scholarly journals 0230 Sleep and Interrogation: Does Losing Sleep Impact Criminal History Disclosure?

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A89-A89
Author(s):  
Z Krizan ◽  
A Miller ◽  
C Meissner
Keyword(s):  
Information Disclosure ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Criminal History ◽  
Investigative Interviews ◽  
Illegal Behavior ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
Illegal Acts ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction Despite centuries of using sleep deprivation during interrogation, there is virtually no scientific evidence on how sleep shapes behavior in interrogation settings. Moreover, investigative interviews are often conducted at night, or with fatigued subjects. To evaluate the impact of sleeplessness on subjects’ behavior during investigative interviews, an experimental study examined the impact of moderate sleep restriction on information disclosure and behavioral reactions during interviews about past illegal acts. Methods Healthy participants (N=120) were recruited from the university community and randomly assigned to either maintain or curb their sleep (up to 4 hours a night) across two days. Back in the laboratory individuals privately indicated whether they committed various illegal acts. Participants were interviewed while video-recorded about the most severe act they acknowledged. After the initial disclosure, participants listened to a ‘model’ statement, an unrelated example of a person’s detailed event account designed to encourage additional disclosure, after which they again provided information about their offense. Key variables were the severity of the illegal behavior reported and the amount of information provided before and after the model statement (blindly coded from transcripts for quantity and quality). Results Sleep-restricted participants slept on average 4.5 hours less (confirmed via actigraphy), reported no differences in perceived treatment by the interviewer, and tended to report less severe offenses. Critically, sleep-restricted participants provided almost 20% less information during their initial disclosure (d = .53, p =.01). After the model statement, however, disclosure was generally higher and similar across conditions (d = .15, p = .35). Sleep-restricted individuals also reported less overall motivation to recall information (d=.27, p = .01). Conclusion Results suggest that even moderate sleep loss can inhibit criminal disclosure during interviews, and that reduced motivation could play a role. Also, the use of the model statement could compensate for this effect. Support N/A

scholarly journals Sleep and Interrogation: Does Losing Sleep Impact Criminal History Disclosure?

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zlatan Krizan ◽  
Anthony J Miller ◽  
Christian A Meissner
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Criminal History ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Investigative Interviews ◽  
Illegal Behavior ◽  
Illegal Acts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Healthy Participants

Abstract Study Objectives Despite centuries of using sleep deprivation to interrogate, there is virtually no scientific evidence on how sleep shapes behavior within interrogation settings. To evaluate the impact of sleeplessness on subjects’ behavior during investigative interviews, an experimental study examined the impact of sleep restriction on disclosure of past illegal behavior. Methods Healthy participants from a university community (N=143) either maintained or curbed their sleep (up to 4 hours a night) across two days with sleep monitored via actigraphy. They were then asked to disclose past illegal acts and interviewed about them. Next, they were re-interviewed following an example of a detailed memory account (model statement). Disclosures were blindly coded for quantity and quality by two independent raters. Results Sleep-restricted individuals reported similar offenses, but less information during their disclosure with slightly less precision. Model statement increased disclosure but did not reduce the inhibiting impact of sleep loss. Mediation analysis confirmed the causal role of sleep as responsible for experimental differences in amount of information, and subjects’ reports suggested impaired motivation to recall information played a role. Conclusions The findings suggest that even moderate sleep loss can inhibit criminal disclosure during interviews, point to motivational factors as responsible, and suggest investigators should be cautious when interrogating sleepy subjects.

Impact of a course in evidence-informed policy-making on the acquisition of methodological knowledge: Findings from before-and-after studies conducted on three consecutive cohorts of master students

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-311
Author(s):  
Luc Lapointe
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
Master's Students ◽  
Simple Task ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

The practice of evidence-informed policy-making (EIPM) consists of systematically searching, analyzing, synthesizing and disseminating the best available research evidence to inform decision-makers about policy problems, policy tools, implementation options, and/or policy evaluation results. Identifying the best available scientific evidence is not a simple task. The vast majority of research evidence contains risks of bias that hinder the reliability of their conclusions. In order to select the soundest available research evidence, policy analysts need to know how to critically appraise research evidence and identify different risks of bias. Formal theories on expertise acquisition in public bureaucracies suggest that these skills and knowledge should be acquired within academia rather than within governmental agencies. We thus created a 45-hour course in EIPM, POL-7061, that was first offered in 2012 to students enrolled in the Master’s Program in Public Affairs at Université Laval (Québec, Canada). The course mainly teaches techniques for searching and appraising different types of empirical studies. In 2013, we conducted a before-and-after study to assess the impact of the course on the methodological knowledge of the students. We repeated the exercise on two consecutive cohorts in 2014 and 2015. Mean percent of pre-post improvement on the knowledge test was 37% for the 2013 cohort, 51% for the 2014 cohort and 31% for the cohort of 2015. Teaching techniques in EIPM to Master’s students in public affairs is thus feasible and can have a positive impact on their basic methodological knowledge.

Automated Dispensing Cabinet Functionality Expansion to Reduce Controlled Substance Inventory Discrepancies

2021 ◽  
pp. 001857872110613
Author(s):  
James A. M. Rhodes ◽  
Bryan C. McCarthy ◽  
Anthony C. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Medication Use ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Unit Dose ◽  
Controlled Substance ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dispensing Error ◽  
Dispensing Errors

Background: Automated dispensing cabinets have the potential to create technology-induced errors that can arise during controlled substance medication dispensing. Despite enhancements made to the medication use process, the impact of ADC functionality on technology-induced controlled substance discrepancies have yet to be described. Objective: To evaluate the impact of ADC functionality expansion on technology-induced errors such as controlled substance discrepancies created during “blind inventory counts” and cassette dispensing errors. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted over 18 months that evaluated the expanded use of dispensing cassettes within 8 ADCs at the University of Chicago Medicine. Unit-dose controlled substances with high usage were directed for inventory reassignment to cassettes. Controlled substance dispenses, blind inventory counts discrepancies and cassette dispensing errors were evaluated before and after cassette expansion. ADC discrepancy and Cassette Dispensing Error rates were calculated using 1-week segments across the study period. Results: Of the 64 040 dispenses during the study period, the proportion of cassette dispenses increased from 16% to 72% after cassette expansion. Controlled substance discrepancies decreased from 11 to 7 discrepancies for every 1000 dispenses ( P < .0001). After cassette expansion, cassette dispensing errors increased to roughly 28 errors for every 1000 dispenses ( P < .0001). Conclusion: Expansion of ADC functionality created opportunities for reduced technology-induced controlled substance discrepancy rates at the expense of increased cassette dispensing errors.

Investigating the effects of COVID-19 to crime rates through a geospatial approach: the case of New York, USA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioanna Tselka ◽  
Isidora Isis Demertzi ◽  
George P. Petropoulos
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Web Gis ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

&lt;p&gt;Covid-19 pandemic has led to severe consequences to humanity worldwide. Yet, to our knowledge, little scientific evidence is available exploring the impact of the pandemic on criminality. Thus, it is imperative to examine their relationships spatially to obtain a better understanding of societal characteristics during the pandemic.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This study aims at demonstrating the use of geoinformation in analyzing the spatial patterns between crime properties and Covid-19 spread using as a case study New York City, USA, one of the largest metropolitan cities of the world. To address our objectives, geostatistical analysis and data visualization methods have been implemented in real-world crime data acquired from a web-GIS platform. Our analysis concerns two equal time periods before and after the lockdown implementation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Results revealed some very interesting patterns spatially between the examined parameters and societal characteristics existing in the study region. The methodological framework presented underlined the added value of geoinformation as a robust and cost-effective approach in examining the impact of the pandemic to the society.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keywords:&lt;/strong&gt; Covid-19, pandemic, crime rates, geoinformation, New York&lt;/p&gt;

Impact of Alcohol-Based, Waterless Hand Antiseptic on the Incidence of Infection and Colonization With Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 1018-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwan Kew Lai ◽  
Sally Fontecchio ◽  
Zita Melvin ◽  
Stephen P. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mrsa Colonization

Objective:Colonized and infected inpatients are major reservoirs for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and transient carriage of these pathogens on the hands of healthcare workers remains the most common mechanism of patient-to-patient transmission. We hypothesized that use of alcohol-based, waterless hand antiseptic would lower the incidence of colonization and/or infection with MRSA and VRE.Methods.On June 19, 2001, alcohol hand antiseptic was introduced at the University campus and not the nearby Memorial campus of the University of Massachusetts Medical School (Worcester, MA), allowing us to evaluate the impact of this antiseptic on the incidence of MRSA and VRE colonization and infection. From January 1 through December 31, 2001, the incidence of MRSA colonization or infection was compared between the 2 campuses before and after the hand antiseptic was introduced. Its effect on VRE colonization and infection was only studied in the medical intensive care unit at the University campus.Results.At the University campus, the incidence of MRSA colonization or infection decreased from 1.26 cases/1,000 patient-days before the intervention to 0.75 cases/1,000 patient-days after the intervention, for a 1.46-fold decrease (95% confidence interval, 1.04-2.58; P = .037). At the Memorial campus, the incidence of MRSA colonization or infection remained virtually unchanged, from 0.34 cases/1,000 patient-days to 0.49 cases/1,000 patient-days during the same period. However, a separate analysis of the University campus data that controlled for proximity to prevalent cases did not show a significant improvement in the rates of infection or colonization. The incidence of nosocomial VRE colonization or infection before and after the hand antiseptic decreased from 12.0 cases/1,000 patient-days to 3.0 cases/1,000 patient-days, a 2.25-fold decrease (P = .018). Compliance with rectal surveillance for detection of VRE was 86% before and 84% after implementation of the hand antiseptic intervention. The prevalences of VRE cases during these 2 periods were 25% and 29%, respectively (P = .017).Conclusions.Alcohol hand antiseptic appears to be effective in controlling the transmission of VRE. However, after controlling for proximity to prevalent cases (ie, for clustering), it does not appear to be more effective than standard methods for controlling MRSA. Further controlled studies are needed to evaluate its effectiveness.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Entrepreneurship Promotion Programs and the Social Networks on the Sustainability Entrepreneurial Motivation of Engineering Students

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 4935
Author(s):  
Catalina Rus-Casas ◽  
Dolores Eliche-Quesada ◽  
Juan D. Aguilar-Peña ◽  
Gabino Jiménez-Castillo ◽  
M. Dolores La Rubia
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Academic Courses ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

This paper presents the results of three academic courses in which Entrepreneurship Promotion Programs (EPP) have been developed for engineering students at the University of Jaén. This study describes the activities and how they have been promoted using the social networks Facebook and Twitter. Grytics for Analytics software was used for monitoring Facebook activity. The use of these tools has also allowed the collaborative development of the Engineering degree competencies related to sustainability and entrepreneurship through the Materials Science disciplines. The study is based on questionnaires before and after the EPP which involved a sample of 459 engineering students. The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin test, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and Pearson’s correlation were used. The questionnaires show which factors have the strongest influence on the intention to undertake entrepreneurial activity. Motivation (MO), personal requirements (PR), perception of the environment (PE) and the background requirements (BR) were the factors considered. The statistical study shows that PE and PR have a strong influence on MO. Finally, through the study before and after the EPP, the success of the activities and the use of social networks have been demonstrated. The results indicate that the activities of the EPP influence the perception of the environment and the motivation of the engineering students. However, the personal requirements are not affected by the activities.

scholarly journals Morbilidade Neonatal na Diabetes Gestacional: Coincidência ou Consequência do Consenso de 2011

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 589
Author(s):  
Gabriela Mimoso ◽  
Guiomar Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Neonatal Morbidity ◽  
Diabetes Diagnosis ◽  
Perinatal Complications ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
New Guidelines ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Gestational diabetes is one of the diseases associated with pregnancy with higher rate of complications. Despite being a transitory condition, short and long term complications related to gestational diabetes have been described. There is scientific evidence to say that good metabolic control decreases perinatal complications. In 2011, new criteria was proposed for its diagnosis, which made possible its diagnosis during the 1st trimester of pregnancy. The aim of this study is to compare neonatal morbidity in two groups of women with gestational diabetes diagnosis before and after the latest Portuguese guidelines for diabetes and pregnancy were published (February 2011).Material and Methods: We included all newborns born in Maternidade Bissaya Barreto whose mother, followed at our maternity between 2008 and 2013, had unifetal pregnancy complicated by diabetes. We used a perinatal database and analysed the impact of the new guidelines in perinatal morbidity over two periods of three years.Results: There were 774 women who met the inclusion criteria. We found that gestational diabetes was diagnosed earlier, insulin therapy was more frequent. Neonatal morbidity was increased, and there were more cases of neonatal hypoglycemia and congenital anomalies, and newborns became smaller for gestational age.Discussion: The increase in neonatal morbidity was associated with early diagnosis and rigorous metabolic control.Conclusion: To analyse national data will be fundamental to understand this unexpected increase in morbidity.

scholarly journals Specific Proposals for Innovation Teaching and Its Impact on Future Challenges for Basic Level Pupils

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Yassir M Mahgoub
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
The University ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Basic Level ◽  
Experimental Group

<p>This paper primarily aims at exploring the impact of innovation teaching on future challenges for basic level pupils.<br />The descriptive analytical and experimental methods are used in this research. The researcher can put specific proposals for innovation teaching for basic level pupils.<br />The study sample consists of pupils totaling (20) pupils of the basic schools of the University of Khartoum - Republic of the Sudan.<br />Innovation and creativity are part of the essential skills that enable students to meet with future challenges, can implement a number of tips and techniques that can help students to think creatively and find solutions for future problems.<br />The results showed there are significant differences between the experimental group and control group before and after the test, which confirms that students of the basic schools will be more interested in the future challenges as measured by a survey given before and after the program.<br />The researcher recommended the Ministry of Education should develop a plan focusing on the development of the children creative abilities of the basic level pupils, because student at this level tends to invent things or find solutions.</p>

scholarly journals The effects of the personality traits and positive and negative feedback on the perceived self-efficacy

Psihologija ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Snezana Smederevac-Stokic
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
The Self ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Novi Sad ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

The main purpose of this study was to determine the relation between the self-efficacy, feedback and personality traits. The participants were 114 psychology students attending their first and third year from the University of Novi Sad. In the first part of the research, all subjects completed The NEO-PI-R (Costa and McCrae, 1992.). In the second phase the subjects were asked to create a short measurement scale. Before and after this task, as well as after the given feedback, the students completed The Self-efficacy Questionnaire (Terry, 1995). The feedback was the criterion to divide subjects into three groups: the first group received the positive, the second negative, and third group received no feedback. Criteria variables in the MANCOVA (repeated measures) were the estimated success, difficulty and ability to perform the task in the three stages of measurement. Predictor variables were the type of the feedback and the personality traits, as covariates. The results suggest that before feedback, the impact of traits on the self-efficacy was significant. But after received feedback, self-efficacy was related to the type of received feedback only. These results showed that self-efficacy was significantly influenced both by personality traits and feedback context.

scholarly journals Impact of an undergraduate course on medical students’ self-perceived nutrition intake and self-efficacy to improve their health behaviours and counselling practices

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Crowley ◽  
Lauren Ball ◽  
Michael Leveritt ◽  
Bruce Arroll ◽  
Dug Yeo Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Lifestyle Behaviour ◽  
Medical Undergraduate ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Nutrition Intake ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

INTRODUCTION: Doctors are increasingly involved in the management of chronic disease and counsel patients about their lifestyle behaviours, including nutrition, to improve their health outcomes. AIM: This study aimed to assess the impact of a medical undergraduate course containing nutrition content on medical students’ self-perceived nutrition intake and self-efficacy to improve their health behaviours and counselling practices. METHODS: A total of 239 medical students enrolled in a 12-week nutrition-related course at The University of Auckland were invited to complete an anonymous questionnaire before and after the course. The questionnaire was adapted from a previous evaluation of a preventive medicine and nutrition course at Harvard Medical School. RESULTS: Sixty-one medical students completed both pre- and post-course questionnaires (25.5%). At baseline, medical students described their eating habits to be more healthy than non-medical students (p=0.0261). Post-course, medical students reported a higher frequency of wholegrain food intake (p=0.0229). Medical students also reported being less comfortable making nutrition recommendations to family and friends post-course (p=0.008). Most medical students (63.9%) perceived increased awareness of their own dietary choices, and some (15.3%) reported an increased likelihood to counsel patients on lifestyle behaviour post-course. DISCUSSION: Students can increase awareness of their own nutrition behaviour after undertaking a course that includes nutrition in the initial phase of their medical degree. Further investigation of how medical students’ confidence to provide nutrition advice evolves throughout their training and in future practice is required. KEYWORDS: Exercise; health behavior; medical education; nutritional sciences

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