dl-β-Aminobutyric Acid–Induced Resistance of Potato Against Phytophthora infestans Requires Salicylic Acid but Not Oxylipins

Inducing systemic resistance responses in crop plants is a promising alternative way of disease management. To understand the underlying signaling events leading to induced resistance, functional analyses of plants defective in defined signaling pathway steps are required. We used potato, one of the economically most-important crop plants worldwide, to examine systemic resistance against the devastating late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans, induced by treatment with dl-β-aminobutyric acid (BABA). Transgenic plants impaired in either the 9-lipoxygenase pathway, which produces defense-related compounds, or the 13-lipoxygenase pathway, which generates jasmonic acid–derived signals, expressed wild-type levels of BABA-induced resistance. Plants incapable of accumulating salicylic acid (SA), on the other hand, failed to mount this type of induced resistance. Consistently, treatment of these plants with the SA analog 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid restored BABA-induced resistance. Together, these results demonstrate the indispensability of a functional SA pathway for systemic resistance in potato induced by BABA.

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Effects of Jasmonic Acid, Ethylene, and Salicylic Acid Signaling on the Rhizosphere Bacterial Community of Arabidopsis thaliana

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi-05-10-0115 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 395-407 ◽

Cited By ~ 64

Author(s):

Rogier F. Doornbos ◽

Bart P. J. Geraats ◽

Eiko E. Kuramae ◽

L. C. Van Loon ◽

Peter A. H. M. Bakker

Keyword(s):

Salicylic Acid ◽

Bacterial Community ◽

Induced Resistance ◽

Plant Pathogens ◽

Plant Diseases ◽

Systemic Resistance ◽

Culturable Bacteria ◽

Wild Type ◽

Defense Signaling ◽

Rhizosphere Bacterial Community

Systemically induced resistance is a promising strategy to control plant diseases, as it affects numerous pathogens. However, since induced resistance reduces one or both growth and activity of plant pathogens, the indigenous microflora may also be affected by an enhanced defensive state of the plant. The aim of this study was to elucidate how much the bacterial rhizosphere microflora of Arabidopsis is affected by induced systemic resistance (ISR) or systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Therefore, the bacterial microflora of wild-type plants and plants affected in their defense signaling was compared. Additionally, ISR was induced by application of methyl jasmonate and SAR by treatment with salicylic acid or benzothiadiazole. As a comparative model, we also used wild type and ethylene-insensitive tobacco. Some of the Arabidopsis genotypes affected in defense signaling showed altered numbers of culturable bacteria in their rhizospheres; however, effects were dependent on soil type. Effects of plant genotype on rhizosphere bacterial community structure could not be related to plant defense because chemical activation of ISR or SAR had no significant effects on density and structure of the rhizosphere bacterial community. These findings support the notion that control of plant diseases by elicitation of systemic resistance will not significantly affect the resident soil bacterial microflora.

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Resistance-inducing chemicals against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in mango

The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico ◽

10.46429/jaupr.v90i3-4.1010 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 90 (3-4) ◽

pp. 221-235 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Juan A. Santiago ◽

Lydia I. Rivera-Vargas ◽

Rocío del P. Rodríguez ◽

Raúl Macchiavelli

Keyword(s):

Salicylic Acid ◽

Benzoic Acid ◽

Nicotinic Acid ◽

Induced Resistance ◽

Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽

Isonicotinic Acid ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Lesion Size ◽

Aminobutyric Acid ◽

Laboratory Conditions

Various resistance-inducing chemicals were assessed in the interaction between mango (Mangifera indica L.) and the anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. These were salicylic acid, isonicotinic acid, benzo (1,2,3) thiadiazole-7-carbothionic acid S-methyl ester (Actigard®)7, and other chemical compounds structurally similar, such as nicotinic acid, nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide, isonicotinic acid ethyl ester, N-oxide isonicotinic acid, benzoic acid and sodium benzoate. No significant differences (P > 0.05) in C. gloeosporioidescolony growth were detected on culture media amended with the different resistance-inducing chemicals evaluated. At laboratory conditions, these compounds were sprayed to runoff on mango leaves and fruit pieces prior to inoculation. Lesion size was significantly reduced (P > 0.10) by concentrations ranging from 10-12 M to 10-6 M of salicylic acid (SA), 10-18 M and 10-14 M of isonicotinic acid (INA), 10-17 M to 10-2 M of Actigard®, and 10-10 M benzoic acid (BA). Salicylic acid, INA and BA caused toxicity on leaves at concentrations ranging from 10-1 to 10-3 M. Chemical compounds that induced resistance at laboratory conditions were further evaluated on six-month-old mango seedlings in a shade house. None of the chemicals tested significantly (P > 0.05) reduced lesion size caused by C. gloeosporioides. Other resistance-inducing chemicals not tested during these studies, such as probenazole, cyclopropane carboxylic acid derivatives, non-protein amino acids [β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) and ϒ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)] and Phytoguard®, should be evaluated individually and in combinations to clarify this lack of induced resistance in mango tissues.

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Systemic translocation of 14C-dl-3-aminobutyric acid in tomato plants in relation to induced resistance against Phytophthora infestans

Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology ◽

10.1016/s0885-5765(05)80041-4 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 45 (6) ◽

pp. 441-456 ◽

Cited By ~ 64

Author(s):

Y. Cohen ◽

U. Gisi

Keyword(s):

Phytophthora Infestans ◽

Induced Resistance ◽

Aminobutyric Acid ◽

Tomato Plants

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Induction of Systemic Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Tomato by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2: Role of Salicylic Acid, Pyochelin, and Pyocyanin

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi.2002.15.11.1147 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 15 (11) ◽

pp. 1147-1156 ◽

Cited By ~ 224

Author(s):

Kris Audenaert ◽

Theresa Pattery ◽

Pierre Cornelis ◽

Monica Höfte

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Salicylic Acid ◽

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Induced Resistance ◽

Mammalian Cells ◽

Cell Damage ◽

Systemic Resistance ◽

Wild Type ◽

Induce Resistance

The rhizobacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2 produces secondary metabolites such as pyochelin (Pch), its precursor salicylic acid (SA), and the phenazine compound pyocyanin. Both 7NSK2 and mutant KMPCH (Pch-negative, SA-positive) induced resistance to Botrytis cinerea in wild-type but not in transgenic NahG tomato. SA-negative mutants of both strains lost the capacity to induce resistance. On tomato roots, KMPCH produced SA and induced phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity, while this was not the case for 7NSK2. In 7NSK2, SA is probably very efficiently converted to Pch. However, Pch alone appeared not to be sufficient to induce resistance. In mammalian cells, Fe-Pch and pyocyanin can act synergistically to generate highly reactive hydroxyl radicals that cause cell damage. Reactive oxygen species are known to play an important role in plant defense. To study the role of pyocyanin in induced resistance, a pyocyanin-negative mutant of 7NSK2, PHZ1, was generated. PHZ1 is mutated in the phzM gene encoding an O-methyltransferase. PHZ1 was unable to induce resistance to B. cinerea, whereas complementation for pyocyanin production or co-inoculation with mutant 7NSK2-562 (Pch-negative, SA-negative, pyocyanin-positive) restored induced resistance. These results suggest that pyocyanin and Pch, rather than SA, are the determinants for induced resistance in wild-type P. aeruginosa 7NSK2.

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Plant Beneficial Microbes Controlling Late Blight Pathogen, Phytophthora infestans

10.5772/intechopen.99383 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Brahim Oubaha ◽

Abdellah Ezzanad ◽

Hernando José Bolívar-Anillo

Keyword(s):

Late Blight ◽

Disease Control ◽

Phytophthora Infestans ◽

Food Source ◽

Systemic Resistance ◽

Beneficial Microbes ◽

Biotic Stresses ◽

The Public ◽

Bacteria And Fungi ◽

Late Blight Pathogen

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) as a food source and culinary ingredient varies is the fourth most produced noncereal crop in the world. Among multiple biotic stresses, late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is the most destructive disease. Control of this pathogen is usually by the synthetic fungicides which have been fueled by the public concern about toxicity and environmental impact and development of pathogens resistance. Biological control agents (BCAs) seems the potentially alternative to these pesticides, biological disease control is now recognized and constitute an important tool in integrated pest management. BCAs strains should be able to protect the host plant from pathogens and fulfill the requirement for strong colonization. Bacteria such as Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Streptomyces and fungi such as Trichoderma and Penicillium were the most reported as a BCA against P. infestans using different direct antagonistic mode on the pathogen (via e.g. parasitism, antibiosis, or competition) or via exerting their biocontrol activity indirectly by induction in the plant of an induced systemic resistance to the pathogen. In this study, we present an overview and discussion of the use of beneficial microbes (bacteria and fungi) as novel BCAs for biocontrol of P. infestans.

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Induced resistance by Bacillus subtilis on oil palm seedling infected by Ganoderma boninense

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d210105 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

FIFI PUSPITA ◽

HADIWIYONO ◽

SUSILO HAMBEG POROMORTO ◽

DEWI INDRIYANI ROSLIM

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Salicylic Acid ◽

Induced Resistance ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Ganoderma Boninense ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Basal Stem Rot ◽

Biological Resistance ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Important Disease

Abstract. Puspita F, Hadiwiyono, Poromorto S. H, Roslim D. I. 2020. Induced resistance by Bacillus subtilis on Ganoderma boninense infected oil palm seedling. Biodiversitas 21: 28-33. Basal Stem Rot (BSR) caused by Ganoderma boninense Pat is the most important disease in oil palm plantations. The use of biological resistance inducer is a promising alternative disease-control. The research evaluated the potential and mechanism of endophytic Bacillus subtilis as resistance inducer agent of oil palm seedlings to infection of G. boninense. The Experiment was carried out using a completely randomized design consisting of 4 treatments and 3 replications namely of endophytic B. subtilis with four inoculum densities (0, 1011, 1012, and 1013 cfu.mL-1) on oil palm before inoculation of G. boninense. The observation variables were incubation period, disease intensity, growth and concentration of salicylic acid in leaf extract of oil palm seedlings. In addition, the ability of B. subtilis to produce IAA in liquid Pikovskaya medium enriched by tryptophan was assayed. The results showed that B. subtilis was potential as biological resistance inducer agents of oil palm seedlings to infection of G. boninense. The induced resistance was related to increasing growth, salicylic acid in leaf the seedlings and the capability was assayed to produce IAA.

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Nanogram Amounts of Salicylic Acid Produced by the Rhizobacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2 Activate the Systemic Acquired Resistance Pathway in Bean

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi.1999.12.5.450 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 450-458 ◽

Cited By ~ 151

Author(s):

Geert De Meyer ◽

Kristof Capieau ◽

Kris Audenaert ◽

Antony Buchala ◽

Jean-Pierre Métraux ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Salicylic Acid ◽

Induced Resistance ◽

Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽

Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽

Acquired Resistance ◽

Systemic Resistance ◽

Resistance Pathway ◽

Lyase Activity ◽

Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase Activity

Root colonization by specific nonpathogenic bacteria can induce a systemic resistance in plants to pathogen infections. In bean, this kind of systemic resistance can be induced by the rhizobacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2 and depends on the production of salicylic acid by this strain. In a model with plants grown in perlite we demonstrated that Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2-induced resistance is equivalent to the inclusion of 1 nM salicylic acid in the nutrient solution and used the latter treatment to analyze the molecular basis of this phenomenon. Hydroponic feeding of 1 nM salicylic acid solutions induced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in roots and increased free salicylic acid levels in leaves. Because pathogen-induced systemic acquired resistance involves similar changes it was concluded that 7NSK2-induced resistance is mediated by the systemic acquired resistance pathway. This conclusion was validated by analysis of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in roots and of salicylic acid levels in leaves of soil-grown plants treated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The induction of systemic acquired resistance by nanogram amounts of salicylic acid is discussed with respect to long-distance signaling in systemic acquired resistance.

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Abiotic Stresses Affect Trichoderma harzianum T39-Induced Resistance to Downy Mildew in Grapevine

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-02-13-0040-r ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 103 (12) ◽

pp. 1227-1234 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Benedetta Roatti ◽

Michele Perazzolli ◽

Cesare Gessler ◽

Ilaria Pertot

Keyword(s):

Downy Mildew ◽

Induced Resistance ◽

Trichoderma Harzianum ◽

Abiotic Stresses ◽

Global Climate ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Systemic Resistance ◽

Marker Genes ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Resistance Inducers

Enhancement of plant defense through the application of resistance inducers seems a promising alternative to chemical fungicides for controlling crop diseases but the efficacy can be affected by abiotic factors in the field. Plants respond to abiotic stresses with hormonal signals that may interfere with the mechanisms of induced systemic resistance (ISR) to pathogens. In this study, we exposed grapevines to heat, drought, or both to investigate the effects of abiotic stresses on grapevine resistance induced by Trichoderma harzianum T39 (T39) to downy mildew. Whereas the efficacy of T39-induced resistance was not affected by exposure to heat or drought, it was significantly reduced by combined abiotic stresses. Decrease of leaf water potential and upregulation of heat-stress markers confirmed that plants reacted to abiotic stresses. Basal expression of defense-related genes and their upregulation during T39-induced resistance were attenuated by abiotic stresses, in agreement with the reduced efficacy of T39. The evidence reported here suggests that exposure of crops to abiotic stress should be carefully considered to optimize the use of resistance inducers, especially in view of future global climate changes. Expression analysis of ISR marker genes could be helpful to identify when plants are responding to abiotic stresses, in order to optimize treatments with resistance inducers in field.

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Salicylic Acid Produced by the Rhizobacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2 Induces Resistance to Leaf Infection by Botrytis cinerea on Bean

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto.1997.87.6.588 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 87 (6) ◽

pp. 588-593 ◽

Cited By ~ 194

Author(s):

Geert De Meyer ◽

Monica Höfte

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Salicylic Acid ◽

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Induced Resistance ◽

Transcriptional Activity ◽

Nutritional State ◽

Systemic Resistance ◽

Biosynthetic Genes ◽

Bean Plants ◽

Induction Of Resistance

Selected strains of nonpathogenic rhizobacteria can induce a systemic resistance in plants that is effective against various pathogens. In an assay with bean plants, we investigated which determinants of the rhizobacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2 are important for induction of resistance to Botrytis cinerea. By varying the iron nutritional state of the bacterium at inoculation, it was demonstrated that induced resistance by P. aeruginosa 7NSK2 was iron-regulated. As P. aeruginosa 7NSK2 produces three siderophores under iron limitation, pyoverdin, pyochelin, and salicylic acid, we investigated the involvement of these iron-regulated metabolites in induced resistance by using mutants deficient in one or more siderophores. Results demonstrated that salicylic acid production was essential for induction of resistance to B. cinerea by P. aeruginosa 7NSK2 in bean and did not exclude a role for pyochelin. A role for pyoverdin, however, could not be demonstrated. Transcriptional activity of salicylic acid and pyochelin biosynthetic genes was detected during P. aeruginosa 7NSK2 colonization of bean. Moreover, the iron nutritional state at inoculation influenced the transcriptional activity of salicylic acid and pyochelin biosynthetic genes in the same way as it influenced induction of systemic resistance to B. cinerea.

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