scholarly journals 0359 The Moderating Role of Race in the Association of Adolescent Sleep Duration and Marijuana Use

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A137-A137
Author(s):  
J C Levenson ◽  
B Atuahene ◽  
T Bear ◽  
K Hacker ◽  
E Ricci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
African American Youth ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
White Youth ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Insufficient Sleep ◽  
Black African ◽  
Adolescent Sleep

Abstract Introduction Insufficient sleep and marijuana use during adolescence vary by race and are associated with poor outcomes in various domains. Sleep difficulties predict drug-related problems, but not all adolescents with insufficient sleep go on to use substances. We examined whether race/ethnicity moderates the association of sleep duration and marijuana use among Black/African-American and White adolescents using a countywide probability-based survey of adolescents. Methods Using cross-sectional data (n=1447), logistic regression examined whether race moderated the association of adolescent sleep duration and recent marijuana use alone and after controlling for covariates in both weighted and unweighted models. Results Hours of sleep was significantly negatively associated with recent marijuana use. Black/African-American youth in our sample had up to a 60% increased odds of marijuana use in the past 30 days compared to White youth, and they reported significantly shorter sleep duration than their White peers. In weighted models, Black/African-American youth had an increased probability of marijuana use with fewer hours of sleep as compared to White youth, even after accounting for covariates. Conclusion In our countywide survey of adolescents, we found racial differences in the association of sleep duration and marijuana use. Future work should replicate our analyses with a longitudinal sample of adolescents to better evaluate the direction of these effects. Future efforts should also focus on identifying contextual factors that may explain racial differences in the sleep duration—substance use relationship, as well as developing strategies to reduce disparities in this relationship. Support The Heinz Foundation, the Hillman Foundation, the Grable Foundation, and the FISA Foundation. Dr. Levenson’s effort was supported by NICHD.

Youth Perceptions of Law Enforcement and Worry About Crime from 1976 to 2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 564-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam D. Fine ◽  
Sachiko Donley ◽  
Caitlin Cavanagh ◽  
Elizabeth Cauffman
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
African American Youth ◽  
Youth Of Color ◽  
White Youth ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Black African ◽  
American Law ◽  
Youth Perceptions ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Recent unjust interactions between law enforcement and youth of color may have provoked a “crisis” in American law enforcement. Utilizing Monitoring the Future’s data on distinct, cross-sectional cohorts of 12th graders from each year spanning 1976–2016, we examined whether youth perceptions of law enforcement have changed. We also traced youth worry about crime considering declining perceptions of law enforcement may correspond with increasing worry about crime. Across decades, White youth consistently perceived law enforcement the most positively and worried least about crime, followed by Hispanic/Latinx then Black/African American youth. During the 1990s, among all youth, perceptions of law enforcement declined while worry about crime increased. However, recently, such trends were limited to White youth; among youth of color, perceptions of law enforcement declined while worry about crime remained largely stable. Problematically, youth perceptions of law enforcement recently reached a decades-long low and racial/ethnic gaps in perceptions appear to be growing.

scholarly journals The effect of COVID-19 school closures on adolescent sleep duration: an uncontrolled before-after study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiguo Lian ◽  
Xiayun Zuo ◽  
Xiangyang Zhong ◽  
Xiaowen Tu ◽  
Jiashuai Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
After School ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Insufficient Sleep ◽  
Electronic Survey ◽  
Adolescent Students ◽  
Adolescent Sleep ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic affected almost 1.6 billion students or more than 90% of learners globally. However, the effect of school closures during COVID-19 pandemic on adolescent sleep duration remains unclear. Methods We undertook a cross-sectional electronic survey in six junior and senior high schools in Shanghai, China from late June to early July 2020. We evaluated the changes of sleep duration on weekdays by comparing sleep duration hours and insufficient sleep (< 9 h for children aged 6–13 years or < 8 h for teenagers aged 14–17 years) in COVID-19 school closures and after school reopening. We also investigated possible sex differences in the changes of sleep duration. Results A total of 3265 students completed the survey, the mean age was 14.56 ± 1.99 years, 1567 (47.99%) were girls and 1344 (41.17%) were in grades 10–12. The overall sleep duration decreased from 8.88 h in school closures to 7.77 h after school reopening, and the change (difference: − 1.11 h; 95%CI: − 1.16, − 1.07; P < 0.001) was statistically significant. The prevalence of insufficient sleep increased sharply from 21.10 to 63.98%, and the change (ratio:3.03; 95%CI:2.84, 3.23; P < 0.001) was statistically significant. Besides, the changes were greater in girls than in boys. Conclusion Results of this study revealed that sleep duration was longer and percentage of sufficient sleep was higher during COVID-19 school closures in adolescent students.

scholarly journals Teacher Discrimination Reduces School Performance of African American Youth: Role of Gender

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari ◽  
Cleopatra Howard Caldwell
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
School Performance ◽  
African American Youth ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Grade Point ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females

Background: Gender may alter African Americans’ vulnerability to discrimination. The type of outcomes that follow exposure to discrimination may also be gender-specific. Although teacher discrimination is known to deteriorate school performance, it is yet unknown whether male and female African American youth differ in the effect of teacher discrimination on school performance. Objective: This cross-sectional study explored the moderating role of gender on the effect of teacher discrimination on school performance in a national sample of African American youth. Methods: The National Survey of American Life-Adolescent Supplement (NSAL-A) enrolled a nationally representative sample (n = 810) of 13–17-year-old African American youth. Demographic factors, socioeconomic status, teacher discrimination, and school performance (grade point average, GPA) were measured. Linear multivariable regression models were applied for data analysis. Results: Males and females reported similar levels of perceived teacher discrimination. In the pooled sample, higher teacher discrimination was associated with lower school performance among African American youth (b = −0.35; 95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.49 to −0.22). Gender interacted with perceived teacher discrimination (b = 12; 95% CI = 0.24–2.02), suggesting a significant difference between males and females in the magnitude of the association between perceived teacher discrimination and GPA. In stratified models, perceived teacher discrimination was associated with worse school performance of females (b = −12; 95% CI = −0.03 to −2.78) but not males (b = 0.01; 95% CI = −0.07 to 0.08). Conclusion: In line with previous studies, gender was found to alter the vulnerability of African American youth to perceived discrimination. African American boys and girls may differ in their sensitivity to the effects of teacher discrimination on school performance.

scholarly journals Racial differences in trajectories of heavy drinking and regular marijuana use from ages 13 to 24 among African-American and White males

2012 ◽  
Vol 121 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 118-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea K. Finlay ◽  
Helene R. White ◽  
Eun-Young Mun ◽  
Courtney C. Cronley ◽  
Chioun Lee
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Heavy Drinking ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
White Males

scholarly journals Linking Sleep to Hypertension: Greater Risk for Blacks

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Pandey ◽  
N. Williams ◽  
M. Donat ◽  
M. Ceide ◽  
P. Brimah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Insufficient Sleep ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Household Interview ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Age Range ◽  
The Relationship

Background. Evidence suggests that insufficient sleep duration is associated with an increased likelihood for hypertension. Both short (<6 hours) and long (>8 hour) sleep durations as well as hypertension are more prevalent among blacks than among whites. This study examined associations between sleep duration and hypertension, considering differential effects of race and ethnicity among black and white Americans.Methods. Data came from a cross-sectional household interview with 25,352 Americans (age range: 18–85 years).Results. Both white and black short sleepers had a greater likelihood of reporting hypertension than those who reported sleeping 6 to 8 hours. Unadjusted logistic regression analysis exploring the race/ethnicity interactions between insufficient sleep and hypertension indicated that black short (<6 hours) and long (>8 hours) sleepers were more likely to report hypertension than their white counterparts (OR = 1.34 and 1.37, resp.;P<0.01). Significant interactions of insufficient sleep with race/ethnicity were observed even after adjusting to effects of age, sex, income, education, body mass index, alcohol use, smoking, emotional distress, diabetes, coronary heart disease, and stroke.Conclusion. Results suggest that the race/ethnicity interaction is a significant mediator in the relationship between insufficient sleep and likelihood of having a diagnosis of hypertension.

scholarly journals Association between self-reported sleep duration and dietary quality in European adolescents

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (5) ◽  
pp. 949-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Bel ◽  
Nathalie Michels ◽  
Tineke De Vriendt ◽  
Emma Patterson ◽  
Magdalena Cuenca-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Short Sleep Duration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Insufficient Sleep ◽  
Short Sleep ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Evidence has grown supporting the role for short sleep duration as an independent risk factor for weight gain and obesity. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between sleep duration and dietary quality in European adolescents. The sample consisted of 1522 adolescents (aged 12·5–17·5 years) participating in the European multi-centre cross-sectional ‘Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence’ study. Sleep duration was estimated by a self-reported questionnaire. Dietary intake was assessed by two 24 h recalls. The Diet Quality Index for Adolescents with Meal index (DQI-AM) was used to calculate overall dietary quality, considering the components dietary equilibrium, dietary diversity, dietary quality and a meal index. An average sleep duration of ≥ 9 h was classified as optimal, between 8 and 9 h as borderline insufficient and < 8 h as insufficient. Sleep duration and the DQI-AM score were positively associated (β = 0·027, r 0·130, P< 0·001). Adolescents with insufficient (62·05 (sd 14·18)) and borderline insufficient sleep (64·25 (sd 12·87)) scored lower on the DQI-AM than adolescents with an optimal sleep duration (64·57 (sd 12·39)) (P< 0·001; P= 0·018). The present study demonstrated in European adolescents that short sleep duration was associated with a lower dietary quality. This supports the hypothesis that the health consequences of insufficient sleep may be mediated by the relationship of insufficient sleep to poor dietary quality.

scholarly journals The Association Between Racial Microaggressions and Depressive Symptoms: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-220
Author(s):  
Marisol Aquino ◽  
Mia Budescu
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
High School ◽  
African American ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Racial Microaggressions ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Black African

The present study investigated whether racial microaggressions, specifically assumptions of inferiority, assumptions of criminality/second class citizenship, and microinvalidations had a relationship with depressive symptoms, and whether this relationship varied by age group (adults vs. adolescents) and race (Black and Latinx). This cross-sectional study compared 194 undergraduate college students who were all over the age of 18 to 168 high school juniors and seniors. All participants identified as either African American/Black or Latinx/Hispanic. The results indicated that respondents identifying as Black/African American, regardless of age, experience higher levels of assumptions of criminality/second class citizenship compared to Latinx respondents, F(2, 350) = 0.82, p = .442, ηp2 = .004. Results also indicated that, among Black/African American college students, but not high school students nor Latinx participants, higher levels of assumptions of inferiority were associated with depressive symptoms (b = .34, SE = 0.07, p < .001). Assumptions of criminality/second class citizenship, on the other hand, were not related with depressive symptoms (b = .06, SE = 0.08, p = .433). Lastly, regardless of race, high school students experienced more microinvalidations than college students, F(2, 350) = 3.97, p = .047, ηp2 =.013. These results underscore developmental changes in how students of color experience race and racism as they transition from adolescence into adulthood.

Abstract MP93: Actigraphy Measured Sleep Indices and Adiposity: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Circulation ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 133 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Ogilvie ◽  
Susan Redline ◽  
Alain G Bertoni ◽  
Xiaoli Chen ◽  
Moyses Szklo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Sleep Efficiency ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sleep Study ◽  
Black African ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity

Background: Previous findings on sleep and adiposity in adults have been inconsistent. Limitations of these studies include self-reported sleep measures, one measure of adiposity, and racially/ethnically homogenous populations. Objectives: We examined the cross-sectional relationship between indices of objectively measured sleep and adiposity in 2,146 MESA Sleep study participants. Methods: Sleep duration, sleep efficiency (% time asleep during sleep period), and night-to-night variability in sleep duration were assessed using at-home 7-day actigraphy and were modeled categorically. Adiposity was measured as body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Multivariate linear models were used to examine relationships between sleep exposures and each outcome. In models with dichotomous outcomes, we used logistic regression post-estimation commands to calculate adjusted probabilities standardized to the total population for each sleep measure category. These probabilities were used to calculate prevalence differences for overweight (BMI 25-29.9 kg/m 2 ), obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ), and abdominal obesity (men: WC ≥102 cm; women ≥88 cm). Results: Of 2146 participants (mean age 68.6 years), 53.7% were female, 30% were white, 46.2% Black/African American, 5.0% Chinese, and 41.9% Hispanic. Participants who slept <6 hours/night had significantly higher BMI and WC relative to those who slept 7-8 hours. Those who slept <5 hours had a 15% excess prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 30 vs. <25 kg/m 2 ) (95% CI: 0.07-0.23) and a 10% excess prevalence of abdominal obesity (95% CI: 0.03-0.17) compared to those who slept 7-8 hours. Poor sleep efficiency and greater night-to-night sleep variability were also associated with a greater prevalence of obesity. Conclusions: Among a multi-racial/ethnic cohort, we found robust associations across multiple indices of sleep and adiposity. Targeting sleep characteristics may be of benefit in obesity interventions, but more research is needed to rule out reverse causality.

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