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4553
Author(s):  
Ewelina Ziajka-Poznańska ◽  
Jakub Montewka
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Financial Models ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Benefit Estimation ◽  
Autonomous Ship ◽  
The Cost

The development of autonomous ship technology is currently in focus worldwide and the literature on this topic is growing. However, an in-depth cost and benefit estimation of such endeavours is in its infancy. With this systematic literature review, we present the state-of-the-art system regarding costs and benefits of the operation of prospective autonomous merchant ships with an objective for identifying contemporary research activities concerning an estimation of operating, voyage, and capital costs in prospective, autonomous shipping and vessel platooning. Additionally, the paper outlines research gaps and the need for more detailed business models for operating autonomous ships. Results reveal that valid financial models of autonomous shipping are lacking and there is significant uncertainty affecting the cost estimates, rendering only a reliable evaluation of specific case studies. The findings of this paper may be found relevant not only by academia, but also organisations considering to undertake a challenge of implementing Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships in their operations.

scholarly journals AN INDUSTRY QUESTION: THE ULTIMATE AND ONE-YEAR RESERVING UNCERTAINTY FOR DIFFERENT NON-LIFE RESERVING METHODOLOGIES

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Dal Moro ◽  
Joseph Lo
Keyword(s):  
Closed Form ◽  
Internal Models ◽  
Cape Cod ◽  
Best Estimate ◽  
To Come ◽  
Chain Ladder ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One ◽  
Best Estimates

AbstractIn the industry, generally, reserving actuaries use a mix of reserving methods to derive their best estimates. On the basis of the best estimate, Solvency 2 requires the use of a one-year volatility of the reserves. When internal models are used, such one-year volatility has to be provided by the reserving actuaries. Due to the lack of closed-form formulas for the one-year volatility of Bornhuetter-Ferguson, Cape-Cod and Benktander-Hovinen, reserving actuaries have limited possibilities to estimate such volatility apart from scaling from tractable models, which are based on other reserving methods. However, such scaling is technically difficult to justify cleanly and awkward to interact with. The challenge described in this editorial is therefore to come up with similar models like those of Mack or Merz-Wüthrich for the chain ladder, but applicable to Bornhuetter-Ferguson, mix Chain-Ladder and Bornhuetter-Ferguson, potentially Cape-Cod and Benktander-Hovinen — and their mixtures.

scholarly journals Providers and Practices: How Suppliers Shape Car-Sharing Practices

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1764
Author(s):  
Elisabeth M. C. Svennevik
Keyword(s):  
Social Practice ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Car Sharing ◽  
Critical View ◽  
Service Companies ◽  
Car Rental ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Established Firms

Social practice theories can be useful for studying changes in mobility systems as regards automobility practices. However, many studies address the demand side and the user practices of consumers, without examining the supplier side. This Norwegian study focuses on the role of providers in car-sharing practices, using data from household interviews with car-sharing users, stakeholder workshops, and interviews with providers of car-sharing services. How are car-sharing providers shaping car-sharing practices, and with what implications? How do business models and platform technologies affect car-sharing practices? The results show how new car-sharing service companies, in addition to established firms such as car dealers and car rental companies, affect car-sharing practices by offering several alternatives for accessing cars. The implications of this are discussed, noting how car-sharing practices are shaped by car-sharing providers in the recursive relationship between practice-as-entity and practice-as-performance. The conclusions offer a critical view of how the providers contribute to various kinds of car-sharing understandings, as well as the implications for policy and practitioners.

scholarly journals A Study on the Feasibility of Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Raw Cheese Whey with Coffee Pulp Residues

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3611
Author(s):  
Sandra Gonzalez-Piedra ◽  
Héctor Hernández-García ◽  
Juan M. Perez-Morales ◽  
Laura Acosta-Domínguez ◽  
Juan-Rodrigo Bastidas-Oyanedel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Kinetic Models ◽  
Cheese Whey ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Gompertz Model ◽  
Coffee Pulp ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Cheese Production

In this paper, a study on the feasibility of the treatment of raw cheese whey by anaerobic co-digestion using coffee pulp residues as a co-substrate is presented. It considers raw whey generated in artisanal cheese markers, which is generally not treated, thus causing environmental pollution problems. An experimental design was carried out evaluating the effect of pH and the substrate ratio on methane production at 35 °C (i.e., mesophilic conditions). The interaction of the parameters on the co-substrate degradation and the methane production was analyzed using a response surface analysis. Furthermore, two kinetic models were proposed (first order and modified Gompertz models) to determine the dynamic profiles of methane yield. The results show that co-digestion of the raw whey is favored at pH = 6, reaching a maximum yield of 71.54 mLCH4 gVSrem−1 (31.5% VS removed) for raw cheese whey and coffee pulp ratio of 1 gVSwhey gVSCoffe−1. The proposed kinetic models successfully fit the experimental methane production data, the Gompertz model being the one that showed the best fit. Then, the results show that anaerobic co-digestion can be used to reduce the environmental impact of raw whey. Likewise, the methane obtained can be integrated into the cheese production process, which could contribute to reducing the cost per energy consumption.

scholarly journals ANN-Based Decision Making in Station Keeping for Geotechnical Drilling Vessel

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 596
Author(s):  
Murugan Ramasamy ◽  
Mohammed Abdul Hannan ◽  
Yaseen Adnan Ahmed ◽  
Arun Kr Dev
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Station Keeping ◽  
Operational Information ◽  
Effective Option ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Factors

Offshore vessels (OVs) often require precise station-keeping and some vessels, for example, vessels involved in geotechnical drilling, generally use Spread Mooring (SM) or Dynamic Positioning (DP) systems. Most of these vessels are equipped with both systems to cover all ranges of water depths. However, determining which system to use for a particular operational scenario depends on many factors and requires significant balancing in terms of cost-benefit. Therefore, this research aims to develop a platform that will determine the cost factors for both the SM and DP station-keeping systems. Operational information and cost data are collected for several field operations, and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are trained using those data samples. After that, the trained ANN is used to predict the components of cost for any given environmental situation, fieldwork duration and water depth. Later, the total cost is investigated against water depth for both DP and SM systems to determine the most cost-effective option. The results are validated using two operational scenarios for a specific geotechnical vessel. This decision-making algorithm can be further developed by adding up more operational data for various vessels and can be applied in the development of sustainable decision-making business models for OVs operators.

scholarly journals Electoral Incentives and the Allocation of Public Funds

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederico Finan ◽  
Maurizio Mazzocco
Keyword(s):  
Electoral System ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Public Funds ◽  
Term Limit ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Projects ◽  
Electoral Incentives ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Politicians allocate public resources in ways that maximize political gains, and potentially at the cost of lower welfare. In this paper, we quantify these welfare costs in the context of Brazil’s federal legislature, which grants its members a budget to fund public projects within their states. Using data from the state of Roraima, we estimate a model of politicians’ allocation decisions and find that 26.8% of the public funds allocated by legislators are distorted relative to a social planner’s allocation. We then use the model to simulate three potential policy reforms to the electoral system: the adoption of approval voting, imposing a one-term limit, and redistricting. We find that a one-term limit and redistricting are both effective at reducing distortions. The one-term limit policy, however, increases corruption, which makes it a welfare-reducing policy.

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