Emile Durkheim’s Germany

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolf Feuerhahn
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
World War ◽  
International Context ◽  
German Science ◽  
Dreyfus Affair

The importance of German science for Durkheim seems indubitable. But writing about his relationship with Germany is not easy because this very relationship became the main reason for attacks against Durkheim. Indeed, in 1905, Simon Deploige, a Belgian professor at Louvain University, accused him of having imported German science into France without acknowledging that it was “German.” In the tense political international context of the time, the accusation had potentially important consequences because Durkheim, as a Jew, and shortly after the Dreyfus Affair, was eventually accused to be a German spy. How should historians deal with the topic? Saying that Durkheim was “influenced” by German thought may be adopting the point of view of an actor of the time (namely, Deploige). That is why this chapter will not talk about “influence,” a term which suggests that knowledge is received passively. Instead, the chapter focuses on what Durkheim describes as “German” in order to understand how this perception evolved between the 1880s and World War I.

scholarly journals ‘‘Human soul is destroyed by war...’’: written sources of World War I period as a resource for gender-oriented history of emotions

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-277
Author(s):  
Olga V Churakova
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Anthropology ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of Emotions ◽  
Women's Press ◽  
History Of ◽  
Peasant Women ◽  
Written Sources

The article analyzes the problems and prospects of using written sources of World War I period for a gender studies approach to Russia’s past, in line with the history of emotions in cultural-historical anthropology. The terms “emotions” and “feelings” are viewed as synonyms. The article states that what the historian encounters in the sources is mostly an emotional state or mood (personal or collective) as well as experiences, passions or sensations, rather than “pure” emotions and feelings. The corpus of “gender-marked” written sources of the 1914-1918 period is huge and varied, and includes materials from archives, collections of party commissions, published memoirs, letters, diaries, the women’s press, as well as profile documents (“self-census”) of female students. However, these sources unevenly reflect the feelings and the emotional background of the era. Following the conceptual framework developed by Barbara Rosenwein, we can speak of several emotional communities defined by the social affiliation and the “audibility” of the particular voices in history, i.e. the representativeness of the sources. The first category of emotional communities comprises the women of the Romanov family and noblewomen more broadly. Russian and foreign archives boast extensive collections of their personal documents. The second category includes “frontovichky” - frontline women-soldiers. Urban women belong to a third category, and are represented by memory-based stories, the women’s press, female students’ profiles, and documents from regional archives. From the point of view of emotions, the biggest yet least represented community were peasant women. While their everyday life and values have been well researched, only very few notes and diaries from their hands have survived. Letters to the front were partially preserved (esp. those intercepted by the authorities) and are now stored in the State Archive of the Russian Federation). For the identification of the psychological matrix of the era it is crucial to use the full set of these sources.

Everyday Peace on the Battlefield

2021 ◽  
pp. 136-160
Author(s):  
Roger Mac Ginty
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Violent Conflict ◽  
World War ◽  
National Mood ◽  
Hard Cases

This chapter examines informal truces and acts of humanity and reciprocity during violent conflict. It is interested in the ‘hard cases’ of all-out warfare and draws on World War I and World War II personal diaries and memoirs. The chapter demonstrates that in some circumstances, everyday peace—or at least everyday tolerance and civility—has been possible during warfare. It contains multiple examples of ‘ordinary’ combatants showing humanity, compassion, and generosity to their supposed opponents. These cases are particularly interesting from the point of view of this book as they often occurred ‘under the radar’ or outside the surveillance of the state and others. Indeed, in many cases, they were expressly forbidden by military organisations and were contrary to the prevailing national mood of antagonism towards the enemy. They show individual and group initiative, as well as resistance to a national or wider group.

Niemcy w Warszawie po raz pierwszy. Nowsze opracowania na temat niemieckiej okupacji 1915–1918

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1 (464)) ◽  
pp. 129-140
Author(s):  
Maciej Górny
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
World War ◽  
Proper Place ◽  
The Many ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Great War

The article describes the newer works devoted to the occupation of Polish lands, especially of Warsaw during World War I. Recently, this subject, so far neglected, has drown the attention of numerous scientists, both from Poland and from abroad. Their point of view is different not only from the older perspectives, but also from the perspectives of slightly newer works on the other occupied areas and emphasizing the connection between the experience of the Great War and genocide during World War II. In the most precious fragments, the new historiography gives a very wide image of social life, in which the proper place is taken by previously marginalised social groups. Differently from the older works, the policy of the occupants on the Polish lands is not treated only as a unilateral dictate, but rather as a dynamic process of negotiation, in which the strength and position of each of the (many) sides has been changed. And, this change is accompanied by the new arrangements concerning almost all aspects of the German policy and the conditions of living during World War I.

scholarly journals Albania and the Education Policies of Italy from the Beginning Until the End of the 30s of the Twentieth Century in Archival Documents and in the Albanian Press in General

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Jani Sota ◽  
Lindita Lutaj
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Education System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
World War ◽  
Education Policies ◽  
National Education ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Individual Type ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

This paper is dedicated to the education policies of Italy for the expansion and consolidation of Italian schools in Albania, from the point of view of archival documents and the Albanian press at that time. The study focuses primarily on the efforts of the Italian government to organize the education system, establish schools, prepare programs and textbooks, equip schools with the necessary acts, etc., as an attempt to outline the European profile of education in Albania after 1912. As a part of the general analysis on the effects of the Italian schools on the life of Albanian society, would undoubtedly be the analysis of the "individual" type that it produced. On the one hand, the changes after the World War I generated a complex, renewed and more productive national education, but on the other hand, it was highly dependent on the Italian-Albanian education policies, and consequently, oriented towards a more open education system which promoted the cultural tendencies and aspirations of the Albanian nation. New democratic developments in Albania, gave us the opportunity to shed light on Italian-Albanian education policies within the context of the Italian-Albanian relations. Thanks to this, prominent figures left in oblivion, their work for the spread of new pedagogical ideas and the development of Western schools are given the acknowledgment that they deserve. The tendency to embrace and adapt those policies to the conditions of Albania of that time, reflect the important phenomenon of its developments and intellectual thought, so that the school could help more in the civilization and education of the Albanian society.   Received: 12 January 2021 / Accepted: 31 March 2021 / Published: 10 May 2021

scholarly journals Appraisal of Personal Records in Archival Profession and in Historiography

Atlanti ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-138
Author(s):  
Snežana Pejović
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
World War ◽  
Mutual Correlation ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
Archival Practice ◽  
Historical Archives ◽  
The World ◽  
Archival Profession ◽  
The One

This paper deals with the private archival material created/owned by a natural person, not a private legal entity. We attempted to ponder the problem of appraising private archives within archival practice from several angles, but also the one of appraising private records in historiography. We analysed mutual relationship between archival and historiographic appraisal of private archives and their influences in that process (both positive and negative ones) from the point of view of both areas. Mutual correlation in the appraisal process is presented through an example of a thematic archival exhibition. This exhibition is about an important international historic event, Rebellion of the Austro-Hungarian sailors on board warships based in Boka Kotorska Bay (presently the territory of Montenegro) that happened 100 years ago, at the very end of the World War I. The exhibited documents were selected from among the corpus of private archives and collections. We believe that an archival and museum exhibition of this kind, organized in Kotor Historical Archives, can be the best way to drew attention of scientists and general public on the importance of identifying, collecting, keeping and consulting (using) private archival records.

scholarly journals The “Class Ration” and Food Reserves during the Civil War

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Khodyakov
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
World War I ◽  
Food Distribution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Soviet Society ◽  
Industrial Workers ◽  
World War ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Government ◽  
Food Reserves

This article examines the evolution of the system of rationed food supplies in Russia. The author focuses on specific forms of food distribution during the Civil War, such as “class rations” and food reserves. At the same time, it is emphasised that a rationing system was already in effect in Russia during World War I, and the practice of fixing prices for bread and providing special food norms for certain categories of workers had begun taking shape long before the Bolsheviks came to power. Describing the introduction in 1918 of the “class ration” in Petrograd, the author proposes that the initiative was largely due to the authorities’ attempts to mitigate the growing crisis between the Bolsheviks and some industrial workers. Although the “class ration” dominated among the principles of food distribution, its economic importance should not be overestimated – even the deprivation of the “exploiters” of food could not significantly improve the nutrition of the working population. From this point of view, the introduction of “class rations” only had political significance. In most cases, the local food authorities failed to develop clear criteria to categorise the population. Using documents from the Russian State Archive of the Economy, the author demonstrates that the idea of “class rations” was developed after the establishment in November 1919 of a special commission for the supply of workers at the People’s Commissariat of Food Industry. The formation of the commission was a consequence of policies meant to centralise all aspects of life in Soviet society. Having received emergency powers from the government in supplying the population with food, the commission formed monthly lists of plants and factories and determined groups of enterprises in various sectors of the economy. As a matter of priority, the reservation of food supplies was made to provide workers. However, the norms of state supply were not always implemented and were significantly lower than the needs of the population. The idea of “class rations” was rejected only after the adoption of a decree on 30 April 1920, which declared the transition to a new form of incentives for workers, labour rations.

The Homosexual Scare and the Masculinization of German Politics before World War I

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 737-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Domeier
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sexual Morality ◽  
World War ◽  
German Politics ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Dreyfus Affair ◽  
Domestic Affairs ◽  
The Military

It may seem strange today to study aspects of the political sphere—from foreign policy to diplomacy and the military—in the context of sexuality. But the Belle Epoque (1871–1914) was an era of prestige politics, also with respect to the politics of sexuality. This article reveals how the Eulenburg Scandal of 1906 to 1909 used sexual morality as a way to explain and interpret the tensions that pervaded Germany's domestic affairs and international relations. The reliance on sexual mores as an explanation for large-scale political events was the result of an ever-intensifying chain of national and international complications—complications that later undermined Germany's sense of national honor. The Eulenburg Scandal is remembered today mainly as the first major homosexual scandal of the twentieth century, but contemporaries experienced it in a wider sense: it became Germany's counterpart to the Dreyfus Affair in France—two examples of political, social, and cultural conflict that threatened the foundations of their respective countries.

Energy Use in the Japanese Copper Industry from the Meiji Period to World War I

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-109
Author(s):  
Asuka Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
World War ◽  
Product Usage ◽  
Meiji Period ◽  
Financial Power

Abstract In recent years, energy constraints have been discussed from a historical point of view. This study aims at examining the copper industry’s energy use in Japan from the Meiji period to the time of World War I and clarifying the process of, and reasons for, the selection of energy sources. This study considered not only energy use in the large-scale mines but also energy use in the small-scale mines and miners’ homes. As a result, it was clarified that the mines changed into a space that was based on a diverse combination of energy sources, depending on differences in location (access to energy), natural conditions, financial power, the required amount and price of energy, energy use technologies, ore quality, and end product (usage).

Territorial disputes between Poland and Czechoslovakia 1938–1945

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (38) ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Michał Błachut
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Military Intervention ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Territorial Disputes ◽  
World War ◽  
Territorial Claims ◽  
Final Agreement ◽  
The Relationship

The historical point of view is important to fully understand foreign affairs. For Polish-Czech relations the crucial period in this respect is 1918–1945. The matter of the conflict were borderlands, with the most important one – Zaolzie, that is, historical lands of the Duchy of Cieszyn beyond Olza River. Originally, the land belonged to the Crown of the Polish Kingdom, then to the Kingdom of Bohemia and Austrian Habsburg dynasty. After World War I, local communities took control of the land. Czechoslovakian military intervention and a conflict with Bolsheviks caused both parties to agree to the division of Zaolzie through arbitration of powers in 28 July 1920. Until 1938, key parts of Zaolzie belonged to Czechoslovakia. In that year, Poland decided to annex territories lost according to the arbitration. After World War II tension between Poland and Czechoslovakia heightened again. Czechoslovakia made territorial claims on parts of Silesia belonging to Germany. Poland once more tried to reclaim Zaolzie, but military invasion was stopped by Stalin. Negotiations failed, but the escalation of the conflict was stopped. Two years later the relationship between the parties was eventually normalized, the final agreement was signed in 1958 and it is still in place today.

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