scholarly journals P097 Raised inflammatory markers with unclear cause; what do they tell us? An audit of patients presenting to rheumatology service at RNHRD, Bath

Rheumatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Safwan Jamal ◽  
Rachel Peck ◽  
Raj Sengupta
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Plasma Viscosity ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Included Patient ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Made In

Abstract Background/Aims  Unexplained persistently raised inflammatory response in patients’ leads to concern for clinicians. Different studies have demonstrated increased risk of mortality in patients with persistently raised inflammatory response. Rheumatology input is often sought in these cases when cause of inflammatory response is unclear. We conducted this project in our department to see the progress of new patients with raised inflammatory markers presenting to the rheumatology service. Methods  Patients referred to the rheumatology outpatients with raised inflammatory markers (Plasma viscosity >1.85 or CRP>100) from April to November 2018 were included. Patient demographic information was gathered through patient’s records and imaging information was gathered through PACS system. Information about investigative modalities was included. Treatment recommendations were also included. Patients were followed up for 6 months and any change in their diagnosis was also incorporated into the data. Results  169 patients satisfied the inclusion criteria. Median age was 58 years. Majority were females (72%). Mean referral to seen time was 3.43 weeks. Mean elevation in CRP and PV was 10 and 1.93 respectively. A diagnosis of mechanical/non rheumatological cause was made in 36% patients of those 11% were Fibromyalgia. Inflammatory arthritis diagnosis made in 34% patients. Autoimmune testing and radiological tests were performed in 97% and 90% patients respectively. 67% patients had malignancy or infection work up. Diagnosis was changed in 25% patients on follow up with investigation. With PV > 2.0 (44 patients), only 20% had non inflammatory conditions. There were 6 deaths in this cohort of patients (13% mortality). 3 new cases of malignancy were diagnosed. P097 Table 1:Investigative modalitiesInflammatory disorders N=number of scansNon-inflammatory conditionsCT100MRI1812PET CT71NM scan14 Conclusion  Patients with persistently elevated inflammatory markers had a higher mortality rate than the other group over 6 months. Three quarters of patients with raised inflammatory markers remain under follow up of Rheumatology team for surveillance. Patients were reviewed in Rheumatology clinics in reasonable time. Appropriate investigative modalities were considered while investigating for inflammatory disorders. Further large scale studies are required to find an association between raised inflammatory response with mortality in rheumatology patients. Disclosure  M. Jamal: None. R. Peck: None. R. Sengupta: None.

Inflammatory Markers Associated With Diabetes Mellitus – Old and New Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emir Muzurović ◽  
Zoja Stanković ◽  
Zlata Kovačević ◽  
Benida Šahmanović Škrijelj ◽  
Dimitri P Mikhailidis
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Type 2 Dm ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Made In

: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic and complex metabolic disorder, and also an important cause of cardiovascular (CV) diseases (CVDs). Subclinical inflammation, observed in patients with type 2 DM (T2DM), cannot be considered the sole or primary cause of T2DM in the absence of classical risk factors, but it represents an important mechanism that serves as a bridge between primary causes of T2DM and its manifestation. Progress has been made in the identification of effective strategies to prevent or delay the onset of T2DM. It is important to identify those at increased risk for DM by using specific biomarkers. Inflammatory markers correlate with insulin resistance (IR) and glycoregulation in patients with DM. Also, several inflammatory markers have been shown to be useful in assessing the risk of developing DM and its complications. However, the intertwining of pathophysiological processes and the not-quite-specificity of inflammatory markers for certain clinical entities limits their practical use. In this review we consider the advantages and disadvantages of various inflammatory biomarkers of DM that have been investigated to date as well as possible future directions. Key features of such biomarkers should be high specificity, non-invasiveness and cost-effectiveness.

scholarly journals Supper Timing and Cardiovascular Mortality: The Japan Collaborative Cohort Study

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 3389
Author(s):  
Jingyun Tang ◽  
Jia-Yi Dong ◽  
Ehab S. Eshak ◽  
Renzhe Cui ◽  
Kokoro Shirai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Stroke Mortality ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Study Participants

Evidence on the role of supper timing in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is limited. In this study, we examined the associations between supper timing and risks of mortality from stroke, coronary heart disease (CHD), and total CVD. A total of 28,625 males and 43,213 females, aged 40 to 79 years, free from CVD and cancers at baseline were involved in this study. Participants were divided into three groups: the early supper group (before 8:00 p.m.), the irregular supper group (time irregular), and the late supper group (after 8:00 p.m.). Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) for stroke, CHD, and total CVD according to the supper time groups. During the 19-year follow-up, we identified 4706 deaths from total CVD. Compared with the early supper group, the multivariable HR of hemorrhagic stroke mortality for the irregular supper group was 1.44 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05–1.97). There was no significant association between supper timing and the risk of mortality from other types of stroke, CHD, and CVD. We found that adopting an irregular supper timing compared with having dinner before 8:00 p.m. was associated with an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke mortality.

Abstract 16961: Time-dependent Markers of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Severity and Change are Associated With Increased Risk of Mortality in the General Heart Failure Population: A National Study of 50,114 Patients From the United Kingdom

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 132 (suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire A Rushton ◽  
Lucy Riley ◽  
Duwarakan K Satchithananda ◽  
Peter W Jones ◽  
Umesh T Kadam
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Forced Expiration ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Gold Stage ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Increased Risk

Purpose: Heart failure (HF) carries poor prognosis which changes over time. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is common in HF and increases risk of mortality but how COPD severity and change influences HF prognosis is unknown. We hypothesised that in the HF general population, comorbidity stratification by increasing severity and longitudinal change would be associated with increased mortality. Methods: We used a case-control study nested within the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink database (12-year time-period to 2014), of newly diagnosed HF patients aged over 40 years. Using risk set sampling, four controls were matched to cases on calendar and follow-up time. Routinely collected clinical measures of severity and change for COPD were (i) forced expiration volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ) stages, defined by Global Initiatives for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines and (ii) prescribed medications in two time-windows covering 1-year prior to the match date. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate risk ratios (RR) for all-cause mortality adjusted for known confounders. Results: Of the 50,114 HF sample, 5,848 (11.7%) had COPD and of these 62% died during follow-up compared to 52% of patients without COPD. COPD comorbidity risk associated with mortality stratified by GOLD stages was as follows: stage 1; adjusted RR 1.73 (95% CI 1.50-1.99) to stage 4; 3.14 (2.65, 3.73). Estimates for COPD FEV 1 change compared to no COPD were: GOLD stage same or better; 2.15 (1.97, 2.34) and GOLD stage worse; 2.70 (2.30, 3.17). The mortality estimates for medications severity were: inhalers only 1.13 (1.07,1.19), oral steroids; 1.83 (1.69,1.97) and oxygen; 2.94 (2.47, 3.51). The estimates for medications change were: no new steroids or oxygen; 1.22, (1.16, 1.28), new steroids but not oxygen; 1.84, (1.67,1.28) and new on oxygen; 3.41, (2.71,4.29). Conclusions: COPD is an important and common comorbidity in HF. Our results show that worse COPD severity and recent change based on routinely collected clinical data was associated with increased mortality and provides key prognostic information for clinical assessment in practice.

Abstract 2099: Pretransplant Toxoplasma Gondii Seropositivity Amongst Heart Transplant Recipients Is Associated With An Increased Risk Of All-cause And Cardiac Mortality

Circulation ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 116 (suppl_16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Satish Arora ◽  
Pål Jenum ◽  
Pål Aukrust ◽  
Halvor Rollag ◽  
Arne Andreassen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Heart Transplant ◽  
Acute Cellular Rejection ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Regulatory Changes ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Cellular Rejection

Chronic Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii ) infection is known to trigger potentially adverse immuno-regulatory changes, but the long-term implication for heart transplant (HTx) recipients has not been assessed previously. Hence, we evaluated the risk of mortality, development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) and acute cellular rejection amongst T. gondii seropositive HTx recipients and the four donor/recipient seropairing groups. Methods: Frozen pre-HTx serum samples of 288 recipients and 246 donors were evaluated for T. gondii serostatus using Platelia IgG immunoassay method. All patients had also undergone prospective serostatus evaluation using alternative assays and results determined by the two methods were compared. Follow-up data regarding mortality, CAV development and acute cellular rejection was available for all patients. Results: Overall, 211 (73%) recipients were seronegative and 77 (27%) were seropositive. In total, 82 recipients died, 76 developed CAV and 82 had significant cellular rejection. Recipient seropositivity was associated with a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1–3.4; p= 0.02) and CAV mortality (HR=4.4; 95% CI, 1.3–15.6, p=0.02), but was not associated with earlier CAV development or higher rejection score. Donor/recipient seropairing status was not a risk factor for any endpoint. Conclusions: T. gondii seropositivity amongst HTx recipients is associated with a significantly increased risk of long-term total, and in particular CAV-related, mortality. This may be mediated via immunoregulatory changes triggered by chronic T. gondii infection and needs to be explored further.

Magnitude of bacteraemia is a predictor of mortality during 1 year of follow-up

2008 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. O. GRADEL ◽  
M. SØGAARD ◽  
C. DETHLEFSEN ◽  
H. NIELSEN ◽  
H. C. SCHØNHEYDER
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Patients ◽  
Adjusted Risk ◽  
High Magnitude ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Cox's Regression ◽  
First Time ◽  
Long Term Mortality

SUMMARYWe evaluated magnitude of bacteraemia as a predictor of mortality, comprising all adult patients with a first-time mono-microbial bacteraemia. The number of positive bottles [1 (reference), 2, or 3] in the first positive blood culture (BC) was an index of magnitude of bacteraemia. We used Cox's regression analysis to determine age and comorbidity adjusted risk of mortality at days 0–7, 8–30, and 31–365. Of 6406 patients, 31·1% had BC index 1 (BCI 1), 18·3% BCI 2, and 50·6% BCI 3. BCI 3 patients had increased risk of mortality for days 0–7 (1·30, 95% CI 1·10–1·55) and days 8–30 (1·37, 95% CI 1·12–1·68), but not thereafter. However, in surgical patients mortality increased only beyond day 7 (8–30 days: 2·04, 95% CI 1·25–3·33; 31–365 days: 1·27, 95% CI 0·98–1·65). Thus, high magnitude of bacteraemia predicted mortality during the first month with a shift towards long-term mortality in surgical patients.

Are Maternal Genitourinary Infection and Pre-Eclampsia Associated With ADHD in School-Aged Children?

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 667-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua R. Mann ◽  
Suzanne McDermott
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Billing Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Nongonococcal Urethritis ◽  
Genitourinary Infection ◽  
Made In

Objective: To investigate the hypothesis that maternal genitourinary infection (GU) infection is associated with increased risk of ADHD. Method: The authors obtained linked Medicaid billing data for pregnant women and their children in South Carolina, with births from 1996 through 2002 and follow-up data through 2008. Maternal GU infections and pre-eclampsia were identified on the basis of diagnoses made during pregnancy, and cases of ADHD were identified on the basis of diagnoses made in the child’s Medicaid file. Results: There were 84,721 children in the data set used for analyses. Maternal genitourinary infection was associated with significantly increased odds of ADHD (OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.23-1.35). Pre-eclampsia was also associated with increased risk (OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.07-1.32). Children whose mothers had both GU infection and pre-eclampsia were 53% more likely to have ADHD, compared to those with neither exposure. When we examined specific infection diagnoses, chlamydia/nongonococcal urethritis, trichomoniasis, urinary tract infection, and candidiasis were associated with increased risk of ADHD, whereas gonorrhea was not. Discussion: Maternal GU infection appeared to be associated with increased risk of ADHD, and based on the findings it was concluded that further research is needed to describe the mechanism(s) underlying the association.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular and all-cause mortality attributable to loneliness in older Swedish men and women.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masuma Novak ◽  
Margda waern ◽  
Lena Johansson ◽  
Anna Zettergren ◽  
Lina Ryden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Mortality ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Adjusted Model

Abstract Background. This study examined whether loneliness predicts cardiovascular- and all-cause mortality in older men and women. Methods. Baseline data from the Gothenburg H70 Birth Cohort Studies, collected during 2000 on 70-year-olds born 1930 and living in Gothenburg were used for analysis (n=524). Mortality data were analyzed until 2012 through Swedish national registers. Results. Perceived loneliness was reported by 17.1% of the men and 30.9% of the women in a face-to-face interview with mental health professional. A total of 142 participants died during the 12-year follow-up period, with 5 334 person-years at risk, corresponding to 26.6 deaths/1000 person-years. Cardiovascular disease accounted for 59.2% of all deaths. The cumulative rates/1000 person-years for cardiovascular mortality were 20.8 (men) and 11.5 (women), and for all-cause mortality 33.8 (men) and 20.5 (women), respectively. In Cox regression models, no significant increased risk of mortality was seen for men with loneliness compared to men without loneliness (cardiovascular mortality HR 1.52, 95% CI 0.78 - 2.96; all-cause HR 1.32, 95% CI 0.77 - 2.28). Increased risk of cardiovascular mortality was observed in women with loneliness compared to those without (HR 2.25 95% CI 1.14 - 4.45), and the risk remained significant in a multivariable-adjusted model (HR 2.42 95% CI 1.04 - 5.65). Conclusions. Loneliness was shown to be an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in women. We found no evidence to indicate that loneliness was associated with an increased risk of either cardiovascular- or all-cause mortality in men.

scholarly journals Safety and preliminary efficacy of the Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Russian patients with genitourinary malignancies

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilya Tsimafeyeu ◽  
Maria Volkova ◽  
Galina Alekseeva ◽  
Maria Berkut ◽  
Alexander Nosov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Injection Site Reactions ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Common Grade ◽  
Anonymized Data ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
Pcr Test

Abstract Background To our knowledge, there is no clinical data pertaining to COVID-19 outcomes and safety of COVID-19 vaccination in Russian patients with genitourinary (GU) malignancies. Aim of our analysis was to describe the characteristics of the COVID-19 infection course as well as preliminary safety and efficacy of Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine in patients with active GU malignancies. Methods Patients were retrospectively identified at nine cancer centers in different regions. Patients were included if COVID-19 was diagnosed by a polymerase chain reaction. Data from additional patients with GU cancers who had no positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test before vaccination and who received two doses of Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V) between 11 February and 31 August 2021 were collected for safety assessment. Anonymized data were collected through an online registry covering demographics, treatments, and outcomes. Results The Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine was well tolerated; no grade 3–5 toxicities were reported in 112 vaccinated metastatic GU cancer patients. The most common grade 1 adverse events (81%) were injection site reactions (76%), flu-like illness (68%), and asthenia (49%). Five patients experienced grade 2 chills (4.5%) and 3 patients had grade 2 fever (2.7%). With median follow-up of 6.2 months, two COVID-19 cases were confirmed by RT-PCR test in the vaccine group (of 112 participants; 1.8%). Eighty-eight patients with COVID-19 disease were included in the analysis. The average age as of the study enrollment was 66 (range 39–81) and the majority of patients were male with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Thirty-six patients (41%) had evidence of metastatic disease, of these 22 patients were receiving systemic therapy. More than half of patients required hospitalization. Fifty-four patients (61%) experienced complications. Sixteen patients who developed COVID-19 pneumonia required mechanical ventilator support. Sixteen patients (18%) died in a median of 23.5 days after the date of COVID-19 diagnosis was established. The 3-month survival rate was 82%. Clinical and/or radiographic progression of cancer during COVID-19 infection or the subsequent 3 months was observed in 10 patients (11.4%). Conclusion Patients with GU malignancies are at increased risk of mortality from COVID-19 infection when compared to the general population. Vaccination could be safe in GU cancer patients. Trial registration: retrospectively registered.

scholarly journals Thrombosis and Risk of Mortality in Newly Diagnosed High-Risk Polycythemia Vera: An Analysis of the Medicare Claims Database in the United States

Blood ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 136 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 9-10
Author(s):  
Naveen Pemmaraju ◽  
Aaron T. Gerds ◽  
Shreekant Parasuraman ◽  
Jingbo Yu ◽  
Anne Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Median Time ◽  
Research Funding ◽  
Index Date ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Publicly Traded ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of

Background Polycythemia vera (PV) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) associated with an increased risk of thrombotic events (TEs), a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Patients aged ≥60 years and/or with a history of thrombosis are considered to have high-risk PV. There is limited contemporary, real-world evidence exploring the effect of TEs on mortality in patients with PV. The aim of this analysis was to compare the risk of mortality in patients newly diagnosed with high-risk PV who experienced a TE vs those who did not experience a TE. Study Design and Methods All data from the Medicare Fee-for-Service (FFS) claims database (Parts A/B/D) from January 2010-December 2017 were used to identify patients with a PV diagnosis (all high risk based on cohort being ≥65 years of age) with ≥1 inpatient or ≥2 outpatient claims. The index date was the date of the first qualifying PV claim. Patients with a PV diagnosis or use of cytoreductive therapy within 12 months before the index date (pre-index period) were excluded; ≥12-months continuous medical and pharmacy enrollment pre-index dates was required. The study sample was categorized into TE and non-TE groups based on the occurrence of any of the following events during follow-up: deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, ischemic stroke, acute myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, peripheral arterial thrombosis, or superficial thrombophlebitis. TEs were evaluated from the index date to the end of follow-up. Cox regression analyses with time-varying effects were used to assess mortality risk among patients with PV, with post-index TE as a time-dependent variable, stratified by pre-index TE, and adjusting for patient demographic characteristics and comorbid conditions. Results A total of 56,176 Medicare FFS beneficiaries with PV diagnoses met inclusion criteria. The median age was 73 years, 51.9% were men, and 90.7% were white; 10,110 patients (18.0%) had a history of TE before diagnosis (ie, pre-index). In the follow-up period, 20,105 patients (35.8%) had a TE and 36,071 patients (64.2%) did not have a TE. In the comparison between the TE vs non-TE groups, the median (range) age (75.0 [65-104] vs 73.0 [65-106] years, respectively), mean (SD) Charlson comorbidity index score (3.1 [2.6] vs 2.2 [2.3]), and percentage of patients with a history of cardiovascular events (34.1% vs 23.8%), bleeding (13.3% vs 10.4%), or anemia (28.6% vs 23.4%) were higher (Table 1). Among all patients with PV, the median time from diagnosis to first post-index TE was 7.5 months. Among those with pre-index TE (n=10,093), median time from index to first post-index TE was 0.6 months, whereas patients without pre-index TE (n=46,083) had a median time to first post-index TE of 14.2 months. Among all patients with TE during follow-up, the most common TEs were ischemic stroke (47.5%), transient ischemic attack (30.9%), and acute myocardial infarction (30.5%). The risk of mortality was increased for patients who experienced a TE compared with those who did not (hazard ratio [HR; 95% CI], 9.3 [8.4-10.2]; P<0.0001). For patients who experienced a pre-index TE, the risk of mortality was increased for patients who experienced a subsequent TE during follow-up compared with patients who did not (HR [95% CI], 6.7 [5.8-7.8]; P<0.0001). Likewise, for patients who did not experience a pre-index TE, the risk of mortality was increased for patients who experienced a TE during follow-up compared with patients who did not (HR [95% CI], 13.1 [11.4-15.0]; P<0.0001). Conclusions In this real-world study, approximately one-third of patients with newly diagnosed high-risk PV experienced a TE during follow-up and had a 9-fold increased risk of mortality vs those who did not experience a TE. TE risk mitigation remains an important management goal in patients with PV, particularly in those with prior TE. Disclosures Pemmaraju: Samus Therapeutics: Research Funding; Celgene: Honoraria; SagerStrong Foundation: Other: Grant Support; Affymetrix: Other: Grant Support, Research Funding; MustangBio: Honoraria; Blueprint Medicines: Honoraria; LFB Biotechnologies: Honoraria; Plexxikon: Research Funding; Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; AbbVie: Honoraria, Research Funding; Stemline Therapeutics: Honoraria, Research Funding; Pacylex Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Daiichi Sankyo: Research Funding; Incyte Corporation: Honoraria; Roche Diagnostics: Honoraria; Cellectis: Research Funding; DAVA Oncology: Honoraria. Gerds:Sierra Oncology: Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding; Gilead Sciences: Research Funding; Imago Biosciences: Research Funding; Pfizer: Research Funding; CTI Biopharma: Consultancy, Research Funding; Roche/Genentech: Research Funding; Apexx Oncology: Consultancy; AstraZeneca/MedImmune: Consultancy; Incyte Corporation: Consultancy, Research Funding. Parasuraman:Incyte Corporation: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Yu:Incyte Corporation: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Shah:Avalere Health: Current Employment. Xi:Incyte Corporation: Other: Avalere Health is a paid consultant of Incyte Corporation; Avalere Health: Current Employment. Kumar:Avalere Health: Current Employment; Incyte Corporation: Other: Avalere Health is a paid consultant of Incyte Corporation. Scherber:Incyte Corporation: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Verstovsek:Gilead: Research Funding; Incyte Corporation: Consultancy, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding; CTI Biopharma Corp: Research Funding; Promedior: Research Funding; Roche: Research Funding; AstraZeneca: Research Funding; Blueprint Medicines Corp: Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding; Sierra Oncology: Consultancy, Research Funding; Protagonist Therapeutics: Research Funding; ItalPharma: Research Funding; PharmaEssentia: Research Funding; NS Pharma: Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding.

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