Synchronizing Our Clocks as We Age: The Influence of the Brain-Gut-Immune Axis on the Sleep-Wake Cycle Across the Lifespan

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marissa Sgro ◽  
Zoe N Kodila ◽  
Rhys D Brady ◽  
Amy C Reichelt ◽  
Richelle Mychaisuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Neurological Development ◽  
Bidirectional Relationship ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Vital Component ◽  
And Function ◽  
Communication Pathway ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The microbes that colonize the small and large intestines, known as the gut microbiome, play an integral role in optimal brain development and function. The gut microbiome is a vital component of the bi-directional communication pathway between the brain, immune system, and gut, also known as the brain-gut-immune axis. To date there has been minimal investigation into the implications of improper development of the gut microbiome and the brain-gut-immune axis on the sleep-wake cycle, particularly during sensitive periods of physical and neurological development, such as childhood, adolescence, and senescence. Therefore, this review will explore the current literature surrounding the overlapping developmental periods of the gut microbiome, brain, and immune system from birth through to senescence, while highlighting how the brain-gut-immune axis affects maturation and organisation of the sleep-wake cycle. We also examine how dysfunction to either the microbiome or the sleep-wake cycle negatively affects the bidirectional relationship between the brain and gut, and subsequently the overall health and functionality of this complex system. Additionally, this review integrates therapeutic studies to demonstrate when dietary manipulations, such as supplementation with probiotics and prebiotics, can modulate the gut microbiome to enhance health of the brain-gut-immune axis and optimize our sleep-wake cycle.

Microbiota-immune interactions: from gut to brain

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eloisa Salvo-Romero ◽  
Patricia Stokes ◽  
Mélanie G. Gareau
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Immune System Development ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

The vast diversity of bacteria that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract strongly influence host physiology, not only nutrient metabolism but also immune system development and function. The complexity of the microbiota is matched by the complexity of the host immune system, where they have coevolved to maintain homeostasis ensuring the mutualistic host-microbial relationship. Numerous studies in recent years investigating the gut-brain axis have demonstrated an important role for the gut microbiota in modulating brain development and function, with the immune system serving as an important coordinator of these interactions. Gut bacteria can modulate not only gut-resident immune cells but also brain-resident immune cells. Activation of the immune system in the gut and in the brain are implicated in responses to neuroinflammation, brain injury, as well as changes in neurogenesis and plasticity. Impairments in this bidirectional communication are implicated in the etiopathogenesis of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental diseases and disorders, including autism spectrum disorders, or comorbidities associated with Gastrointestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases, where dysbiosis is commonly seen. Consequently, probiotics, or beneficial microbes, are being recognized as promising therapeutic targets to modulate behavior and brain development by modulating the gut microbiota. Here we review the role of microbiota-immune interactions in the gut and the brain during homeostasis and disease and their impact on gut-brain communication, brain function, and behavior as well as the use of probiotics in central nervous system alterations. Statement of novelty: The microbiota-gut-brain axis is increasingly recognized as an important physiological pathway for maintaining health and impacting the brain and central nervous system. Increasing evidence suggests that the immune system is crucial for gut-brain signaling. In this review, we highlight the critical studies in the literature that identify the key immune pathways involved.

scholarly journals Effect of mare’s milk prebiotic supplementation on the gut microbiome and the immune system following antibiotic therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Madiyar Nurgaziyev ◽  
YERMEK AITENOV ◽  
ZHANAGUL KHASSENBEKOVA ◽  
SANIYA AKPANOVA ◽  
KAIRAT RYSBEKOV ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Total Dna ◽  
And Function ◽  
V3 Region

Abstract. Nurgaziyev M, Atenov Y, Khassenbekova Z, Akpanova S, Rysbekov K, Kozhakhmetov S, Nurgozhina A, Sergazy S, Chulenbayeva L, Ospanova Z, Tuyakova A, Mukhambetganov N, Sattybayeva R, Urazova S, Galymgozhina N, Zhumadilova A, Gulyaev A, Kushugulova A. 2020. Effect of mare’s milk prebiotic supplementation on the gut microbiome and the immune system following antibiotic therapy. Biodiversitas 21: 5065-5071. Antibiotic treatment can severely affect the gut microbiome for short-term and long-term consequences. Probiotic and prebiotic supplements are widely prescribed to modulate the composition and function of the human gut microbiome. The current study aims to determine the impacts of mare’s milk prebiotics on the diversity of gut bacterial communities and the local immune system when administered during and after a course of antibiotic therapy. Six children aged 4 to 5 years diagnosed with bilateral bronchopneumonia were prescribed cephalosporin (cefuroxime) antibiotics. During the 60 days of the study, three children consumed mare’s milk prebiotics, while the other three did not. Fecal samples were collected daily during antibiotic therapy and every five days after the last day of antibiotic treatment. Total DNA was isolated, and the taxonomic composition of the gut microbiome was analyzed by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene (V1-V3 region). The MULTIPLEX MAP platform was used to evaluate the local immune status. The relative abundance of 11 genera was reduced and did not recover until the last day of the study. The abundance of Bacteroides was not significantly altered in either group. Christensenella, Rothia, Abiotrophia, Acinetobacter, Anaerotruncus, Holdemania, and Turicibacter numbers were significantly increased on day five and remained at the same level during the study period. Cephalosporin administration also reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines (MIP1α, TNFα, GMCSF, GCSF, sCD40L, FGF2, TGFα, IL1α, and IP10).

scholarly journals Microbiome–microglia connections via the gut–brain axis

2018 ◽  
Vol 216 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reem Abdel-Haq ◽  
Johannes C.M. Schlachetzki ◽  
Christopher K. Glass ◽  
Sarkis K. Mazmanian
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Synaptic Remodeling ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Microglial Development

Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, are essential for modulating neurogenesis, influencing synaptic remodeling, and regulating neuroinflammation by surveying the brain microenvironment. Microglial dysfunction has been implicated in the onset and progression of several neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases; however, the multitude of factors and signals influencing microglial activity have not been fully elucidated. Microglia not only respond to local signals within the brain but also receive input from the periphery, including the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Recent preclinical findings suggest that the gut microbiome plays a pivotal role in regulating microglial maturation and function, and altered microbial community composition has been reported in neurological disorders with known microglial involvement in humans. Collectively, these findings suggest that bidirectional crosstalk between the gut and the brain may influence disease pathogenesis. Herein, we discuss recent studies showing a role for the gut microbiome in modulating microglial development and function in homeostatic and disease conditions and highlight possible future research to develop novel microbial treatments for disorders of the brain.

scholarly journals Probiotics, Prebiotics and Postbiotics on Mitigation of Depression Symptoms: Modulation of the Brain–Gut–Microbiome Axis

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1000
Author(s):  
Agata Chudzik ◽  
Anna Orzyłowska ◽  
Radosław Rola ◽  
Greg J. Stanisz
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Corticosterone Level ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Bidirectional Communication ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Communication Pathway ◽  
The Brain

The brain–gut–microbiome axis is a bidirectional communication pathway between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system. The growing interest in the gut microbiota and mechanisms of its interaction with the brain has contributed to the considerable attention given to the potential use of probiotics, prebiotics and postbiotics in the prevention and treatment of depressive disorders. This review discusses the up-to-date findings in preclinical and clinical trials regarding the use of pro-, pre- and postbiotics in depressive disorders. Studies in rodent models of depression show that some of them inhibit inflammation, decrease corticosterone level and change the level of neurometabolites, which consequently lead to mitigation of the symptoms of depression. Moreover, certain clinical studies have indicated improvement in mood as well as changes in biochemical parameters in patients suffering from depressive disorders.

scholarly journals Neurologic disruption arising from Immunologic Aberration

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 01-05
Author(s):  
Trevor Archer
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Health It ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiome ◽  
Disease States ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Interactions between neurodegenerative states and immune system dysregulations may underlie several diseases that induce problems for neuropsychological and physical health. It seems increasingly evident that process of apoptosis, a central issue for health and well-being, is associated to greater or lesser extents with the balance and ongoing regulation of immune system proclivities. One key contributor to the regulation of structure and function of brain and behaviour has emerged to be the gastrointestinal microbiome, not least in the context of the neurodegenerative disorders. Certain genes identified in in these disorders encode for proteins with directly-acting immunoactive/immunoreactive roles, which when mutated lead to dysregulations in immune functions, thereby affecting the disease states; yet accumulating evidence implies direct malfunctions of immune ells in the brain and CNS as well as at the periphery of the nervous system. Remarkably, the therapeutic effects of anti-tumor, immune system-enhancing agents are emerging to awaken the necessity for consideration of immune system-nervous system interactions as reciprocal determinants of both neurodegenerative and inflammatory disorders.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and the gut microbiome: more than a gut feeling

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel van der Lelie ◽  
Safiyh Taghavi
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Clear Link ◽  
And Function ◽  
Druggable Targets

Due to its fundamental role in the induction, training, and function of the immune system, it is critical to include the gut microbiome in clinical trials and studies that aim to broaden our understanding of COVID-19. A clear link seems to exist between gut microbiome health and COVID-19 progression. Understanding the “gut-lung axes”, where gut microbiome composition influences the lung’s susceptibility to viral infections and viral infections of the lung alter gut microbiome composition toward proinflammatory functional dysbiosis will be critical in addressing COVID-19, including disease progression, the importance of preexisting conditions, and the risk for developing complications. These insights will help to identify biomarkers and druggable targets and develop intervention strategies based on live biotherapeutics and nutrition to overcome gut microbiome dysbiosis and restore intestinal homeostasis as contributing factors to COVID-19.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and the Gut Microbiome: More than a Gut Feeling

mSystems ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel van der Lelie ◽  
Safiyh Taghavi
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
And Function ◽  
Preexisting Conditions

ABSTRACT Due to its fundamental role in the induction, training, and function of the immune system, it is critical to include characterizations of the gut microbiome in clinical trials and studies that aim to broaden our understanding of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Understanding the “gut-lung axes,” where gut microbiome composition influences the lung’s susceptibility to viral infections and viral infections of the lung alter gut microbiome composition toward proinflammatory functional dysbiosis, will be critical in addressing COVID-19, including disease progression, the importance of preexisting conditions, and the risk for developing complications. These insights may further help to develop better intervention strategies for COVID-19 and other diseases caused by respiratory viruses.

The call of the wild: using non-model systems to investigate microbiome–behaviour relationships

2021 ◽  
Vol 224 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica A. Cusick ◽  
Cara L. Wellman ◽  
Gregory E. Demas
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Bidirectional Relationship ◽  
Microbiome Research ◽  
Host Behaviour ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT On and within most sites across an animal's body live complex communities of microorganisms. These microorganisms perform a variety of important functions for their hosts, including communicating with the brain, immune system and endocrine axes to mediate physiological processes and affect individual behaviour. Microbiome research has primarily focused on the functions of the microbiome within the gastrointestinal tract (gut microbiome) using biomedically relevant laboratory species (i.e. model organisms). These studies have identified important connections between the gut microbiome and host immune, neuroendocrine and nervous systems, as well as how these connections, in turn, influence host behaviour and health. Recently, the field has expanded beyond traditional model systems as it has become apparent that the microbiome can drive differences in behaviour and diet, play a fundamental role in host fitness and influence community-scale dynamics in wild populations. In this Review, we highlight the value of conducting hypothesis-driven research in non-model organisms and the benefits of a comparative approach that assesses patterns across different species or taxa. Using social behaviour as an intellectual framework, we review the bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiome and host behaviour, and identify understudied mechanisms by which these effects may be mediated.

scholarly journals Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Fetal Face by 3D/4D Sonography

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 45-57
Author(s):  
Guillermo Azumendi ◽  
Iva Lausin ◽  
Ritsuko K Pooh ◽  
Gaston Grant
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasound Examination ◽  
3D Ultrasound ◽  
Associated Anomalies ◽  
Neurological Development ◽  
New Information ◽  
Embryonic Origin ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain ◽  
4D Ultrasonography

Abstract The evaluation of the fetal face is an important part of every ultrasound examination since detailed facial examination can provide many information alerting the examiner about possible associated anomalies. Face and the brain have the same embryonic origin. By using 2 and 3D ultrasound techniques, it is possible to obtain clear images of different fetal face defects. Incorporation of the 4D ultrasonography made it possible to examine fetal behavior including fetal face movements. In that way using the ultrasound in the examination of the fetal face provides many new information not just about the morphology but also about neurological development and function of the fetal face.

Ultrastructure of developing visual cortical synapses in the cat superior colliculus

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 156-157
Author(s):  
Caroline A. Miller ◽  
Laura L. Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Visual Cortical Area ◽  
Cortical Synapses ◽  
Visual Cortical ◽  
And Function ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Cat Superior Colliculus

The first visual cortical axons arrive in the cat superior colliculus by the time of birth. Adultlike receptive fields develop slowly over several weeks following birth. The developing cortical axons go through a sequence of changes before acquiring their adultlike morphology and function. To determine how these axons interact with neurons in the colliculus, cortico-collicular axons were labeled with biocytin (an anterograde neuronal tracer) and studied with electron microscopy.Deeply anesthetized animals received 200-500 nl injections of biocytin (Sigma; 5% in phosphate buffer) in the lateral suprasylvian visual cortical area. After a 24 hr survival time, the animals were deeply anesthetized and perfused with 0.9% phosphate buffered saline followed by fixation with a solution of 1.25% glutaraldehyde and 1.0% paraformaldehyde in 0.1M phosphate buffer. The brain was sectioned transversely on a vibratome at 50 μm. The tissue was processed immediately to visualize the biocytin.

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