Informal Imperialism in Europe and the Ottoman Empire: The Consolidation of the Mythical Roots of the West

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita Diaz-Andreu
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Far East ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
The West ◽  
Northern European ◽  
The World ◽  
Independent States ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Informal Imperialism

‘Informal colonialism’ and ‘informal imperialism’ are relatively common terms in the specialized literature. The term ‘informal colonialism’ was coined—or at least sanctioned—by C. R. Fay (1940: (vol. 2) 399) meaning a situation in which a powerful nation manages to establish dominant control in a territory over which it does not have sovereignty. The term was popularized by the economic historians John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson (1953), who applied it to study informal British imperial expansion over portions of Africa. The difference between informal and formal colonialism is easy to establish: in the first instance, complete effective control is unfeasible, mainly due to the impossibility of applying direct military and political force in countries that, in fact, are politically independent. They have their own laws, make decisions on when and where to open museums and how to educate their own citizens. Yet, in order to survive in the international world they need to build alliances with the main powers, and that comes at a price. Many countries in the world were in this situation in the middle and last decades of the nineteenth century: Mediterranean Europe, the Ottoman Empire, Persia, and independent states in the Far East and in Central and South America. A simple classification of countries into imperial powers, informal empires and formal colonies is, however, only a helpful analytical tool that shows its flaws at closer look. Some of those that are being included as informal colonies in Part II of this book were empires in themselves, like the Ottoman Empire and, from the last years of the century, Italy (La Rosa 1986), and therefore had their own informal and formal colonies. The reason why they have been placed together here is that in all of them there was an acknowledgement of a need for modernization following Western-dominated models. They all had the (northern) European presence in their lands—at first primarily British and French, followed by Germans and individuals of other European states, mainly from other empires either alive such as that of Austria- Hungary or in decline like Sweden and Denmark.

Russian Citizens' Representations of the Country's Position in the Geopolitical Space of the Commonwealth of Independent States, Europe, and the World

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-251
Author(s):  
Victor F. Petrenko ◽  
Olga V. Mitina ◽  
Kirill A. Bertnikov
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Multidimensional Space ◽  
Commonwealth Of Independent States ◽  
Repertory Grids ◽  
Implicit Model ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Invariant Factors

The aim of this research was the reconstruction of the system of categories through which Russians perceive the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Europe, and the world as a whole; to study the implicit model of the geopolitical space; to analyze the stereotypes in the perception of different countries and the superposition of mental geopolitical representations onto the geographic map. The techniques of psychosemantics by Petrenko, originating in the semantic differential of Osgood and Kelly's “repertory grids,” were used as working tools. Multidimensional semantic spaces act as operational models of the structures of consciousness, and the positions of countries in multidimensional space reflect the geopolitical stereotypes of respondents about these countries. Because of the transformation of geopolitical reality representations in mass consciousness, the commonly used classification of countries as socialist, capitalist, and developing is being replaced by other structures. Four invariant factors of the countries' descriptions were identified. They are connected with Economic and Political Well-being, Military Might, Friendliness toward Russia, and Spirituality and the Level of Culture. It seems that the structure has not been explained in adequate detail and is not clearly realized by the individuals. There is an interrelationship between the democratic political structure of a country and its prosperity in the political mentality of Russian respondents. Russian public consciousness painfully strives for a new geopolitical identity and place in the commonwealth of states. It also signifies the country's interest and orientation toward the East in the search for geopolitical partners. The construct system of geopolitical perception also depends on the region of perception.

Russia and EU Countries: Partnership for Modernization

2013 ◽  
pp. 54-61
Author(s):  
T. Romanova ◽  
E. Pavlova
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Normative Power ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Eu

The article examines how the normative power, which the EU puts forward as an ideological basis of its actions in the world, manifests itself in the national partnerships for modernization between Russia and EU member states. The authors demonstrate the influence of the EU’s normativity on its approach to modernization as well as the difference in the positions of its member countries. It is concluded that there is no unity in the EU’s approach to democracy, human rights and the rule of law, and the new classification of EU member states, which is based on their readiness to act in accordance with the Union’s concept of normative power, is offered.

First Round the World: 1519–22

1963 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-466
Author(s):  
E. G. R. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
West Indies ◽  
Far East ◽  
The West ◽  
The Far East ◽  
World Geography ◽  
The World ◽  
Secret Knowledge

In 1518 a Spanish gentleman, just back from the West Indies, addressed a Summary of World Geography to his King. In the Dedication he pointed out that since the Pope's Line, which parted the Portuguese and Spanish spheres, ran through the mouth of the River Amazon, 28°W. of Ferro, all the World beyond 150°E. (i.e. 130°E. of Greenwich) lay open to exploitation by Spain. And according to the World Map of the day the area included Java, Japan, King Solomon's Ophir, and (best of all) the Spice Islands or Moluccas from which the Portuguese were already making fabulous fortunes. This gentleman was not the only person to speak to the young King on this matter. The captains and pilots who had opened up the Spice Islands for Portugal were dissatisfied with the rewards which their own King had given them, and a number of them offered their services and their special and secret knowledge to his rival. Ferdinand Magellan was one of them. From his experience in the Far East he was of the opinion that the Moluccas could be safely approached from the west, by way of the Great Ocean. And it should be emphasized that in suggesting this he had no romantic notions about becoming the first man to circumnavigate the globe. He put forward a business pro position which the Spanish King accepted. Immediately the most thorough preparations were set on foot. They included the making of new charts, new globes, new sea-quadrants and sea-astrolabes, by the best pilots and craftsmen of the day, of whom the most were Portuguese.

RESPONSE

2001 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-88
Author(s):  
Chang Huai-Chen
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Slow Process ◽  
The West ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The World ◽  
Cultural Self ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Situation

As an Oriental, born and raised in Taiwan in strict conformity to the precepts of Buddhist and Confucian ethical patterns for human behaviour and who has spent most of her life in active business throughout the Far East, I would like to say in the first place that China’s contact with the West since the first half of the 19th century is a story full of disturbances. The slow process of adaptation and adjustment of China to the new situation created by Western aggressions was quite haphazard since China’s solid cultural self-consciousness made it underestimate the significance of the impact from the West, and particularly the impact emanating from the Anglo-Saxon part of the world.

scholarly journals A cross-cultural perspective on musealization: the museum’s reception by China and Japan in the second half of the nineteenth century

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Wan-Chen
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Far East ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Preservation ◽  
Cultural Perspective ◽  
The West ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The World ◽  
China And Japan ◽  
Chinese Intellectuals

Historically museums emerged in the West and were subsequently taken up by people in other regions of the world, including the Far East, where the museum was adopted with alacrity by Japanese and Chinese intellectuals. This article explores how China and Japan imagined museums when they first encountered them in the West. It sketches how intellectuals in these two nations began to conduct ‘musealization’, and suggests that the museum in China and Japan was a product of appropriation of Western formats that was, however, deeply influenced by traditional attitudes to cultural preservation and display.

Agonising Liminality: A Study Of Orhan Pamuk’s Snow

Think India ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-71
Author(s):  
A. Ezhugnayiru
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The West ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Republic Of Turkey ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town ◽  
Unpleasant Experience

                      This article throws light on the distress a liminal experience could give for an individual or to a community who belong to a specific ethnicity, regarding the novel Snow written by the Turkish writer, Orhan Pamuk. Turkey located geographically in the edges of landscapes where the east and the west meet encounters this liminality over a couple of decades and stays as the setting of the novel Snow. In the liminal state, people fall in the breaks and crevices of the social structure which they think.The liminal stage individual encounters, a period of instability and vulnerability. Orhan Pamuk's Snow reflects the unpleasant experience of progress from the Islam arranged Ottoman Empire to the Republic of Turkey. The setting of the novel, the town of Kars, a periphery city fringe to Turkey stands as a representative of Turkey's minimization from the world. Pamuk supplements the fruitless condition of the city all through this novel.

One of the Samples of the Influences of Avicenna on the Ottoman Medicine, Shams Al-Din Itaqi

Belleten ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 64 (239) ◽  
pp. 63-68
Author(s):  
Esin Kâhya
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Original Description ◽  
The West ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Latin Version

Anatomy was an important subject to solve human health problem. In Islam Avicenna (980-1037) was well known physician and he was also interested in anatomy and gave description on this subject in detail in his famous work, al-Qanun. Avicenna showed extensive influence on the physicians lived in the following the centuries, not only in the eastern countries, but also in the West. His work, al-Qanun was translated into different languages including in Latin. Its Latin version was published several times in different countries in Europe. Avicenna was also very influential in the Ottoman Empire. His work, al-Qanun was used extensively as a handbook among the physicians. One of the physicians who showed this influence obviously was Shams al-Din Itaqi in the Ottoman Empire in the seventeenth century. He wrote an illustrated anatomical work, named 'Treatise on Anatomy of Human Body'. 'Treatise on Anatomy of Human Body' was written in Turkish and gave description of the anatomical structures of the whole human body in detail including in several anatomical illustrations of some of the organs in colour. When we study Itaqi's work we can define the resemblance of his anatomical explanations witlı Avicenna did in his al-Qanun, as is seen in the classification of the organs as simple and compound organs. Itaqi also gave original description of some of the organs in his work. Among them can be mentioned the description of the cranial nerves.

The Recuperation of Sovereign Rights by Asian Countries, circa 1870–1945: From Capitulations to Equal Relations, the Dutch Experience

Itinerario ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Bootsma
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Far East ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The West ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
European Colonialism ◽  
Dutch Experience

Western expansion in Asia during the nineteenth and early twentieth century resulted in two different groups of Asian countries: those which fell victim to European colonialism and those which managed to maintain the basis of their sovereign rights. This contribution will concentrate on the second group, including not only the countries of the so-called Far East but those of the Middle Eastern Ottoman Empire as well. The link between these two otherwise separate worlds is the concept of consular jurisdiction. It originated in the Islamic world and was transplanted by the West to China, Japan and Siam in the second half of the nineteenth century. In the twentieth, it became the touchstone in the relations of the Asian countries with the West in their struggle for equality.

scholarly journals The Concept of Modernization of the Ottoman Empire in the XVIII century

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-60
Author(s):  
A. Chalyi
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Political Actor ◽  
The West ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Desperate Attempt ◽  
European Civilization

Article examines views and current conceptions of theory of modernization applied to the so called “Eastern societies” and more to the Ottoman Empire as the most prominent non-European political actor and one of few states that survives the domination of the “West” during XIX century. Due to its origins in 1960’s, theory of modernization encompassed wide and numerous ideas, theories and concepts in desperate attempt to clarify, how backward and generally weak, comparing to its Eastern neighbors-rivals European civilization (mainly Western European) became economically and so force politically stronger and suddenly turned the tables, enslaved almost all the world for century. Europeans created new or renovate old institutions (frequently in spite of themselves) to became fitter than their competitors in worldwide struggle for wealth, both political and economic. Theory of modernization tries to explain when, how and by whom these changes were incentivized. It took a few decades to create various and rarely views depends on scholar’s scientific methodology and research methods, ideological preferences and ethnicity. Simultaneously, such European-based theories were applied to the non-Western societies due to find out the reasons of their second-rate positions, which appeared obvious to anyone in the last quarter of the XIX century. Author tries to apply a methodic instrument given by theory of modernization to analyze the process of reforms in XVIII century Ottoman Empire and what their efforts in political, economical and moreover mental spheres lead them into a trap of vicious circle of reform. The main question, were the innovations, provided by Ottomans a simple westernization (in the meaning of mindless compilation of European-created institutions) or in was straight purpose to emulate “Western” societies – to become stronger and sufficient, using their own resource and methods.

scholarly journals http://habibiaislamicus.com/index.php/hirj/article/view/189

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Muhammad Bilal Usmani ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Nature ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
The West ◽  
Human Identity ◽  
Gender Distribution ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Opposite Gender ◽  
Natural Way

Gender distribution in all creatures is a sign of Nature. For human guide it seems to realize the gender division that is found distinctive in physical nature, man and woman with entirely different physique, that all other religions admit the difference but their societal customs have counted on equal gesture. That is the reason modern societies are now viewing no problem at homosexual contact in the west, without ascertaining the results of failures in saving their nation from a purgatory desire in their youth, who have forgotten how to quench their natural thirst from the right way, of having marriage with opposite gender. This study will explain how west has allowed doing homosexuality, contrary to which no religion has allowed freedom against the natural way. Islamic teachings are proactive in restricting these kinds of illegal trails for the safety human folk. Conclusively it is clarified that due to denial of religious teachings, there are arising big issues of gender-wise sins in the world that is also arresting Muslim youth too. Therefore, only the religious theories are advisable to all humankind for safety of human-identity. Thus, Islam teaching can never allow promoting the western’s theories of ‘sexuality’ amongst Muslim community.

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