India and Peaceful Change
In spite of India’s self-conception as a uniquely peaceful state and civilization, it has been involved in a number of wars and militarized crises. Nevertheless, the Indian leadership has genuinely aspired to the pursuit of peaceful change in international politics. This chapter explains why India has pursued various peaceful strategies at different points in its modern history. More specifically, five strategies of peaceful change pursued by India are analyzed here: India’s decolonization and independence, the pursuit of the policy of Panchsheel or the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence with China, the advocacy of nuclear disarmament, India’s “Look/Act East” strategy, and region transformation through the idea of the “Indo-Pacific.” Two limited generalizations can be drawn from the Indian experience. First, peaceful change needs to be understood as a process as opposed to an event, as both India and the targets of such peaceful strategies mutually respond to the other side’s endeavors (while also pursuing other goals in world politics). Second, the process of peaceful change requires that the momentum of peaceful strategies be maintained over time as peaceful change emerges out of an interaction of fortuitous structural factors and conscious agential strategies. The chapter concludes by noting that rising Hindu nationalism will create challenges for any Indian attempt at peaceful change due to the links between domestic politics and foreign policy.