Gender, Gender Equality, and Corruption

2021 ◽  
pp. 558-579
Author(s):  
Amy C. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gender Role Socialization ◽  
Role Socialization ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
Societal Level ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter covers the state of the art in theory and evidence on the relationship between gender, gender equality, and corruption. Starting with the theoretical assumptions that link individuals’ gender to the likelihood to engage in corruption, the chapter covers the four mechanisms proposed throughout the literature for expecting women to engage less: gender role socialization, power marginalization, the greater importance of an effective state for women’s self-determination, and the tendency to hold women to higher standards. From here, the chapter reviews additional societal-level theories on gender equality and corruption: 1) theory assuming that gender equality lowers corruption by empowering women, promoting women’s interests and generating norms of impartiality; and, 2) theory assuming that lower corruption increases gender equality. The chapter then reviews the evidence in support of the various theories and concludes with a critical assessment that identifies gaps and suggests future research.

Toward better theory on the relationship between commitment, participation and leadership in unions

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 715-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregor Gall ◽  
Jack Fiorito
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Union Commitment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Extant Literature ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to give a critique of the extant literature on union commitment and participation in order to develop remedies to identified weaknessesDesign/methodology/approachThe paper uses a critical assessment of extant literature.FindingsA number of critical deficiencies exist in the literature to which remedies are proposed.Research limitations/implicationsThe remedies need testing through empirical research.Practical implicationsFuture research needs to have different research foci and questions.Social implicationsWith a reorientation of future research on union commitment, participation and leadership, unions may be better able to benefit from academic research in the area.Originality/valueThe paper suggests that a reorientation of future research on union commitment, participation and leadership will allow more incisive and more robust contributions to be made to understanding unions as complex social organisms.

An Introduction, Review, and Conceptual Analysis of Mattering as an Essential Construct and an Essential Way of Life

2021 ◽  
pp. 073428292110576
Author(s):  
Gordon L. Flett
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Societal Level ◽  
Current Article ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sense Of Mattering ◽  
Extended Discussion

While the importance of having self-esteem is widely recognized and has been studied extensively, another core component of the self-concept has been relatively neglected—a sense of mattering to other people. In the current article, it is argued that mattering is an entirely unique and complex psychological construct with great public appeal and applied significance. The various ways of assessing mattering are reviewed and evidence is summarized, indicating that mattering is a vital construct in that deficits in mattering are linked with consequential outcomes at the individual level (i.e., depression and suicidal tendencies), the relationship level (i.e., relationship discord and dissolution), and the societal level (i.e., delinquency and violence). Contemporary research is described which shows that mattering typically predicts unique variance in key outcomes beyond other predictor variables. Mattering is discussed as double-edged in that mattering is highly protective but feelings of not mattering are deleterious, especially among people who have been marginalized and mistreated. The article concludes with an extended discussion of key directions for future research and an overview of the articles in this special issue. It is argued that a complete view of the self and personal identity will only emerge after we significantly expand the scope of inquiry on the psychology of mattering.

A Common Model is Essential for a Cumulative Science of Wisdom

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Grossmann ◽  
Nic M. Weststrate ◽  
Michel Ferrari ◽  
Justin Peter Brienza
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Cognitive Components ◽  
Shared Language ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Underlying Processes

We have introduced a common wisdom model to establish a shared language, clarify underlying theoretical assumptions, advance assessment tools, and foster evidence-based interventions for stimulating wisdom during challenging societal times. The common wisdom model synthesizes the views of numerous contemporary scientists working on wisdom and includes two components: perspectival meta-cognition and moral aspirations. Having received insightful commentaries on our model, here we consider the overall motivation for the model, address remaining jingle-jangle fallacies, clarify the meaning of morality for wisdom, and expand upon the relationship between moral and meta-cognitive components within the common wisdom model. We reflect on how the common wisdom model provides a nexus for integrating insights across multiple areas of research, affording plentiful opportunities for future research into wisdom’s development, function, and underlying processes. We situate our reflections in the context of present-day pandemic-related uncertainties and unfolding societal shifts.

Anti-immigration attitudes and the opposition to European integration: A critical assessment

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cigdem Kentmen-Cin ◽  
Cengiz Erisen
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
The State ◽  
Immigrant Population ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Immigration Attitudes ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this overview is to critically examine the state of research on the relationship between anti-immigrant attitudes and attitudes toward European integration. We argue that the two most commonly used measures of anti-immigrant attitudes do not fully capture perceived threats from immigrants and opinion about different immigrant groups. Future research should pay more attention to two particular issues: first, scholars could employ methodological techniques that capture the underlying constructs associated with attitudes and public opinion; second, researchers could differentiate between groups within the overall immigrant population. This overview identifies themes in the literature while drawing attention to the need for more research on the behavioral underpinnings of anti-immigrant attitudes and public opinion on European integration.

The state of the art in semantic relatedness: a framework for comparison

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Feng ◽  
Ebrahim Bagheri ◽  
Faezeh Ensan ◽  
Jelena Jovanovic
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Semantic Relatedness ◽  
Knowledge Bases ◽  
The State ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Knowledge Resources ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sr Method

AbstractSemantic relatedness (SR) is a form of measurement that quantitatively identifies the relationship between two words or concepts based on the similarity or closeness of their meaning. In the recent years, there have been noteworthy efforts to compute SR between pairs of words or concepts by exploiting various knowledge resources such as linguistically structured (e.g. WordNet) and collaboratively developed knowledge bases (e.g. Wikipedia), among others. The existing approaches rely on different methods for utilizing these knowledge resources, for instance, methods that depend on the path between two words, or a vector representation of the word descriptions. The purpose of this paper is to review and present the state of the art in SR research through a hierarchical framework. The dimensions of the proposed framework cover three main aspects of SR approaches including the resources they rely on, the computational methods applied on the resources for developing a relatedness metric, and the evaluation models that are used for measuring their effectiveness. We have selected 14 representative SR approaches to be analyzed using our framework. We compare and critically review each of them through the dimensions of our framework, thus, identifying strengths and weaknesses of each approach. In addition, we provide guidelines for researchers and practitioners on how to select the most relevant SR method for their purpose. Finally, based on the comparative analysis of the reviewed relatedness measures, we identify existing challenges and potentially valuable future research directions in this domain.

scholarly journals Associations between Witnessing and Perpetrating Online Hate in Eight Countries: The Buffering Effects of Problem-Focused Coping

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (20) ◽  
pp. 3992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Wachs ◽  
Michelle F. Wright ◽  
Ruthaychonnee Sittichai ◽  
Ritu Singh ◽  
Ramakrishna Biswal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Intervention Programs ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Peaceful Coexistence ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Online Risk ◽  
The Relationship

Online hate is a topic that has received considerable interest lately, as online hate represents a risk to self-determination and peaceful coexistence in societies around the globe. However, not much is known about the explanations for adolescents posting or forwarding hateful online material or how adolescents cope with this newly emerging online risk. Thus, we sought to better understand the relationship between a bystander to and perpetrator of online hate, and the moderating effects of problem-focused coping strategies (e.g., assertive, technical coping) within this relationship. Self-report questionnaires on witnessing and committing online hate and assertive and technical coping were completed by 6829 adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age from eight countries. The results showed that increases in witnessing online hate were positively related to being a perpetrator of online hate. Assertive and technical coping strategies were negatively related with perpetrating online hate. Bystanders of online hate reported fewer instances of perpetrating online hate when they reported higher levels of assertive and technical coping strategies, and more frequent instances of perpetrating online hate when they reported lower levels of assertive and technical coping strategies. In conclusion, our findings suggest that, if effective, prevention and intervention programs that target online hate should consider educating young people about problem-focused coping strategies, self-assertiveness, and media skills. Implications for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals A theoretical analysis of the value added intellectual coefficient (VAIC)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Marzo
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Semantic Relationships ◽  
Structural Capital ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
Capital Efficiency ◽  
The Mathematical Model ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis paper offers a critical assessment of the value added intellectual coefficient (VAIC) through the analysis of the coherence of the definitions of and semantic relationships among the theoretical constructs at the heart of the model. Some of the criticisms detected here refer to inconsistencies of the VAIC with the most consolidated concepts developed by the Intellectual Capital (IC) literature as well as to the constructs internal to the model and generated by the misalignment of Pulic’s theoretical assumptions with the way they have been translated into the mathematical model. Other criticisms derive from the time mismatch in the relationship among the variables constituting the three ratios and from the ambiguous meanings of human capital efficiency and structural capital efficiency. Implications for both researchers and managers are discussed.

scholarly journals Linear Context Transform Block

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (04) ◽  
pp. 5553-5560
Author(s):  
Dongsheng Ruan ◽  
Jun Wen ◽  
Nenggan Zheng ◽  
Min Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Computational Burden ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Linear Transform ◽  
Consistent Performance ◽  
Performance Gains ◽  
Context Features ◽  
The Relationship

Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE) block presents a channel attention mechanism for modeling global context via explicitly capturing dependencies across channels. However, we are still far from understanding how the SE block works. In this work, we first revisit the SE block, and then present a detailed empirical study of the relationship between global context and attention distribution, based on which we propose a simple yet effective module, called Linear Context Transform (LCT) block. We divide all channels into different groups and normalize the globally aggregated context features within each channel group, reducing the disturbance from irrelevant channels. Through linear transform of the normalized context features, we model global context for each channel independently. The LCT block is extremely lightweight and easy to be plugged into different backbone models while with negligible parameters and computational burden increase. Extensive experiments show that the LCT block outperforms the SE block in image classification task on the ImageNet and object detection/segmentation on the COCO dataset with different backbone models. Moreover, LCT yields consistent performance gains over existing state-of-the-art detection architectures, e.g., 1.5∼1.7% APbbox and 1.0%∼1.2% APmask improvements on the COCO benchmark, irrespective of different baseline models of varied capacities. We hope our simple yet effective approach will shed some light on future research of attention-based models.

Friends who game together, stay together: A Self-Determination Theory approach to the impact of social video gaming on social well-being

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yemaya Halbrook ◽  
Aisling Therese O'Donnell ◽  
Rachel M. Msetfi
Keyword(s):  
Video Games ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Determination Theory ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Video Gaming ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

As social video games are increasing in popularity, it is important to understand how this can impact an individual’s social well-being, particularly during the COVID-19 crisis. We focus here on how the relationship one has with those they play video games with relates to social well-being. We further applied the self-determination theory to determine what role, if any, autonomy, competence, and relatedness play in this relationship. Results indicate that playing with ‘known others’ predicts the highest levels of social well-being when compared to playing with online acquaintances. Further, autonomy, competence, and relatedness all predict high levels of social well-being and mediate the relation between a player’s relationship to other players and social well-being. This suggests that social video gaming is beneficially linked to social well-being, but only when played with others with whom the gamer has a known relationship. Implications and future research are also discussed.

Structural Reforms, Growth, and Inequality

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nauro F. Campos ◽  
Paul De Grauwe ◽  
Yuemei Ji
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Structural Reforms ◽  
Econometric Evidence ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Critical Overview ◽  
Theoretical Developments

This chapter provides a critical overview of the state of the art in the economics literature on structural reforms. It takes stock of theoretical developments, measurement efforts, and of the econometric evidence. We start with a simple theoretical framework for the relationship between structural reforms, economic growth, and income inequality. We argue that whether structural reforms have a positive or negative impact depends on various factors. The type of reform, timing, sequence, and political constraints play crucial roles in determining the effectiveness of reforms on economic growth and income inequality. We conclude by proposing a 7-point agenda for future research.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document