scholarly journals Retrospective analysis of cohort risk-factors and feeding phase timing associated with non-infectious heart disease deaths in US fed cattle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blaine T Johnson ◽  
David E Amrine ◽  
Robert L Larson ◽  
Robert L Weaber ◽  
Brad J White
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Link Functions ◽  
Potential Association ◽  
Adjusted Means ◽  
Death Probability ◽  
Study Population

Abstract Heart disease, specifically, congestive heart failure has become of increased interest to geneticists and cattle feeders. Data on cohort associations of risk factors related to heart disease and when heart disease deaths occur in US feedlot cattle are limited. The study objectives were to 1) determine potential associations between feedlot cohort demographics and the risk of at least one non-infectious heart disease (NIHD) death occurrence and 2) determine potential association between feedlot cohort demographics and the timing of NIHD deaths during the feeding phase. Data were downloaded from commercial feedyard software and analyzed by constructing a generalized linear mixed model for both analyses. A binomial and Gaussian distribution for risk of NIHD death and timing of NIHD were utilized as link functions for their respective models. Our study population consisted of 28,950 cohorts (representing 4,596,205 cattle) that were placed in 22 US commercial feedlots from January 01, 2016, to January 01, 2019. There were 3,282 cases of NIHD deaths from a population of 75,963 cattle that died during the three-year study period. Average cohort arrival weight’s effect on NIHD probability was influenced by arrival quarter and arrival year of placement (P < 0.01). Cohorts with steers were associated with a greater probability of at least one NIHD death (2.38%) compared to heifers (1.95%; P < 0.01). Increasing cohort size was associated with an increased probability of a cohort having at least one NIHD death (P < 0.01). The probability of at least one NIHD death in a cohort increased from 1.51%, to 2.12%, and 2.87% in d on feed categories 100-175, 176-250, and 251-326 respectively. Cattle > 326 d on feed were no different in the probability of a NIHD death compared to the other feeding categories. Timing of a NIHD death had a mean and median occurrence of 110 d on feed with an interquartile range of 64 to 153 d on feed. The effect of arrival weight on d at death was influenced by year placed with heavier cattle generally decreasing the model adjusted means of d on feed at NIHD death. Arrival quarter was influenced by year placed on model adjusted means on the timing of a NIHD death. Steers with NIHD died later compared to heifers (P < 0.01) diagnosed with NIHD. In conclusion, multiple factors are associated with probability and timing of a NIHD death. Probability of having at least one NIHD death within a cohort was low and half of the deaths occurred before 110 d on feed.

Identifying patients with CKD risk at the time of nephrectomy: When to initiate nephrology consult

2021 ◽  
pp. 239936932110319
Author(s):  
Yihe Yang ◽  
Zachary Kozel ◽  
Purva Sharma ◽  
Oksana Yaskiv ◽  
Jose Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Radical Nephrectomy ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Interstitial Fibrosis ◽  
Kidney Neoplasm ◽  
Tubular Atrophy ◽  
Independent Risk Factors

Introduction: The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is high among kidney neoplasm patients because of the overlapping risk factors. Our purpose is to identify kidney cancer survivors with higher CKD risk. Methods: We studied a retrospective cohort of 361 kidney tumor patients with partial or radical nephrectomy. Linear mixed model was performed. Results: Of patients with follow-up >3 months, 84% were identified retrospectively to fulfill criteria for CKD diagnosis, although CKD was documented in only 15%. Urinalysis was performed in 205 (57%) patients at the time of nephrectomy. Multivariate analysis showed interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA) >25% ( p = 0.005), severe arteriolar sclerosis ( p = 0.013), female gender ( p = 0.024), older age ( p = 0.012), BMI ⩾ 25 kg/m2 ( p < 0.001), documented CKD ( p < 0.001), baseline eGFR ⩽ 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 ( p < 0.001), and radical nephrectomy ( p < 0.001) were independent risk factors of lower eGFR at baseline and during follow-up. Average eGFR decreased within 3 months post nephrectomy. However, patients with different risk levels showed different eGFR time trend pattern at longer follow-ups. Multivariate analysis of time × risk factor interaction showed BMI, radical nephrectomy and baseline eGFR had time-dependent impact. BMI ⩾ 25 kg/m2 and radical nephrectomy were associated with steeper eGFR decrease slope. In baseline eGFR > 90 ml/min/1.73 m2 group, eGFR rebounded to pre-nephrectomy levels during extended follow-up. In partial nephrectomy patients with baseline eGFR ⩾ 90 ml/min/1.73 m2 ( n = 61), proteinuria ( p < 0.001) and BMI ( p < 0.001) were independent risk factors of decreased eGFR during follow up. Conclusions: As have been suggested by others and confirmed by our study, proteinuria and CKD are greatly under-recognized. Although self-evident as a minimum workup for nephrectomy patients to include SCr, eGFR, urinalysis, and proteinuria, the need for uniform applications of this practice should be reinforced. Non-neoplastic histology evaluation is valuable and should include an estimate of global sclerosis% (GS) and IFTA%. Patients with any proteinuria and/or eGFR ⩽ 60 at the time of nephrectomy or in follow-up with urologists, and/or >25% GS or IFTA, should be referred for early nephrology consultation.

scholarly journals Joint modelling of correlated binary outcomes regarding the misconceptions of HIV transmission: a study with reference to the tertiary and vocational education trainees in Sri Lanka

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 2950
Author(s):  
Thilini Samarakoon ◽  
Niroshan Withanage ◽  
Nimalakith Samarakoon ◽  
Upul Lekamge ◽  
Nadesha De Silva
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Vocational Education ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Family Relationship ◽  
Binary Outcomes ◽  
Behavioral Risk Factors ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Level Of Education

Background: Currently, people infected with HIV are largely discriminated and discredited. Misunderstanding about the mechanism of HIV transmission has been identified as one reason for discrimination. This study assessed the socio-demographic and behavioral risk factors of the two misconceptions about HIV transmission, namely HIV is transmitted by sharing cups and plates with an HIV infected person (Myth 1) and HIV is transmitted by mosquito bites (Myth 2) among the trainees who were selected to the Tertiary and Vocational Education Training (TVET) Centers in Sri Lanka.Methods: This study applied stratified random sampling to select 955 respondents. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) approach was applied to find the associations between misconceptions about HIV and socio-demographic and behavioral risk factors of the trainees.Results: Level of education of trainees, family relationship, knowledge on sexual and reproductive health (SRH), knowledge about the risk of getting HIV after sexual intercourse, whether the trainee had participated in seminar or workshop on sexually transmitted diseases were identified as the possible factors to detect the knowledge about the misconceptions of HIV transmission.Conclusions: Even though the level of education among different social segments have not revealed remarkable differences in knowledge, the study convinced that the youth should be provided better awareness and education on STD and HIV through countrywide workshops and awareness programmes.

Risk Factors for Salmonella and Hygiene Indicators in the 10 Largest Belgian Pig Slaughterhouses

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 1320-1329 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. DELHALLE ◽  
L. DE SADELEER ◽  
K. BOLLAERTS ◽  
F. FARNIR ◽  
C. SAEGERMAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Mixed Linear Model ◽  
Mixed Regression ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Pig Carcasses ◽  
Cleaning And Disinfection

A survey was conducted to collect data on Salmonella prevalence, Escherichia coli counts (ECCs), and aerobic bacteria colony counts (ACCs) on pig carcasses after chilling at the 10 largest Belgian pig slaughterhouses during 2000 through 2004. Potential risk factors of contamination associated with production parameters, technical descriptions of the installations, and cleaning and disinfection methods were assessed during investigations in the slaughterhouses. These variables were used first in a univariate analysis and then were extended to a multivariate analysis with a logistic mixed regression model for Salmonella and a linear mixed model for ECCs and ACCs with slaughterhouses as the random effect. The results indicated high variability concerning Salmonella contamination among the 10 slaughterhouses, with prevalence ranging from 2.6 to 34.3% according to the area of origin. The median ECC and median ACC ranged from −0.43 to 1.11 log CFU/cm2 and from 2.37 to 3.65 log CFU/cm2, respectively. The results of the logistic and linear regressions revealed that some working practices such as scalding with steam, second flaming after polishing, and complete cleaning and disinfection of the splitting machine several times a day were beneficial for reducing Salmonella prevalence, ECCs, and ACCs. Changing the carcass hooks just before chilling, using water as the cleaning method, and a higher frequency of disinfection of the lairage seemed to be protective against E. coli in the multivariate mixed linear model. The monitoring of critical points, slaughterhouse equipment, good slaughtering practices, and effective washing and disinfection are the keys to obtaining good microbiological results.

scholarly journals 182 Environment enrichment reduces aggression and stereotypic behaviors in feedlot steers

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 67-67
Author(s):  
Rachel M Park ◽  
Rachel Bova ◽  
Jenny S Jennings ◽  
Courtney L Daigle
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Environmental Complexity ◽  
Feedlot Steers ◽  
Environment Enrichment ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract Feedlots provide limited environmental complexity to cattle-a highly curious and social species. In the absence of adequate stimulation, cattle may engage in aggressive or abnormal behaviors. Implementation of biologically appropriate and species specific environmental enrichment (EE) has the potential to enhance welfare of feedlot steers. The objective of this study was to identify behavioral differences between cattle exposed to EE compared to those without. Composite steers (n = 54) were assigned to one of two treatments 1) No enrichment (CON; n = 3 at 9 head/pen) and 2) BRUSH (cattle brush; n = 3 at 9 head/pen). Video recordings were decoded utilizing continuous observation for the frequency and duration of headbutting, mounting, kicking, bar licking, tongue rolling, allogrooming, and brush usage from 0800 to 1730 on d -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 relative to brush implementation. Impact of day, treatment and their interaction on cattle behavior was evaluated using a Generalized Linear Mixed Model (PROC MIXED) in SAS. (BRUSH) steers spent less time bar licking (P = 0.023) and engaged in bar licking less frequency (P = 0.005) than CON throughout the duration of the study. Compared to CON, BRUSH steers performed fewer headbutts across the duration of the study (P = 0.004). Brush usage frequency (P = 0.0002) and duration (P = 0.008) was greatest on d 0 compared to all other research days. The frequency (P = 0.0006) and duration (P = 0.0002) of tongue rolling increased with research day. Similarly, the frequency (P = 0.0001) and duration (P = 0.002) of allogrooming increased over time, however, there was a decrease in allogrooming on d 64. Mounting frequency was impacted by research day and peaked at d 8 (P = 0.002). BRUSH cattle performed less stereotypic and aggressive behaviors suggesting that EE is beneficial for feedlot cattle welfare.

Abstract 18009: Clinical-officer Led Echocardiographic Screening is Sensitive for Diagnosing Rheumatic Heart Disease in Malawi, Africa

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 132 (suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy E Sims ◽  
Craig A Sable ◽  
Mina Hosseinipour ◽  
Melissa Karlsten ◽  
Peter N Kazembe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Rheumatic Heart Disease ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Kappa Statistic ◽  
Clinical Officer ◽  
Pediatric Cardiologist ◽  
Asymptomatic Children ◽  
Rheumatic Heart

Malawi, Africa has a high prevalence of rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Echocardiographic (echo) screening for RHD in asymptomatic children may enable early diagnosis and treatment in order to prevent progression of RHD. Malawi has few physicians, and no pediatric cardiologists in the country. Therefore, physician-led RHD screening is not feasible. Clinical officers (CO’s) are mid-level providers who may be able to perform RHD echo screening. Hypothesis: After training, CO’s will have similar results in identifying RHD by echocardiography as a pediatric cardiologist. Methods: 8 CO’s with no previous echo experience completed 3 half-days of didactic and computer-module based training as well as 2 days of clinical attachments at a local school. On the attachments, CO’s completed an average of 60 mentored RHD screening echos with a Philips portable CX50 echo machine. CO’s were evaluated by performing screening echos on 20 children with and without RHD who were screened in the previous year. They indicated whether the children should be referred for follow-up. Screening protocol called for referral if a mitral regurgitation jet measured more than 1.5 cm or an aortic regurgitation jet measured more than 1 cm. Kappa statistic was calculated based on agreement with a pediatric cardiologist’s screening result (referral vs. no referral). Sensitivity and specificity were estimated using a generalized linear mixed model. Results: The mean kappa statistic comparing CO reads to the pediatric cardiologist was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.62, 0.82). Kappa ranged from a minimum of 0.57 to a maximum of 0.90. Overall, sensitivity was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.86, 0.95), and specificity was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.68, 0.88). Conclusion: There is substantial agreement between the CO and pediatric cardiologist diagnoses. In addition, CO’s had a high sensitivity in detecting RHD. With short-course training, CO-led echo screening for RHD is a viable alternative to physician-led screening in resource-limited settings.

Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Mexican People Living with HIV Under Cart with a High Prevalence of Overweight

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANCISCO CARLOS LOPEZ MARQUEZ ◽  
Alberto Alejandro Miranda Perez ◽  
Domingo Pere ◽  
Arguiñe Ivonne Urraza Robledo ◽  
Maria Elena Gutiérrez Perez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Living With Hiv

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to determine risk factors that increase cardiovascular risk and to estimate the cardiovascular risk at 5 and 10 years in overweight/obese in seropositive subjects undergoing cART from the of Northern Mexico Methods: This study included 186 PLWH under cART. The variables analyzed were were CD4+ count, viral load, lipid profile, glucose, insulin resistance, anthropometric measures, family history of hypertension and cardiovascular disease, years of treatment and cART scheme. In this study we analyzed the probable estimate of cardiovascular risk using the algorithmic models D: A: D (5-year period) and Framingham (10-year period). Results: In our study, 51.3% of the PLWH had arterial hypertension; most of the subjects were diagnosed with overweight, hypertriglyceridemia and metabolic syndrome, which are factors that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. The evaluation of cardiovascular risk with the Framingham model, it is low and with the D model: A: D is moderate Conclusions: PLWH receiving cART present factors that potentiate the risk of early heart disease which are hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, smoking and age. The cardiovascular risk with the algorithmic models D: A:D and Framingham are low to moderate; however these latter results should be taken with caution since the study population is a young population, which will not allow us to establish an accurate cardiovascular risk. It is important to take into account other factors such as overweight or obesity, smoking or coinfections, in addition to years of exposure to cART, which could increase the rate of heart disease.

scholarly journals Bivariate Random Effects Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Studies Using Generalized Linear Mixed Models

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haitao Chu ◽  
Hongfei Guo ◽  
Yijie Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Point Estimation ◽  
Test Accuracy ◽  
Logit Transformation ◽  
Link Functions ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
The Impact

Bivariate random effect models are currently one of the main methods recommended to synthesize diagnostic test accuracy studies. However, only the logit transformation on sensitivity and specificity has been previously considered in the literature. In this article, the authors consider a bivariate generalized linear mixed model to jointly model the sensitivities and specificities, and they discuss the estimation of the summary receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and the area under the ROC curve (AUC). As the special cases of this model, the authors discuss the commonly used logit, probit, and complementary log-log transformations. To evaluate the impact of misspecification of the link functions on the estimation, they present 2 case studies and a set of simulation studies. Their study suggests that point estimation of the median sensitivity and specificity and AUC is relatively robust to the misspecification of the link functions. However, the misspecification of link functions has a noticeable impact on the standard error estimation and the 95% confidence interval coverage, which emphasizes the importance of choosing an appropriate link function to make statistical inference.

A Novel Angiographic Risk Score for Femoropopliteal Interventions

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 967-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osamu Iida ◽  
Mitsuyoshi Takahara ◽  
Yoshimitsu Soga ◽  
Masahiko Fujihara ◽  
Daizo Kawasaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Primary Patency ◽  
Lesion Length ◽  
Total Occlusion ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Angiographic Score

Purpose To present a novel angiographic scoring system that stratifies the risk of restenosis after endovascular therapy (EVT) to inform the decision to use paclitaxel-eluting devices in the femoropopliteal segment. Materials and Methods A prospective, multicenter registry including 1799 limbs of 1578 patients (mean age 74±9 years; 1090 men) with symptomatic peripheral artery disease undergoing intravascular ultrasound–supported femoropopliteal EVT was used as the basis for developing the angiographic score. Multivariable analysis identified baseline patient and limb characteristics associated with restenosis at 12 months. These risk factors for 12-month restenosis were explored using a generalized linear mixed model with a logit-link function in which the inter-institutional and inter-subject variability were treated as random effects. The multiple imputation method was adopted to address missing data. Results of the regression analysis are presented as the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results Twelve-month primary patency was estimated to be 65.1% (95% CI 62.7% to 67.5%). After multivariable analysis, distal reference vessel diameter per 1 mm (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.81, p<0.001), lesion length per 10 cm (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.62, p<0.001), and chronic total occlusion (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.10, p=0.004) were independently associated with the 12-month restenosis risk, whereas baseline patient risk factors were not. Compared to bare nitinol stent implantation, plain angioplasty (OR 2.31, 95% CI 1.67 to 3.18, p<0.001) was independently associated with a higher risk of 12-month restenosis, while drug-eluting stents (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.99, p=0.045) and stent-grafts (OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.50, p<0.001) were independently associated with a lower risk of 12-month restenosis. The angiographic score, which was developed by using the 3 angiographic factors but not the TransAtlantic Society Consensus II (TASC) class, was significantly and independently associated with 12-month restenosis. Conclusion The current study demonstrated a novel angiographic score for 12-month restenosis after femoropopliteal EVT in a real-world clinical practice. The developed score was significantly and independently associated with the 12-month restenosis risk, but the TASC class was not.

scholarly journals Retention in Continuous Care and Sustained Viral Suppression

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy N. Crawford ◽  
Alice Thornton
Keyword(s):  
Viral Suppression ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Generalized Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Sustained Viral Suppression ◽  
Continuous Care ◽  
Disease Clinic ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Objectives: To examine the relationship between retention in continuous care and sustained viral suppression. Methods: The authors retrospectively followed 653 persons who were virally suppressed and seeking care at an infectious disease clinic in Kentucky for an average of 6 years to determine the rates of retention in medical care (≥2 visits separated by ≥3 months within a 12-month period) and sustained viral suppression (<400 copies/mL). A generalized linear mixed model was used to determine an association between retention and suppression over time. Results: Approximately 61% of the study population were retained in continuous care and 75% had sustained viral suppression for all patient-years. Persons retained in care were 3 times the odds of sustaining viral suppression over time ( P < .001). Conclusion: Retention is essential to achieving and maintaining viral suppression. Strategies should be set in place that emphasize increasing the rates of retention, which in turn may increase the rates of suppression.

scholarly journals Knowledge about risk factors, symptoms and diet pertaining to cardiac disease among rural population of Tamil Nadu

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL2) ◽  
pp. 319-325
Author(s):  
Narayanaswamy A G ◽  
Meenakshi K ◽  
Porchelvan S ◽  
Harsha Nair H ◽  
Akshaya S ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Vascular Disease ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Green Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Premature Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Study Population

The prevalence of Cardiovascular Vascular Disease is increasing rapidly and has become a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in both developing and developed countries. Demographic transitions, adoption of unhealthy lifestyles and diet, sedentary occupations and even ignorance has contributed to this epidemic. However, there are very few existing studies determining the awareness of CVD and its risk factors among general population. We studied 640 patients from one subset of rural Chennai to determine the essential knowledge on various aspects of coronary artery disease. Most of our patients were aware that chest pain, sweating, palpitation, increased consumption of fatty and oily food, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and smoking were associated with heart disease. What was surprising was that majority did not know that dyspnea, edema and oliguria could occur in Cardiovascular Vascular Disease. Many did not know that avoidance of sedentary lifestyle was heart healthy and almost 50% of the study population were unaware that consumption of increased amount of green leafy vegetables and could prevent heart disease. Half of the study population did not recognise that family history of premature cardiovascular disease could predispose to the same in the offspring. Methods to Increase this awareness and follow up programs to monitor whether they are implemented could go a long way to reduce the prevalence of the disease.

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