scholarly journals Graft-transmissible diseases of Ribes – pathogens, impact and control

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Spak ◽  
Igor Koloniuk ◽  
Ioannis Emmanouil Tzanetakis
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Virus Species ◽  
New Era ◽  
Ribes Spp ◽  
And Control ◽  
Propagation Material

This article provides an up-to-date review of disease causing viruses and phytoplasmas of currants including symptoms, transmission, detection, economic impact and control measures. Currants are widely cultivated in more than 30 countries in the temperate zones of Europe, Asia, South America, Australia and New Zealand. Ribes spp. can be infected by more than 20 virus species and four Ca. Phytoplasma species, with more to be described in the future. High-throughput sequencing opened a new era of deciphering virus variants and mixed infections, leading to the characterization of several new species. The use of clean propagation material is the basis for control of Ribes graft-transmissible diseases, but this has become a challenging task given the ever-growing number of newly discovered pathogens.

scholarly journals An Overview of Ergonomics Problems Related to CNC Machining Operations

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 137-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Zani Hafiz ◽  
Halim Isa ◽  
Muhammad Syafiq Syed Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Machine Tool ◽  
Occupational Injuries ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Cnc Machining ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Industrial Workers ◽  
New Era ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Almost All ◽  
And Control

In the new era of advanced manufacturing technology, machine tool design plays an important role in maximizing productivity and occupational health of industrial workers. However, the machine tool manufacturers face difficulty in designing an ergonomic machine tool that can be suited to Malaysian industrial workers because almost all machine tools were designed according to physical dimensions, capabilities and limitations of European or American populations. This mismatch between machine design and worker abilities may eventually lead to occupational injuries. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to disseminate information on ergonomics problem, assessment methods, and control measures associated with CNC machining operation. Published articles related to CNC machining operation have been reviewed. Based on published researches, work-related musculoskeletal disorders such as low-back pain, neck and shoulder problem have been identified as common health problems associated with the machine operation. Engineering and administrative controls have been proposed to minimize the health problems.

scholarly journals Characterization of Ti Ringspot-Associated Virus, a Novel Emaravirus Associated with an Emerging Ringspot Disease of Cordyline fruticosa

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (9) ◽  
pp. 2345-2352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Olmedo-Velarde ◽  
Adam C. Park ◽  
Jari Sugano ◽  
Janice Y. Uchida ◽  
Michael Kawate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Virus Species ◽  
Sequence Analyses ◽  
Sequence Identity ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Eriophyid Mites ◽  
Cordyline Fruticosa ◽  
Novel Virus

Ti ringspot is an emerging foliar disease of the ti plant (Cordyline fruticosa) in Hawaii that is quickly spreading throughout the islands. Symptoms include small chlorotic ringspots on leaves that often coalesce to form larger lesions. Although several virus species have been discovered in symptomatic plants, none have been associated with these symptoms. Here, we report and characterize a novel virus closely associated with ti ringspot symptoms in Hawaii. The presence of double membrane bodies approximately 85 nm in diameter in symptomatic cells and sequence analyses of five genomic RNA segments obtained by high-throughput sequencing indicate that this virus is most closely related to members of the plant virus genus Emaravirus. Phylogenetic and sequence homology analyses place this virus on a distinct clade within the Emaravirus genus along with High Plains wheat mosaic emaravirus, blue palo verde broom virus, and Raspberry leaf blotch emaravirus. Sequence identity values with taxonomically relevant proteins indicate that this represents a new virus species, which we are tentatively naming ti ringspot-associated virus (TiRSaV). TiRSaV-specific reverse transcription PCR assays detected the virus in several experimental herbaceous host species following mechanical inoculation. TiRSaV was also detected in eriophyid mites collected from symptomatic ti plants, which may represent a putative arthropod vector of the virus.

scholarly journals Association of citrus virus A to citrus impietratura disease symptoms.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Despoina Beris ◽  
Ioanna Malandraki ◽  
Nikon Vassilakos ◽  
Ioannis Theologidis ◽  
Aggeliki Rampou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Movement Protein ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Certification Programs ◽  
Infected Tree ◽  
Characteristic Symptom ◽  
Propagation Material ◽  
Citrus Trees

Citrus impietratura disease (CID) is a graft transmissible, virus-like disease observed in old-line citrus trees; its characteristic symptom is the appearance of gum in the albedo of the affected fruits. To identify the causal agent of the disease, high throughput sequencing (HTS) was performed on symptomatic orange fruits. The analysis of the obtained data revealed in all samples, mixed infections of viroids commonly found in citrus trees together with the recently described citrus virus A (CiVA). Examination of additional symptomatic fruits with conventional RT-PCRs led to the identification of a single CiVA infection in one tree, which was verified by HTS. Indexing of the single CiVA-infected tree on indicator plants resulted in the appearance of characteristic symptoms in the leaves that were correlated with virus accumulation. Moreover, a comparative analysis among symptomatic and asymptomatic fruits derived from the same trees was performed and included the single CiVA-infected orange tree. The analysis revealed a positive correlation between the appearance of symptoms and the accumulation of CiVA RNAs. To facilitate CiVA detection during certification programs of propagation material a quantitative RT-qPCR targeting the movement protein of the virus, was developed and evaluated for reliable and sensitive detection of the virus. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study that associates CiVA with the appearance of impietratura disease symptoms.

Identification and Characterization of Heat-Responsive miRNAs and their Regulatory Network in Maize

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Zhao ◽  
Qiye Wei ◽  
Tianci Chen ◽  
Lijuan Xu ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Regulatory Network ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Heat Stress Response ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
And Control ◽  
Identification And Characterization

Abstract Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs, which have been demonstrated to play essential roles in plant growth and development, and in responses to abiotic stress. Heat stress is one of the most serious stresses that affecting crop yield and quality, however, the related regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs remains poorly understanding in maize. Results: In this study, a total of 340 miRNAs, including 215 known and 125 novel members, were identified from maize seedlings under heat stress (MH) and control conditions (MC) using high-throughput sequencing approach. The 215 known miRNAs can be further divided into 40 different families, and 21-nt miRNAs were found to be most abundant among the known miRNAs. Thirty-five miRNAs, including 26 known and 9 novel members, were significantly different expressed between MC and MH libraries. Furthermore, 174 target genes were predicted to be cleaved by 115 miRNAs using degradome sequencing. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were performed for these targets to explore the biological function and pathways involved. Based on the relationships of miRNAs, target genes and the enriched results, a regulatory network was constructed for the miRNAs and their respective target genes, and 16 significantly differently expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were involved in the network. Conclusions: The results revealed novel insights into the roles of miRNAs in heat stress response and provided a useful foundation for understanding the regulatory mechanisms of heat-responsive miRNAs in maize.

scholarly journals New World Cactaceae Plants Harbor Diverse Geminiviruses

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 694
Author(s):  
Rafaela S. Fontenele ◽  
Andrew M. Salywon ◽  
Lucas C. Majure ◽  
Ilaria N. Cobb ◽  
Amulya Bhaskara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Virus Species ◽  
Protein Database ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Refseq Protein ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
Ecological Importance ◽  
Succulent Plants

The family Cactaceae comprises a diverse group of typically succulent plants that are native to the American continent but have been introduced to nearly all other continents, predominantly for ornamental purposes. Despite their economic, cultural, and ecological importance, very little research has been conducted on the viral community that infects them. We previously identified a highly divergent geminivirus that is the first known to infect cacti. Recent research efforts in non-cultivated and asymptomatic plants have shown that the diversity of this viral family has been under-sampled. As a consequence, little is known about the effects and interactions of geminiviruses in many plants, such as cacti. With the objective to expand knowledge on the diversity of geminiviruses infecting cacti, we used previously acquired high-throughput sequencing results to search for viral sequences using BLASTx against a viral RefSeq protein database. We identified two additional sequences with similarity to geminiviruses, for which we designed abutting primers and recovered full-length genomes. From 42 cacti and five scale insects, we derived 42 complete genome sequences of a novel geminivirus species that we have tentatively named Opuntia virus 2 (OpV2) and 32 genomes of an Opuntia-infecting becurtovirus (which is a new strain of the spinach curly top Arizona virus species). Interspecies recombination analysis of the OpV2 group revealed several recombinant regions, in some cases spanning half of the genome. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that OpV2 is a novel geminivirus more closely related to viruses of the genus Curtovirus, which was further supported by the detection of three recombination events between curtoviruses and OpV2. Both OpV2 and Opuntia becurtoviruses were identified in mixed infections, which also included the previously characterized Opuntia virus 1. Viral quantification of the co-infected cactus plants compared with single infections did not show any clear trend in viral dynamics that might be associated with the mixed infections. Using experimental Rhizobium-mediated inoculations, we found that the initial accumulation of OpV2 is facilitated by co-infection with OpV1. This study shows that the diversity of geminiviruses that infect cacti is under-sampled and that cacti harbor diverse geminiviruses. The detection of the Opuntia becurtoviruses suggests spill-over events between viruses of cultivated species and native vegetation. The threat this poses to cacti needs to be further investigated.

Knowledge and Awareness of Dengue Fever

2018 ◽  
pp. 219-222
Author(s):  
Y. Arockia Suganthi ◽  
Chitra K. ◽  
J. Magelin Mary
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Transmission ◽  
Standard Guideline ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Dengue Prevention ◽  
And Control

Dengue fever is a painful mosquito-borne infection caused by different types of virus in various localities of the world. There is no particular medicine or vaccine to treat person suffering from dengue fever. Dengue viruses are transmitted by the bite of female Aedes (Ae) mosquitoes. Dengue fever viruses are mainly transmitted by Aedes which can be active in tropical or subtropical climates. Aedes Aegypti is the key step to avoid infection transmission to save millions of people in all over the world. This paper provides a standard guideline in the planning of dengue prevention and control measures. At the same time gives the priorities including clinical management and hospitalized dengue patients have to address essentially.

The Mediterranean Action Plan: A Regional Approach to Pollution Control

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 197-205
Author(s):  
Lj Jeftié ◽  
L. J. Saliba
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Environmental Preservation ◽  
Agricultural Pesticides ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
And Control

Increasing concern over the deterioration of the Mediterranean sea as a result of increasing pollution by untreated sewage and industrial wastes, agricultural pesticides and fertilizers and oil discharges, led to a series of meetings between 1970 and 1974, and finally to the UNEP-sponsored Mediterranean Action Plan, adopted by governments of the region in 1975 and ongoing since that time. The legal component of the Plan includes a framework Convention and four protocols; the environmental assessment component (the MED POL programme) consists of national pollution monitoring programmes, and research projects conducted by Mediterranean institutions; the environmental management component consists of the Blue Plan (a prospective study combining socio-economic development with environmental preservation) and the Priority Actions Programme (a series of sub-region sectoral projects in defined areas). The Plan has been financed by Mediterranean States since 1979, and is managed by UNEP with the cooperation of other competent UN Agencies. During the last ten years, activities undertaken have improved knowledge of the state of pollution of the Mediterranean sea, and facilitated joint regional action in the form of preventive and control measures.

An evaluation model of 2019-nCoV prevention effectiveness based on immigration data in China (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiangsheng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Related Data ◽  
The Face ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Best Fit

BACKGROUND As of the end of February 2020, 2019-nCoV is currently well controlled in China. However, the virus is now spreading globally. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of outbreak prevention and control measures in a region. METHODS A model is built for find the best fit for two sets of data (the number of daily new diagnosed, and the risk value of incoming immigration population). The parameters (offset and time window) in the model can be used as the evaluation of effectiveness of outbreak prevention and control. RESULTS Through study, it is found that the parameter offset and time window in the model can accurately reflect the prevention effectiveness. Some related data and public news confirm this result. And this method has advantages over the method using R0 in two aspects. CONCLUSIONS If the epidemic situation is well controlled, the virus is not terrible. Now the daily new diagnosed patients in most regions of China is quickly reduced to zero or close to zero. Chinese can do a good job in the face of huge epidemic pressure. Therefore, if other countries can do well in prevention and control, the epidemic in those places can also pass quickly.

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