scholarly journals Effect of Soil Saturation Duration and Soil Water Content on Root Rot of Maize Caused by Pythium arrhenomanes

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 475-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Yanar ◽  
P. E. Lipps ◽  
I. W. Deep
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Negative Slope ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Soil Saturation ◽  
Flooding Duration

Three aggressive isolates of P. arrhenomanes (201-25, 7E, and 5E) were used to evaluate the effect of soil saturation duration and soil water content on maize root rot. Maize seedlings grown in infested and noninfested soil:sand mixtures were subjected to saturation durations of 0, 6, 12, 24, or 40 h. Four silty-clay loam soil:sand mixtures (100:0, 80:20, 50:50, and 0:100) were used to evaluate the effect of soil water content on disease development. Matric water potential was maintained at -1 J/kg during the experiment except for the saturation period. Multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the effect of saturation duration and soil water content on root and shoot dry weight. Negative slope values were obtained for increasing saturation duration and reduced water content (increased proportion of sand to soil). Intercepts of regression lines for shoot and root dry weights were lower for the infested soil:sand treatments than the noninfested treatments. These results indicated that growth of maize plants was negatively affected by increased flooding duration, lower soil water content, and presence of the pathogen. Growth of maize was significantly (P = 0.05) less in the presence of the pathogen than in non-inoculated control treatments at each soil water content and flooding duration.

scholarly journals Infiltration into Frozen Silty Clay Loam Soil with Different Soil Water Contents in the Red River of the North Basin in the USA

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debjit Roy ◽  
Xinhua Jia ◽  
Dean D. Steele ◽  
Xuefeng Chu ◽  
Zhulu Lin
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Infiltration Rates ◽  
The North ◽  
Water Contents

Predicting surface runoff and flooding in seasonally frozen areas such as the Red River of the North Basin (RRB) in USA is a challenging task. It depends on the knowledge of the complex process of infiltration in frozen soil, such as phase changes of water, ice content and distribution in the infiltration zone (the top 0–30 cm of the soil profile), soil pore size distribution, soil temperature and freeze–thaw cycles. In this study, the infiltration rates into frozen soil (Colvin silty clay loam according to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Classification, and Chernozem according to Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) international soil Classification) were measured at three different initial water contents: permanent wilting point (PWP), θpwp; field capacity (FC), θfc; and between FC and PWP, θmid. Laboratory infiltration experiments were conducted using a Cornell sprinkle infiltrometer with three replications for each initial water content. Volumetric soil water content (θv) and soil temperature at three depths were also continuously monitored using sensors. The average infiltration rates were 0.66, 0.38, and 0.59 cm/min for three initial water contents (θpwp, θmid, and θfc, respectively). Initial infiltration into frozen soil occurred quickly in the soil with θpwp because the soil was dry. Melted ice water contributed to the total soil water content over time, so it made the initial infiltration comparatively slower in the soil with θmid. Initial infiltration was also slower in the soil with θfc because the wet soil had very small pore space, so the soil rapidly reached its saturation after the infiltration started. The Horton infiltration equation was fitted with the observed infiltration rates for the soils with three initial water contents, and the goodness of fit was evaluated by using the coefficient of determination (R2) and the root-mean-square error (RMSE). The final infiltration rates from the fitted Horton equations were 0.060, 0.010, and 0.027 cm/min for the initial water contents (θpwp, θmid, and θfc, respectively). The soil water content along the soil profile changed with the amount of infiltrating water over time. However, the initial soil water content and melt water from ice resulting from soil temperature rise regulated the change in soil water content. The amount of ice melt water contribution to soil water content change varied among the soils with different initial water contents (θpwp, θmid, and θfc, respectively). The θv changed gradually in the θpwp soil, rapidly at 0 °C in the θmid soil, and less in the θfc soil. The change in pore distribution due to freeze–thaw cycles and soil packing altered the soil hydraulic properties and the infiltration into the soil. This study can provide critical information for flood forecasting model and subsurface drainage design in the RRB.

EFFECT OF SOIL MOISTURE ON THE EFFICACY OF FOLIAR-APPLIED WILD OAT HERBICIDES

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1117-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. WILCOX ◽  
I. N. MORRISON ◽  
G. MARSHALL
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Wild Oat

In controlled environment experiments, the efficacy of diclofop methyl applied to wild oat was reduced more than the efficacy of difenzoquat or flamprop methyl when the soil water content (SWC) was cycled between −0.24 and −2.18 MPa (low SWC) compared to when it was cycled between −0.03 and −0.06 MPa (high SWC). Similarly, at low SWC diclofop methyl was much less effective than either fluazifop-p-butyl or sethoxydim in reducing the post-treatment dry weight accumulation of the weed.Key words: Oat (wild), soil moisture, diclofop methyl, flamprop methyl, difenzoquat, fluazifop-p-butyl

scholarly journals Estimating Midday Leaf and Stem Water Potentials of Mature Pecan Trees from Soil Water Content and Climatic Parameters

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 907-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjit K. Deb ◽  
Manoj K. Shukla ◽  
John G. Mexal
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Stem Water ◽  
Two Parameter

Diurnal and temporal patterns of stem water potential (ψstem) and leaf water potential (ψleaf) were determined during June to Sept. 2010 and 2011 at lower (2.5 m tree height), mid- (4.6 m), and upper (7.6 m) canopy positions for two flood-irrigated, mature pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] orchards near Las Cruces, NM. Diurnal measurements of ψstem and ψleaf at three canopy heights were correlated under both dry and wet soil conditions. However, although soil water contents at Site 2 (silty clay loam texture) remained higher compared with Site 1 (sandy loam), ψstem and ψleaf values, particularly under dry soil conditions at Site 2, were consistently lower, showing the effect of clayey soil texture on pecan water stress. Diurnal patterns of ψstem and ψleaf indicated that measurements of ψstem and ψleaf should be made close to early afternoon (between 1400 and 1500 hr Mountain Standard Time) to evaluate mature pecan water stress, which also corresponded to maximum climatic stress conditions. Midday ψstem and ψleaf measured at three canopy heights over several irrigation cycles during the 2010 season were correlated with one another, midday soil water content at different depths, and atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Multiple regression analysis [between midday ψstem or ψleaf and midday θavg (soil water content at 0 to 40 cm), air temperature (Tmd), and relative humidity (RHmd)] during the 2010 season revealed that two-parameter regression models [ψstem or ψleaf = f (midday θavg and Tmd)] were the most significant for the interpretation of midday ψstem or ψleaf at both sites. Using the two-parameter model, predictions of ψstem and ψleaf measured on the both shaded and sunlit sides of trees at three canopy heights for 2011 showed good agreement between measured and predicted ψstem and ψleaf (R2 ranged from 0.70 to 0.98). Two-parameter models derived in an earlier study generally underpredicted ψstem both in 2010 and 2011, which further supported the importance of the time of midday ψstem and ψleaf measurements suggested in this study.

Active carbon pools and enzyme activities in soils amended with de-inking paper sludge

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin H. Chantigny ◽  
Denis A. Angers ◽  
Chantal J. Beauchamp
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Active Carbon ◽  
Paper Sludge ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
The Impact

Application of paper mill wastes generally improves soil organic matter content, biological activity and physical properties. However, the impact of large application rates (>50 Mg ha−1) on soil microflora and their activity has not been assessed. A field study was undertaken on a well-drained clay loam and a poorly drained silty clay loam amended with de-inking paper sludge (DPS) at rates of 0 (control), 50 or 100 Mg ha−1. K2SO4-extractable C (Cext), soil water content (SWC), microbial biomass C (MBC) and different enzyme activity rates were periodically measured in soil during 1075 d following DPS incorporation. Compared with control soils, Cext content increased by 100 to 200%, and soil water content increased by 35% following incorporation of DPS at 100 Mg ha−1. Those differences decreased in time as DPS decomposed. Soil MBC increased proportionally with the rate of DPS amendment and was about twice the amount in soils amended with 100 Mg ha−1 compared with the control. Microbial quotient (ratio of MBC to total soil organic C) was greater in DPS-amended than in control soils until day 370, reflecting the input of labile C from DPS. Compared with the control, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis and alkaline phosphatase activity rates increased by 40 to 100% when adding 50 Mg DPS ha−1. However, the rates were similar for 50 and 100 Mg DPS ha−1. We concluded that DPS promoted microbial growth and activity in the soil by improving C and water availability. However, levelling off of enzyme activity at a DPS loading rate above 50 Mg ha−1 could reflect changes in soil microbial community, or some kinetic interference or nutrient deficiency induced by excessive C input. Key words: Microbial biomass, active carbon, soil enzyme, paper sludge

scholarly journals Response of Selected Clones of Cocoa Seedlings in the Nursery Against High Soil Water Content

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adi Prawoto ◽  
Mohammad Zainunnuroni ◽  
Slameto .
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Water ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
High Soil ◽  
The Impact

Since 2001 to 2005, cocoa bean price is high, this condition accelerates farmers to plant and enlarger their cocoa areas. The impact of this euphoria is the possibility that the planting area will be more marginal, i.e. high water table or soil with continuously high water content. This study was to evaluate cocoa planting materials tolerant to those condition. The experiment was conducted in glass house of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute using RCBD, replicated 3 times. The treatments were factorial 10 x 4. The propelegitimate seedlings of 10 clones were the first factor, i.e. KW 165, KW 162, DR 2, DRC 16, GC 7, ICS 13, ICS 60, KW 163, Sca 12, and TSH 858. The second factor were soil water content, that were 100% (field capacity = control), 125%, 150%, and 175%. Watering method was gravimetric, once a month the volume was corrected by wet weight of the seedlings. The study was terminated after 5 month old. The result showed that growth of stem diameter, root dry weight and leaf number still normal until soil water content 25% above field capacity. At that condition, seedling dry weight dropped 13% below control, whereas at 175% treatment the decreasing of seedling dry weight was 34% below control. According to seedling and root dry weights, and chlorophyll content, by using cluster analysis it could be obtained a group of seedlings tolerant to high soil water content, i.e. DRC 16, GC 7, and ICS 60. Meanwhile, a group of seedlings susceptible to high water content, i.e. KW 165, KW 163, and DR 2. Stem diameter and chlorophyl content was good indicator for water logging tolerance reaction for cocoa seedling, its correlation to seedling dry weight were positive and tight. Key words: Theobroma cacao, seedlings, waterlogging, growth, chlorophyll.

scholarly journals Growth and Flavonoid Content of Gynura procumbens (Lour) Merr. in Different Soil Water Content

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-304
Author(s):  
Evika Sandi Savitri ◽  
Farrikhatun Khusnia
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Flavonoid Content ◽  
Randomized Design

Gynura procumbens contains tannins, saponins, steroids, triterpenoids, essential oils and flavonoids which have bioactivity as a medicine for various diseases. One effort to obtain the quality of medicinal plants uses management of soil water content. The opti-mum of soil water content will support optimal growth of a plant. Whereas in conditions of low soil water content resulted in the induc-tion of the production of secondary metabolites as a self-defense sys-tem. This study aimed to determine the effect of soil moisture content on the growth and total content of plant flavonoids G. procumbens. This study was carried out experimentally using a one-factor com-plete randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments with five replications. The treatment used is the difference in soil water content of 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% field capacity. The data obtained in the form of quantitative data will be analyzed by One Way ANOVA Test. Measurement of the content of total flavonoid compounds was car-ried out using UV-Vis spectrophotometer analysis. The results of the study indicate the influence of soil moisture level on the growth and total content of G. procumbens. Parameter growth of fresh weight, dry weight, and root G. procumbens showed an increase in 40% soil water content. The flavonoid content showed the highest total flavo-noid content 18.884 mg/g in the 40% field capacity soil water content 

Shoot and root dry weight and soil water in wheat, triticale and rye

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Sheng ◽  
L. A. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Volumetric Soil Water Content ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Volumetric Soil Water

Dry matter distribution between the shoots and root was evaluated for three cereal cultivars, one each of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) and rye (Secale cereale L.). Evaluations were made both indoors and outdoors (the Elora Research Station, 43°39′N 80°25′W) at four growth stages. Volumetric soil water content beneath the three species was also measured in the field. There were significant differences (P < 0.01) among the three species in total plant dry weight indoors and outdoors. Although rye consistently had the greatest total plant dry mass, total root dry weight was not greater than for the other species in many comparisons, especially before anthesis. However, rye root growth surpassed all the others after anthesis, and root dry weight was greater at final harvest. Triticale and rye had greater shoot: root ratios than wheat at the later growth stages. Although there were no consistent differences among species in root dry weight distribution at different soil depths, rye had a relatively larger proportion of root dry weight in the upper soil layer than the other species. Species effects on soil water content were significant (P < 0.05) at depths of 15–45 cm and 45–90 cm during a drought period. Water content in the 45–90 cm layer was lower for the triticale cultivar than for the wheat and rye. Key words: Wheat, triticale, rye, shoot:root ratio, volumetric soil water content

scholarly journals The effect of soil water content and biochar on rice cultivation in polybag

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-125
Author(s):  
◽  
Iqbal Effendy
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Rice Cultivation ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soil Waterlogging

AbstractRice (Oryza sativa L.) production is important in the national food of Indonesia. The growth and yield of rice can be increased by the soil water supply and biochar application into the soil in a polybag. Water is a unique material resource that plays a vital role in agriculture. Biochar is a carbon-rich product obtained from biomass and can hold water and nutrients, making them more available to plants. The biochar used in this study was made from rice husks. This study aims to determine the effect of soil water content and biochar application in the soil on the growth and yield of rice in the polybag. The experiment appears to be a randomized multifactorial design with one factor being water content and the other being biochar application rate. A completely random design usually suggests only one factor in the experimental design. The first factor was soil water content consisting of two levels, i.e.: field capacity and soil waterlogging. The second factor was the biochar application consisting of four doses i.e.: 0; 14; 28; and 42 tons/ha. The results of the research showed that rice cultivation with soil water-logging is better than field capacity on the tillers number, panicle length, and harvest index. Without biochar application was given higher tillers number, but biochar dose of 14 tons/ha produced wider leaf area. There was a significant interaction between soil water content and biochar application on the dry weight of roots, shoots, and grains. The treatment combination of soil waterlogging and biochar dose of 14 tons/ha was most effective at increasing the growth and yield of rice in a polybag.

SOIL WATER CONTENT AFFECTS THE AVAILABILITY OF PHOSPHATE

1985 ◽  
pp. 185-189
Author(s):  
M.C.H.Mouat Pieter Nes
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Equivalent Reduction

Reduction in water content of a soil increased the concentration of ammonium and nitrate in solution, but had no effect on the concentration of phosphate. The corresponding reduction in the quantity of phosphate in solution caused an equivalent reduction in the response of ryegrass to applied phosphate. Keywords: soil solution, soil water content, phosphate, ryegrass, nutrition.

Effect of inter-row cultivation on soil carbon dioxide emission in a peach plantation

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Tóth ◽  
Cs. Farkas
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Favourable Effect ◽  
Volumetric Soil Water Content

Soil biological properties and CO2emission were compared in undisturbed grass and regularly disked rows of a peach plantation. Higher nutrient content and biological activity were found in the undisturbed, grass-covered rows. Significantly higher CO2fluxes were measured in this treatment at almost all the measurement times, in all the soil water content ranges, except the one in which the volumetric soil water content was higher than 45%. The obtained results indicated that in addition to the favourable effect of soil tillage on soil aeration, regular soil disturbance reduces soil microbial activity and soil CO2emission.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document