Sleep Impairment
Sleep is a vital physiological state, and it is essential for optimal daytime function. Sleep patterns undergo tremendous quantitative and structural changes throughout the maturational process from infancy to late adolescence. These universal alterations in sleep and sleep patterns reflect the essential need for optimal sleep during normal healthy development. Unfortunately, sleep loss has become omnipresent in modern adult culture and has also become a widespread phenomenon among children, particularly with respect to adolescents. Specifically, sleep loss in adolescence is a function of multiple normative endogenous changes often amplified by exogenous influences. Substance abuse has also achieved epidemic proportions among today’s adolescents, with well-documented negative functional outcomes. This chapter summarizes objective and subjective studies examining the bidirectional links between alcohol and substance use and inadequate sleep and/or sleep patterns in adolescents.