scholarly journals First Report of the Hop Cyst Nematode, Heterodera humuli, in Two Counties of the Yakima Valley Region, WA, USA

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Darling ◽  
Jian Pu ◽  
Emilie Cole ◽  
Ryan Christian ◽  
Frederick William Warner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Nematode Population ◽  
Significant Finding ◽  
Reverse Primer ◽  
Coi Sequences ◽  
Benton County ◽  
Forward Primer

Cyst nematodes are ranked as the second most damaging plant-parasitic nematode genus of crops worldwide (Jones et al. 2013). The hop cyst nematode, Heterodera humuli, has been reported to cause up to 38% reduction in dry hops per bine (Hay and Pethybridge 2003). America is the top hop producing country worldwide, with 75% of production occurring in Washington state, with the majority of this production occurring in the Yakima Valley region (USDA, 2019). In late 2019, 30 soil samples from 15 different fields were collected from the hop cvs. HBC 394, HBC 369, and YCR 14. Nematodes were extracted using an adapted centrifugal floatation method (Jenkins 1964) from 100 cc subsamples of soil. Twenty of these samples contained at least one cyst and 23 contained at least one juvenile. Body length of juveniles (n = 5) averaged + standard deviation 377.62 ± 4.76 μm which is consistent with H. humuli juvenile body measurements (Sen 1968). Three samples from Yakima County and two from Benton County were identified to the species level using sequences from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the 5.8S gene. The sequences (GenBank accession numbers MT840678 to MT840682) were amplified using forward primer 5.8S-F (5’-GTGATTCCATTCACCAHCTACCTG-3’), and reverse primer 5.8S-R (5’-TTCGCACTAATTATCGCAGTTGG-3’). Sequence comparison with available ITS (5.8S) sequences in GenBank using BLAST showed 99.85% identity to H. humuli for all five samples. Because COI sequences of H. humuli are not available, to provide an additional marker for species identification, we amplified the COI sequences by using (forward primer Hete-COI-F (5’-TTTGGDCAYCCHGARGTTTATGTT-3’), and reverse primer Hete-COI-R (5’-AYWGTAAAAAGGRRAATAAAACC-3’) for these samples. Four COI sequences (GenBank accession numbers MT840683 to MT840686) were obtained. These COI sequences will be used to identify future H. humuli samples. To confirm pathogenicity, eight 1-gal pots were filled with a 90:10 play sand to potting soil mixture and one hop rhizome cv. ‘Centennial’ was planted in pots and maintained in a greenhouse. After above ground plant growth was observed, half the pots were inoculated with hand-picked H. humuli cysts from Yakima soil samples at a density of 10 cysts/100 cc of soil. The life cycle of H. humuli in potted experiments is 40 days (McNamara and Mende 1995). Forty-five days after inoculation, plant measurements were recorded and nematodes extracted from five 100 cc soil samples per pot as described above. Soil samples revealed that H. humuli populations had an average Reproductive Factor (RF = final nematode population/initial nematode population) of 2.08. Five cysts were crushed to determine eggs/cyst, which yielded an average of 101 eggs/cyst. Young infected hops lacked vigor, with all replicates stunted both in bine height and leaf length compared to healthy controls. Bine heights were reduced by an average of 40.4% in pots inoculated with H. humuli compared to control plants (P = 0.0016). Distribution of hop cyst within the United States is limited to the top four states for hop production: Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Michigan (Cobb 1962; Sen and Jensen 1967; Hafez et al. 2010, Warner and Bird, 2015). In 1962, Cobb reported H. humuli in Pierce County, Washington, but it had not been reported in Benton County and Yakima County until now. This is a significant finding that has the potential to impact the Washington state hop industry, valued at $475.7 million in 2019 (USDA, 2019). Due to the lack of known effective nematode control measures, the discovery of H. humuli in the major hop-growing region of Washington warrants concern.

scholarly journals First Report of the Cyst Nematode (Globodera tabacum) Complex on Flue-Cured Tobacco in Spain

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (12) ◽  
pp. 1402-1402 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Espárrago ◽  
I. Blanco
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Nematode Population ◽  
State University ◽  
First Report ◽  
North Carolina State University ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum L

The Globodera tabacum complex infects tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) fields in the United States. In August 2001, plants of flue-cured tobacco cv. K326 from a field of the La Vera Region of Spain displayed a premature wilting and yellowing of foliage, but the roots looked healthy. In the laboratory under the microscope, nematode cysts were observed on the roots. At harvest in September 2001, soil and root samples were collected to identify the nematode and to quantify the population in the soil. Identification of the nematode was based on morphological characteristics of second-stage juveniles collected from cysts and perineal patterns of cysts recovered from the roots (2). Cysts were collected from roots, and second-stage juveniles were extracted from crushed cysts. The nematode population was extracted from the soil and quantified as described by Barker (1). The nematode population was identified as Globodera tabacum. Soil density of the nematode was 5,307 cysts per liter of soil, 64,286 eggs per liter of soil, and 16,071 second-stage juveniles per liter of soil. To our knowledge, this is the first report of G. tabacum complex in Spain. References: (1) K. R. Barker. Nematode extraction and bioassays. Page 19 in: An Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne. Vol II, Methodology. K. R. Barker, C. C. Carter, and J. N. Sasser, eds. North Carolina State University Graphics, Raleigh, 1985. (2) R. H. Mulvey and A. Morgan Golden, J. Nematol. 15:1, 1983.

scholarly journals Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines) Distribution in North Carolina, U.S.A.

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 230-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weimin Ye
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Heterodera Glycines ◽  
Population Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Production Losses

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, is an obligate, sedentary, and devastating parasite that is a major pathogen of soybean and accounts for an estimated $1.2 billion in production losses annually in the United States. SCN was first discovered in the United States in New Hanover County, North Carolina, in 1954. This report summarizes lab assay and survey results from July 1, 2014, to June 30, 2017. In this period, 100,118 grower samples were assayed for nematodes. SCN was detected in 21,922 of the soil samples (21.9%). The overall population level was 110 ± 266 (10 to 14,600) per 500 cm3 of soil. Based on the assay results from grower and survey soil samples, Anson, Catawba, Chatham, Dare, and Lincoln counties were added to the list of SCN-positive counties documented by June 30, 2014, bringing the total to 57. Johnston (3,462 SCN-positive samples), Wayne (3,274), Nash (2,960), Wilson (2,039), and Pasquotank (1,513) had the most SCN-positive samples. Montgomery (831 SCN/500 cm3 of soil on average), Bladen (790), Washington (610), Carteret (607), and Harnett (368) were found to have the highest SCN population levels.

scholarly journals First Report of Peanut mottle virus in Forage Peanut (Arachis glabrata) in North America

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 632-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Nischwitz ◽  
A. L. Maas ◽  
S. W. Mullis ◽  
A. K. Culbreath ◽  
R. D. Gitaitis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Arachis Glabrata ◽  
First Report ◽  
Fta Cards ◽  
Reverse Primer ◽  
Forward Primer ◽  
Rhizoma Peanut

Rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.) is a forage crop with increasing acreage (>10,500 ha) in the coastal plain region of the United States. Peanut mottle virus (PeMoV), a member of the family Potyviridae, is transmitted nonpersistently by aphids and seed-transmitted in A. hypogaea. Important hosts of the virus include peanut, soybean, and pea. During January of 2006 in Tifton, GA, immature rhizoma peanut plants identifier A176 with a lost PI number and PI 243334 exhibiting chlorotic ringspots were tested for viruses (potyviruses, Tomato spotted wilt virus [TSWV] and Cucumber mosaic virus [CMV]) frequently found in crops in the southeastern United States. All symptomatic plants tested were positive in the general potyvirus screen by indirect ELISA (Agdia, Inc., Elkhart, IN) and negative for TSWV and CMV. Leaves from two symptomatic plants of A176 and several asymptomatic genotypes were blotted onto FTA cards (Whatman Inc., Maidstone, UK) to bind viral RNA for preservation and processed according to the manufacturer's protocol. To determine the specific potyvirus identity, punch-outs from the FTA cards were used for reverse transcription (RT)-PCR (3) to test for PeMoV and Peanut stripe virus (PStV), both of which are found in A. hypogaea in Georgia. The forward primer (5′-GCTGTGAATTGTTGTTGAGAA-3′) and the reverse primer (5′-ACAATGATGAAGTTCGTTAC-3′) were specific for PeMoV and the forward primer (5′-GCACACACTTCTTGGC ATGG-3′) and reverse primer (5′-GCATGCCCTCGCCATTGCAA-3′) were specific for PStV (2). The primers are specific to the respective viral coat protein genes. Amplicons of the expected size (327 bp) were produced from symptomatic A176 and PI 243334 samples but not from the asymptomatic genotypes. The resulting PCR product was sequenced and a BLAST search in GenBank confirmed PeMoV (98 to 99% nt identity with Accession Nos. X73422 and AF023848). This finding is of significance because rhizoma peanuts are typically propagated by cuttings. Therefore, maintaining virus-free stock is critical. Although, PeMoV has been found in A. pintoi in Colombia (1), to our knowledge, this is the first report of PeMoV in rhizoma peanut (A. glabrata) peanut anywhere in the world. References: (1) A. A. Brandt et al. Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database, 2007. (2) R. G. Dietzgen et al. Plant Dis. 85:989, 2001. (3) R. D. Gitaitis et al. Phytopathology (Abstr.) 95(Suppl):S35, 2005.

Is Distance to Drop Box an Appropriate Proxy for Drop Box Treatment? A Case Study of Washington State

2021 ◽  
pp. 1532673X2110221
Author(s):  
Loren Collingwood ◽  
Benjamin Gonzalez O’Brien
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
The United States ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Primary 52 ◽  
The One ◽  
Vote By Mail

In the United States, drop box mail-in voting has increased, particularly in the all vote by mail (VBM) states of Washington, Colorado, Utah, and Oregon. To assess if drop boxes improve voter turnout, research proxies box treatment by voters’ residence distance to nearest drop box. However, no research has tested the assumption that voters use drop boxes nearest their residence more so than they do other drop boxes. Using individual-level voter data from a 2020 Washington State election, we show that voters are more likely to use the nearest drop box to their residence relative to other drop boxes. In Washington’s 2020 August primary, 52% of drop box voters in our data used their nearest drop box. Moreover, those who either (1) vote by mail, or (2) used a different drop box from the one closest to their residence live further away from their closest drop box. Implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Estimates of Chinook salmon consumption in Washington State inland waters by four marine mammal predators from 1970 to 2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 1173-1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon Chasco ◽  
Isaac C. Kaplan ◽  
Austen Thomas ◽  
Alejandro Acevedo-Gutiérrez ◽  
Dawn Noren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Marine Mammal ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
The United States ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Killer Whales ◽  
Protected Species ◽  
Annual Biomass

Conflicts can arise when the recovery of one protected species limits the recovery of another through competition or predation. The recovery of many marine mammal populations on the west coast of the United States has been viewed as a success; however, within Puget Sound in Washington State, the increased abundance of three protected pinniped species may be adversely affecting the recovery of threatened Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and endangered killer whales (Orcinus orca) within the region. Between 1970 and 2015, we estimate that the annual biomass of Chinook salmon consumed by pinnipeds has increased from 68 to 625 metric tons. Converting juvenile Chinook salmon into adult equivalents, we found that by 2015, pinnipeds consumed double that of resident killer whales and six times greater than the combined commercial and recreational catches. We demonstrate the importance of interspecific interactions when evaluating species recovery. As more protected species respond positively to recovery efforts, managers should attempt to evaluate tradeoffs between these recovery efforts and the unintended ecosystem consequences of predation and competition on other protected species.

Within-field Pathogenic Diversity of Phytophthora sojae in Commercial Soybean Fields in Iowa

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison E. Robertson ◽  
Silvia R. Cianzio ◽  
Sarah M. Cerra ◽  
Richard O. Pope
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Phytophthora Sojae ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soybean Plant ◽  
North Central Region ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
Pathogenic Diversity

Phytophthora root and stem rot (PRR), caused by the oomycete Phytophthora sojae, is an economically important soybean disease in the north central region of the United States, including Iowa. Previous surveys of the pathogenic diversity of P. sojae in Iowa did not investigate whether multiple pathotypes of the pathogen existed in individual fields. Considering the many pathotypes of P. sojae that have been reported in Iowa, we hypothesized multiple pathotypes could exist within single fields. In the research reported herein, several soil samples were collected systematically from each of two commercial fields with a history of PRR in Iowa, and each soil sample was baited separately for isolates of P. sojae. Numerous pathotypes of P. sojae were detected from both fields. As many as four pathotypes were detected in some soil samples (each consisting of six to eight soil cores), which suggests that a single soybean plant could be subjected to infection by more than one pathotype. This possibility presents important implications in breeding resistant cultivars and in the management of PRR. Accepted for publication 14 July 2009. Published 8 September 2009.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Tweets of Governors and Health Experts

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Hua ◽  
Chris Chankyo Kim ◽  
Zihan Zhang ◽  
Alex Lyford
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Significant Finding ◽  
Party Affiliation ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Python Package ◽  
Health Experts

As COVID-19 spread throughout the United States, governors and health experts (HEs) received a surge in followers on Twitter. This paper seeks to investigate how HEs, Democratic governors, and Republican governors discuss COVID-19 on Twitter. Tweets dating from January 1st, 2020 to October 18th, 2020 from official accounts of all fifty governors and 46 prominent U.S.-based HEs were scraped using python package Twint (N = 192,403) and analyzed using a custom-built wordcount program (Twintproject, 2020). The most significant finding is that in 2020, Democratic governors mentioned death at 4.03 times the rate of Republican governors in their COVID-19 tweets. In 2019, Democratic governors still mentioned death at twice the rate of Republicans. We believe we have substantial evidence that Republican governors are less comfortable talking about death than their Democratic counterparts. We also found that Democratic governors tweet about masks, stay-at-home measures, and solutions more often than Republicans. After controlling for state-level variations in COVID-19 data, our regression model confirms that party affiliation is still correlated with the prevalence of tweets in these three categories. However, there isn’t a large difference between the proportion of COVID-19 tweets, tweets about the economy, tweets about vaccines, and tweets containing “science-like” words between governors of the two parties. HEs tweeted about death and vaccines more than the governors. They also tweeted about solutions and testing at a similar rate compared to governors and mentioned lockdowns, the economy, and masks less frequently.

scholarly journals In vitro evaluation of the effect of mutations in primer binding sites on detection of SARS-CoV-2 by RT-qPCR

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fee Zimmermann ◽  
Maria Urban ◽  
Christian Krueger ◽  
Mathias Walter ◽  
Roman Woelfel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binding Sites ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
In Vitro Evaluation ◽  
In Vitro Transcripts ◽  
Nucleotide Mismatch ◽  
Reverse Primer ◽  
Forward Primer

A number of RT-qPCR assays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 have been published and are listed by the WHO as recommended assays. Furthermore, numerous commercial assays with undisclosed primer and probe sequences are on the market. As the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic progresses, the virus accrues mutations, which in some cases - as seen with the B.1.1.7 variant - can outperform and push back other strains of SARS-CoV-2. If mutations occur in primer or probe binding sites, this can impact RT-qPCR results and impede SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics. Here we tested the effect of primer mismatches on RT-qPCR performance in vitro using synthetic mismatch in vitro transcripts. The effects of the mismatches ranged from a shift in ct values from -0.13 to +7.61. Crucially, we found that a mismatch in the forward primer has a more detrimental effect for PCR performance than a mismatch in the reverse primer. Furthermore, we compared the performance of the original Charite RdRP primer set, which has several ambiguities, with a primer version without ambiguities and found that without ambiguities the ct values are ca. 3 ct lower. Finally, we investigated the shift in ct values observed with the Seegene Allplex kit with the B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2 variant and found a three-nucleotide mismatch in the forward primer of the N target.

scholarly journals First Report of Subanguina radicicola, the Root-Gall Nematode Infecting Poa annua Putting Greens in Washington State

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (7) ◽  
pp. 905-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Mitkowski
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
The United States ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Poa Annua ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Surrounding Water ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
First Report

In the fall of 2006, a golf course in Snoqualmie, WA renovated five putting greens with commercially produced Poa annua L. sod from British Columbia, Canada. Prior to the renovation, the greens had been planted with Agrostis stolonifera L. cv. Providence, which was removed during the renovation. In February of 2007, chlorotic patches were observed on the newly established P. annua greens. When the roots were examined, extensive galling was observed throughout plant roots. Galls were slender and twisted in appearance and less than one millimeter long. Upon dissection of washed galls, hundreds of eggs were exuded into the surrounding water droplet and both mature male and female nematodes were observed. Further morphometric examination of males, females, and juvenile nematodes demonstrated that they were Subanguina radicicola (Greef 1872) Paramanov 1967 (1). Amplification of nematode 18S, ITS1, and 5.8S regions, using previously published primers (2), resulted in a 100% sequence match with the publicly available sequence for S. radicicola, GenBank Accession No. AF396366. Each P. annua plant had an average of six galls (with a range of 1 to 8), primarily located within the top 2 cm of the soil. All five new P. annua putting greens at the golf course were infested with the nematode. Additionally, P. annua from two A. stolonifera cv. Providence greens that had not been renovated was infected, suggesting that the population occurred onsite and was not imported from the Canadian sod. S. radicicola has been identified as causing severe damage in New Brunswick, Canada on P. annua putting greens and in wild P. annua in the northwestern United States, but to our knowledge, this is the first report of the nematode affecting P. annua on a golf course in the United States. References: (1) E. L. Krall. Wheat and grass nematodes: Anguina, Subanguina, and related genera. Pages 721–760 in: Manual of Agricultural Nematology. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1991. (2) N. A. Mitkowski et al. Plant Dis. 86:840, 2002.

scholarly journals First Report of Grapevine leafroll associated virus-3 in American Vitis spp. Grapevines in Washington State

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (11) ◽  
pp. 1461-1461 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Soule ◽  
K. C. Eastwell ◽  
R. A. Naidu
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
Washington State ◽  
The State ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
First Report ◽  
Table Grapes

Washington State is the largest producer of juice grapes (Vitis labruscana ‘Concord’ and Vitis labrusca ‘Niagara’) and ranks second in wine grape production in the United States. Grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) is the most wide spread and economically significant virus disease in wine grapes in the state. Previous studies (2) have shown that Grapevine leafroll associated virus-3 (GLRaV-3) is the predominant virus associated with GLD. However, little is known about the incidence and economic impact of GLD on juice and table grapes. Because typical GLD symptoms may not be obvious among these cultivars, the prevalence and economic impact of GLD in Concord and Niagara, the most widely planted cultivars in Washington State, has received little attention from the grape and nursery industries. During the 2005 growing season, 32 samples from three vineyards and one nursery of ‘Concord’ and three samples from one nursery of ‘Niagara’ were collected randomly. Petiole extracts were tested by single-tube reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR; 3) with primers LC 1 (5′-CGC TAG GGC TGT GGA AGT ATT-3′) and LC 2 (5′-GTT GTC CCG GGT ACC AGA TAT-3′), specific for the heat shock protein 70 homologue (Hsp70h gene) of GLRaV-3 (GenBank Accession No. AF037268). One ‘Niagara’ nursery sample and eleven ‘Concord’ samples from the three vineyards tested positive for GLRaV-3, producing a single band of the expected size of 546 bp. The ‘Niagara’ and six of the ‘Concord’ RT-PCR products were cloned in pCR2.1 (Invitrogen Corp, Carlsbad, CA) and the sequences (GenBank Accession Nos. DQ780885, DQ780886, DQ780887, DQ780888, DQ780889, DQ780890, and DQ780891) compared with the respective sequence of a New York isolate of GLRaV-3 (GenBank Accession No. AF037268). The analysis revealed that GLRaV-3 isolates from ‘Concord’ and ‘Niagara’ share nucleotide identities of 94 to 98% and amino acid identities and similarities of 97 to 98% with the Hsp70h gene homologue of the New York isolate of GLRaV-3. Additional testing by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) using antibodies specific to GLRaV-3 (BIOREBA AG, Reinach, Switzerland) further confirmed these results in the ‘Niagara’ and two of the ‘Concord’ isolates. GLRaV-3 has previously been reported in labrusca cvs. Concord and Niagara in western New York (4) and Canada (1), but to our knowledge, this is the first report of GLRaV-3 in American grapevine species in the Pacific Northwest. Because wine and juice grapes are widely grown in proximity to each other in Washington State and grape mealybug (Pseudococcus maritimus), the putative vector of GLRaV-3, is present in the state vineyards, further studies will focus on the role of American grapevine species in the epidemiology of GLD. References: (1) D. J. MacKenzie et al. Plant Dis. 80:955, 1996. (2) R. R. Martin et al. Plant Dis. 89:763, 2005. (3) A. Rowhani et al. ICGV, Extended Abstracts, 13:148, 2000. (4) W. F. Wilcox et al. Plant Dis. 82:1062, 1998.

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