Theoretical Perspectives in the Study of Communication and the Internet

Author(s):  
Ronald E. Rice ◽  
Ryan Fuller

This chapter exposes the prominence of different theoretical perspectives on the Internet. A broad scope of primary and secondary theories has been increasingly used to understand the social and communicative aspects of the Internet and the increasingly specialized areas being developed by Internet researchers, such as around social media. The chapters published in the first half of the period (2000–04) are compared to those in the second period of the sample (2005–09). It is observed that the media attributes, the public sphere, and community have been the most popular theory themes. There are also opportunities for further theoretical development in the areas of credibility/trust, participatory media/users, relational management, and cultural differences.

Author(s):  
Anna D. Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann

This epilogue comments on the changes within the Polish American community and the Polish-language press during the most recent decades, including the impact of the Internet and social media on the practice of letter-writing. It also poses questions about the legacy and memory of Paryski in Toledo, Ohio, and in Polonia scholarship. Paryski's life and career were based on his intelligence, determination, and energy. He believed that Poles in the United States, as in Poland, must benefit from education, and that education was not necessarily the same as formal schooling. Anybody could embark on the path to self-improvement if they read and wrote. Long before the Internet changed the way we communicate, Paryski and other ethnic editors effectively adopted and practiced the concept of debate within the public sphere in the media. Ameryka-Echo's “Corner for Everybody” was an embodiment of this concept and allowed all to express themselves in their own language and to write what was on their minds.


Author(s):  
Ya-Wen Lei

Since the mid-2000s, public opinion and debate in China have become increasingly common and consequential, despite the ongoing censorship of speech and regulation of civil society. How did this happen? This book shows how the Chinese state drew on law, the media, and the Internet to further an authoritarian project of modernization, but in so doing, inadvertently created a nationwide public sphere in China—one the state must now endeavor to control. The book examines the influence this unruly sphere has had on Chinese politics and the ways that the state has responded. It shows that the development of the public sphere in China has provided an unprecedented forum for citizens to influence the public agenda, demand accountability from the government, and organize around the concepts of law and rights. It demonstrates how citizens came to understand themselves as legal subjects, how legal and media professionals began to collaborate in unexpected ways, and how existing conditions of political and economic fragmentation created unintended opportunities for political critique, particularly with the rise of the Internet. The emergence of this public sphere—and its uncertain future—is a pressing issue with important implications for the political prospects of the Chinese people. The book offers new possibilities for thinking about the transformation of state–society relations.


Author(s):  
Khamis Juma Abdalla

The emergence of new media with multiple platforms has abundantly adjusted the socio-political perspectives in such a way that our everyday conducts and professionalism point of views are entrenched over technological diffusion. The young people remain the potential users on the social media, considering their primary bases for daily accomplishments, owing to the novel features and realistic methods available. As an entry point, this paper intends to draw the conception of the public sphere, whereby the notion of publics is vital on abstracting the sphere of the internet, in which abundant spheres meant for the multiple clusters embark on political communication for their ways distinctly. It’s the ideal realm which converges the peripheral spheres into the inclusive domain through communicative actions. In the developing countries, the youths along with minorities’ engagement and reliance on the internet has been ominously mounting, comprehensive for political identities and rationalizing their civic opinions. Polling discussion on running candidates and political parties’ manifestations are common during the general election and some diaspora communities and further foreign activists play a part in political affairs of the countries. Thus, this article aims at tracing the potential civil integrity for youths with political information efficacy fostered on digital public spheres, by which traditional media are politically run-downed, remoted by draconian legal framework and commercial determinants. Besides, this paper argues about the offline publics which are ideally distant, thus far implies to the narrow unitary sphere theorization owing to the technology division which so far entails partial civic life.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Christian Fuchs ◽  
Klaus Unterberger

This chapter introduces the book’s context. It describes the process that led to the creation of the Public Service Media and Public Service Internet Manifesto. The basic starting point was the insight that the survival of public service media is in danger, that the dominant form of the Internet and Internet platforms undermines the democratic public sphere, and that we need new forms of the Internet and the media in order to safeguard and renew democracy and the public sphere.


Comunicar ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (33) ◽  
pp. 63-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Díaz-Arias

Video is growing faster than any other content in cyberspace. Video clips jumping between screens represent a narrative return to the origins of cinema. In cyberspace, videos can be cybermovies, cybertelevision, television on demand and cybervideo. The social uses of video in cyberspace overlap with information in a process of horizontal communication of immense potential, but with the risk of fragmenting the public sphere. Video is a factor of globalization and a vector of infotainment that colonizes both the media and cyberspace. Hypermedia language fragments the expressive elements of classical audiovisual language. It is necessary to explore new ways of interactive audiovisual language and investigate how video links the media to cyberspace in a new audiovisual ecosystem.El vídeo es el contenido de más rápido crecimiento en el ciberespacio. Los vídeoclips que saltan entre las pantallas suponen un regreso narrativo a los orígenes del cine. En el ciberespacio se dan modalidades audiovisuales características: cibercine, cibertelevisión, televisión a la carta y cibervídeo. Los usos sociales del vídeo en el ciberespacio se solapan con los informativos en un proceso de comunicación horizontal, de enorme potencial, pero que presenta riesgos de fragmentación de la esfera pública. El vídeo es factor de globalización y vector del info-entretenimiento que coloniza tanto el espacio mediático como el ciberespacio. En el lenguaje hipermedia los elementos expresivos del lenguaje audiovisual clásico se fragmentan. Es necesario explorar nuevos modos interactivos de lenguaje audiovisual e investigar cómo el vídeo vincula el espacio mediático y el ciberespacio en un nuevo ecosistema audiovisual.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pere Masip ◽  
Carlos Ruiz-Caballero ◽  
Jaume Suau

In little over a decade, essential concepts in research on communication have become zombie concepts (Beck & Willms, 2004) and are no longer effective for understanding the profound transformation that has taken place with the arrival of the internet. Public sphere, deliberation, audiences, public... the academic literature has oscillated between an initial optimism about the potential for strengthening democracy of communication technologies to a critical scepticism. This text reviews the academic literature with regard to the forms of social deliberation adopted in the context of the media and social networks and its impact on the public sphere.


2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf Maresch

Durch den digitalen Medienwandel ist der Begriff der Öffentlichkeit problematisch geworden. Die Debatte fokussiert sich zumeist auf die Frage, ob die sogenannte bürgerliche Öffentlichkeit durch das Internet im Niedergang begriffen ist oder eine Intensivierung und Pluralisierung erfährt. Rudolf Maresch zeichnet die berühmte Untersuchung der Kategorie durch Jürgen Habermas nach und zieht den von ihm konstatierten Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit in Zweifel. Dagegen verweist er auf die gouvernementalen und medialen Prozesse, die jede Form von Kommunikation immer schon gesteuert haben. Öffentlichkeit sei daher ein Epiphänomen nicht allein des Zeitungswesens, sondern der bereits vorgängig ergangenen postalischen Herstellung einer allgemeinen Adressierbarkeit von Subjekten. Heute sei Öffentlichkeit innerhalb der auf Novitäts- und Erregungskriterien abstellenden Massenmedien ein mit anderen Angeboten konkurrierendes Konzept. Mercedes Bunz konstatiert ebenfalls eine Ausweitung und Pluralisierung von Öffentlichkeit durch den digitalen Medienwandel, sieht aber die entscheidenden Fragen in der Konzeption und Verteilung von Evaluationswissen und Evaluationsmacht. Nicht mehr die sogenannten Menschen, sondern Algorithmen entscheiden über die Verbreitung und Bewertung von Nachrichten. Diese sind in der Öffentlichkeit – die sie allererst erzeugen – weitgehend verborgen. Einig sind sich die Autoren darin, dass es zu einer Pluralisierung von Öffentlichkeiten gekommen ist, während der Öffentlichkeitsbegriff von Habermas auf eine singuläre Öffentlichkeit abstellt. </br></br>Due to the transformation of digital media, the notion of “publicity” has become problematic. In most cases, the debate is focused on the question whether the internet causes a decline of so-called civic publicity or rather intensifies and pluralizes it. Rudolf Maresch outlines Jürgen Habermas's famous study of this category and challenges his claim concerning its “structural transformation,” referring to the governmental and medial processes which have always already controlled every form of communication. Publicity, he claims, is an epiphenomenon not only of print media, but of a general addressability of subjects, that has been produced previously by postal services. Today, he concludes, publicity is a concept that competes with other offers of mass media, which are all based on criteria of novelty and excitement. Mercedes Bunz also notes the expansion and pluralization of the public sphere due to the change of digital media, but sees the crucial issues in the design and distribution of knowledge and power by evaluation. So-called human beings no longer decide on the dissemination and evaluation of information, but algorithms, which are for the most part concealed from the public sphere that they produce in the first place. Both authors agree that a pluralization of public sphere(s) has taken place, while Habermas's notion of publicity refers to a single public sphere.


Author(s):  
Angela Dranishnikova ◽  
Ivan Semenov

The national legal system is determined by traditional elements characterizing the culture and customs that exist in the social environment in the form of moral standards and the law. However, the attitude of the population to the letter of the law, as a rule, initially contains negative properties in order to preserve personal freedom, status, position. Therefore, to solve pressing problems of rooting in the minds of society of the elementary foundations of the initial order, and then the rule of law in the public sphere, proverbs and sayings were developed that in essence contained legal educational criteria.


2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Francoeur

There is a tendency, particularly among Western pundits and technologists, to examine the Internet in almost universally positive terms; this is most evident in any discussion of the medium’s capacity for democratization. While the Internet has produced many great things for society in terms of cultural and economic production, some consideration must be given to the implications that such a revolutionary medium holds for the public sphere. By creating a communicative space that essentially grants everyone his or her own microphone, the Internet is fragmenting public discourse due to the proliferation of opinions and messages and the removal of traditional gatekeepers of information. More significantly, because of the structural qualities of the Internet, users no longer have to expose themselves to opinions and viewpoints that fall outside their own preconceived notions. This limits the robustness of the public sphere by limiting the healthy debate that can only occur when exposed to multiple viewpoints. Ultimately, the Internet is not going anywhere, so it is important to equip the public with the tools and knowledge to be able to navigate the digital space. 


2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Calhoun

In this article I ask (1) whether the ways in which the early bourgeois public sphere was structured—precisely by exclusion—are instructive for considering its later development, (2) how a consideration of the social foundations of public life calls into question abstract formulations of it as an escape from social determination into a realm of discursive reason, (3) to what extent “counterpublics” may offer useful accommodations to failures of larger public spheres without necessarily becoming completely attractive alternatives, and (4) to what extent considering the organization of the public sphere as a field might prove helpful in analyzing differentiated publics, rather than thinking of them simply as parallel but each based on discrete conditions. These considerations are informed by an account of the way that the public sphere developed as a concrete ideal and an object of struggle in late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century Britain.


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