The Sociology of Inequality in Latin America

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minor Mora-Salas
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Development Theory ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Developmental Phase ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
American Sociology ◽  
Sociological Approach ◽  
Theoretical Approaches

The study of social inequality has been one of the main topics of Latin American sociology since the second half of the twentieth century. It is possible to organize the academic trajectory of this field into three periods. During the first developmental phase, the research was inspired by comprehensive theoretical frameworks such as modernization theory, dependency theory, and structuralist-development theory; the historical-structural approach constituted the hegemonic analytical model. In a second period, the sociological approach was relegated to the background as the study of poverty and income distribution came to the fore. This shift owed as much to major economic and social changes that the region experienced as to the waning of the historical-structural paradigm. Finally, the sociological approach has gained renewed prominence in light of the changes that have occurred in the region at the end of the past century and the first two decades of the present one. During this period, Latin American sociology of inequality becomes more multifaceted and its theoretical approaches more complex as it incorporates new analytical perspectives to problematize the persistence and reconstitution of social inequality patterns in the region.

Capitalism and the State in Latin America

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban Torres ◽  
Carina Borrastero
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The State ◽  
American Sociology ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The Relationship

This article analyzes how the research on the relation between capitalism and the state in Latin America has developed from the 1950s up to the present. It starts from the premise that knowledge of this relation in sociology and other social sciences in Latin America has been taking shape through the disputes that have opposed three intellectual standpoints: autonomist, denialist, and North-centric. It analyzes how these standpoints envision the relationship between economy and politics and how they conceptualize three regionally and globally growing trends: the concentration of power, social inequality, and environmental depletion. It concludes with a series of challenges aimed at restoring the theoretical and political potency of the autonomist program in Latin American sociology.

Towards a Latin American Sociology of Labour

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 375-402
Author(s):  
Francisco Zapata
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Collective Bargaining ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Shop Floor ◽  
Historical Reconstruction ◽  
Working Population ◽  
Bargaining Process ◽  
American Sociology ◽  
Sociological Approach ◽  
The Subject

General overviews of Latin American labour (Erickson, Peppe, Spalding, 1974; Roxborough, 1986) have contributed to a synthesis of the major findings on the subject resulting from the work of labour historians and political scientists. Yet the authors have focused on recent contributions without trying to establish the sequence according to which the field has developed. This article discusses the evolution of Latin American labour studies from what was once the privileged domain of ideologues and militants (Mariátegui, 1928; Jobet, 1955; Ramírez Necochea, 1956; Lora, 1967) to a more sociological approach in recent years. Our purpose is to show how the analysis of labour has undergone a profound transformation as a result of this change in focus. While the ideological focus gave importance to the historical reconstruction of the different phases of the process of working-class formation and to the narration of the ‘heroic moments’ when labour forged its identity struggling against the State, what we can call the sociological focus has emphasised such factors as the geographical and sectoral distribution of the working population, the process of unionisation, the attitudes of workers in relation to industrial labour, democracy and relations of authority on the shop floor, worker consciousness and the collective bargaining process.1

scholarly journals Sexual Abuse Counsellors' Responses to Trauma and Stress: a Social Work Perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Margaret Jane Pack
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Social Work ◽  
Work Practice ◽  
Significant Others ◽  
The Body ◽  
Development Theory ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

<p>Using a qualitative research methodology, this study explores the range of social, organisational and theoretical factors that impact on sexual abuse counsellors. The relevance of the concept of vicarious traumatisation and the theoretical framework of constructivist self-development theory, as presented in the original study of McCann and Pearlman (1990) are investigated using a social work perspective. Secondly, the relationship between sexual abuse counsellors' responses to trauma and the theoretical frameworks identified as fruitful in their work with sexual abuse survivors are explored. Thirdly, the significant others of the primary participants were interviewed to elicit their perspectives of the impact of the work on their relationships with the counsellor-participants. This thesis adds to the body of knowledge about stress and trauma among sexual abuse therapists by introducing a multi-layered understanding of the challenges faced. It suggests that there are ways in which social workers and therapists can develop awareness and understanding of trauma and stress on multiple levels. It underlines the importance of workers sampling and integrating into their practice a wide range of theoretical approaches. These approaches which include narrative, strengths-based, critical-reflective, feminist and emancipatory frameworks provide a way for workers to connect with themselves, which is tansferred into fostering effective connections with clients, colleagues and their significant others. Maintaining relationship is the primary theme of this research which protects the counsellor from the fragmenting sense of disjuncture, that is a key experience of sexual abuse work Practice in a synthesis of theoretical frameworks provides a context for establishing and maintaining connections on a variety of levels: with the self and identity of the therapist, with others including clients, and with the wider social discourses in which their work is located.</p>

scholarly journals SOCIAL INEQUALITY IN EDUCATION ANALYZED WITHIN VARIOUS THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS

2017 ◽  
pp. 025
Author(s):  
Lela Milošević Radulović ◽  
Suzana Marković Krstić
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Radical Theory ◽  
Educational Capital ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Inequality In Education ◽  
The Relationship

The expansion of education and the mass inclusion of generations in certain levels of education have not reduced inequality in education. There have still been numerous causes and forms of social inequality, with far-reaching consequences. The consequences of social inequalities in education are very complex and are manifested in the form of reproduction of social inequality, that is, the self-reproduction of social stratification and the reproduction of economic inequality. Scientists working in various fields deal with the clarification of the problems of social inequality in education and everyone can, from their own standpoint, attempt to discover the basic causes of these inequalities so as to overcome them. In paper we have shown four current theoretical approaches to the problem of social inequality in education: the functionalist theory, radical theory, theory of educational capital and theory of cultural deprivation. Every approach from its own standpoint tries to indicate the relationship between the educational system and social structure, as well as the possibility of overcoming certain social inequality. Based on the analysis of the basic tenets of various theoretical approaches to inequality in education conceptualized the initial hypotheses as the foundation for the functioning of the educational system in the future, based on the principles of meritocracy.

scholarly journals Sexual Abuse Counsellors' Responses to Trauma and Stress: a Social Work Perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Margaret Jane Pack
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Social Work ◽  
Work Practice ◽  
Significant Others ◽  
The Body ◽  
Development Theory ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

<p>Using a qualitative research methodology, this study explores the range of social, organisational and theoretical factors that impact on sexual abuse counsellors. The relevance of the concept of vicarious traumatisation and the theoretical framework of constructivist self-development theory, as presented in the original study of McCann and Pearlman (1990) are investigated using a social work perspective. Secondly, the relationship between sexual abuse counsellors' responses to trauma and the theoretical frameworks identified as fruitful in their work with sexual abuse survivors are explored. Thirdly, the significant others of the primary participants were interviewed to elicit their perspectives of the impact of the work on their relationships with the counsellor-participants. This thesis adds to the body of knowledge about stress and trauma among sexual abuse therapists by introducing a multi-layered understanding of the challenges faced. It suggests that there are ways in which social workers and therapists can develop awareness and understanding of trauma and stress on multiple levels. It underlines the importance of workers sampling and integrating into their practice a wide range of theoretical approaches. These approaches which include narrative, strengths-based, critical-reflective, feminist and emancipatory frameworks provide a way for workers to connect with themselves, which is tansferred into fostering effective connections with clients, colleagues and their significant others. Maintaining relationship is the primary theme of this research which protects the counsellor from the fragmenting sense of disjuncture, that is a key experience of sexual abuse work Practice in a synthesis of theoretical frameworks provides a context for establishing and maintaining connections on a variety of levels: with the self and identity of the therapist, with others including clients, and with the wider social discourses in which their work is located.</p>

Charismatic, Pentecostal, and Evangelical Movements in Europe, the US, and Brazil

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Detlef Pollack ◽  
Gergely Rosta
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Social Deprivation ◽  
Religious Change ◽  
Evangelical Protestantism ◽  
Secularization Theory ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Healing Rituals ◽  
The Us ◽  
Latin American Countries

The growth of Evangelical Protestantism and Pentecostalism is widely regarded as a potent argument against the validity of secularization theory. To explain this growth, Chapter 12 draws on theoretical approaches to analysing new social movements, which allows an expansion of the repertoire of explanations concerning religious change and a testing of alternatives to the models provided by secularization theory. To explain the worldwide growth and relative resilience of the Evangelical and Pentecostal movements, the chapter identifies a number of conditions and explanatory factors: cultural and social confirmation, religious syncretism, social deprivation, and the widespread magical worldview and broadly accepted spiritistic beliefs in Latin American countries that are conducive to the acceptance of Pentecostal experiences and healing rituals.

Career Development Theory: An Integrated Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Yates
Keyword(s):  
Career Choice ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Development Theory ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Career Practice

Career theories are developed to help make sense of the complexity of career choice and development. The intricacy of the subject matter is such that career theories most often focus on one or two aspects of the phenomenon. As such, the challenges of integrating the theories with each other, and integrating them within career practice, are not insignificant. In this chapter, an overview of the theoretical landscape is offered that illustrates how the theories align with each other to build up a comprehensive picture of career choice and development. The chapter introduces a wide range of theoretical frameworks, spanning seven decades and numerous academic disciplines, and discusses the most well-known theorists alongside less familiar names. The chapter is structured around four concepts: identity, environment, career learning, and psychological career resources. Suggestions are offered for the incorporation of theories in career practice.

Social Movements in Latin America: Mapping the Literature

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolás M. Somma
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Social Movements ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Transnational Activism ◽  
Organizational Fields ◽  
Family Labor ◽  
American Sociology ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Vast Literature ◽  
Active Research

The study of social movements is currently one of the most active research fields in Latin American sociology. This article maps the vast literature on Latin American social movements (LASMs) from the late 1980s to the present. After briefly discussing how scholars have conceptualized LASMs, it presents seven influential approaches: structuralism, political economy, political context, organizational fields, “new social movements,” frames and emotions, and transnational activism. Then it discusses some works that zero in on the specificity of LASMs. It closes with a brief summary of the five coming chapters, each of which is devoted to a specific social movement “family”: labor, women’s, student, indigenous, and anti-globalization.

scholarly journals Trends in social inequalities in breastfeeding and infant formulas in Latin American countries between the 1990 and 2010 decades

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Camila S Ferreira ◽  
Catarina M Azeredo ◽  
Ana Elisa M Rinaldi
Keyword(s):  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Weighted Least Squares ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Simultaneous Decrease

Abstract Objective: To analyse trends of social inequality in breastfeeding and infant formula (IF) use in Latin America between 1990 and 2010 decades. Design: Time-series cross-sectional study with data from Demographic and Health Surveys. We described the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), breastfeeding between 6 and 12 months (BF6-12) and IF for infants under 6 months (IF < 6) and between 6 and 12 months (IF6-12). Social inequalities were assessed using the slope index of inequality (SII) and concentration index (CIX). Trends in the prevalence of breastfeeding, IF and index of social inequality were analysed by a linear regression model with weighted least squares variance. Setting: Bolivia, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Haiti and Peru. Participants: 51·358 alive infants younger than 12 months. Results: Five countries showed an increasing trend for EBF and BF6-12, four increased for IF < 6 and six for IF6-12. Simultaneous decrease in IF < 6 (Colombia: −0·3/year; Haiti: −0·02/year) and increase in EBF (Colombia: +2·0/year; Haiti: +1·9/year) were observed only in two countries. EBF prevalence was high in the lowest income quintiles in five countries, and IF prevalence was high in the highest income quintiles in all countries and over the decades. For BF6-12, a decrease in inequality (prevalence increased in the highest quintile) was observed in Guatemala (SII1995 = −0·42; SII2015 = −0·28) and the Dominican Republic (SII1996 = −0·54; SII2013 = −0·26). Guatemala was the only country showing a decrease in inequality for BF (SII = −0·005; CIX = −0·0035) and an increase for IF (SII = 0·022; CIX = 0·01). Conclusions: The inequality in BF and IF remained over time. However, inequality in IF < 6 has decreased because low-income infants have increased use and high-income infants have decreased.

Confinement risks and social inequality in Latin America: Evidence from Argentina

2021 ◽  
pp. 001139212199001
Author(s):  
Fiorella Mancini
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Sociological Approach ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Health And Well Being

Social distancing and isolation measures in response to COVID-19 have confined individuals to their homes and produced unexpected side-effects and secondary risks. In Latin America, the measures taken by individual governments to mitigate these new daily and experiential risks have varied significantly as have the responses to social isolation in each country. Given these new social circumstances, the purpose of this article is to investigate, from the sociological approach of risk-taking, the relationship between confinement, secondary risks and social inequality. The author argues that secondary risks, despite their broad scope, are deeply structured by social inequalities in contemporary societies, especially in developing countries. To corroborate this hypothesis, a quantitative comparative analysis is performed for the Argentine case. Using data from a web-survey and correspondence analysis (CA), there are three major findings: (1) there are some widespread experiences similarly distributed across all social strata, especially those related to emotional and subjective matters; (2) other risks follow socio-structural inequalities, especially those corresponding to material and cultural aspects of consumption; (3) for specific vulnerable groups, compulsory confinement causes great dilemmas of decision-making between health and well-being.

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