scholarly journals Distribution of Fumonisins in Maize Ears Infected with Strains of Fusarium moniliforme that Differ in Fumonisin Production

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (8) ◽  
pp. 953-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne E. Desjardins ◽  
Ronald D. Plattner ◽  
Ming Lu ◽  
Larry E. Claflin
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Gibberella Fujikuroi ◽  
Kernel Infection ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Compatibility Group ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Maize Kernels

Strains of Fusarium moniliforme (Gibberella fujikuroi mating population A) that differ in fu-monisin production in vitro were previously identified in a Kansas field population. One strain that produced high levels of fumonisins and two strains that produced very low levels of fu-monisins were applied to maize kernels at planting at the Rocky Ford Farm near Manhattan, Kansas. The distribution of fumonisins in symptomatic and symptomless kernels from individual harvested ears was determined by high performance liquid chromatography, and the distribution of the three applied strains in the kernels was determined by vegetative compatibility group analysis. Both symptomatic and symptomless kernels were extensively colonized with F. moniliforme, but the highest levels of fumonisins were in the symptomatic kernels. All three applied strains were recovered from kernels in 1993, and two of them were recovered from kernels in 1994. However, a high frequency of ear and kernel infection with a strain that produced little fumonisin in vitro did not consistently decrease the level of fumonisins. The frequency of infection with fumonisin low-producing strains may have been too low for competitive exclusion of naturally occurring fumonisin high-producing strains. Also, strains that are low-fumonisin producers under laboratory conditions may be high producers in the field.

scholarly journals Effect of Photosensitization Mediated by Curcumin on Carotenoid and Aflatoxin Content in Different Maize Varieties

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 5902
Author(s):  
Rafael Nguenha ◽  
Maral Seidi Damyeh ◽  
Anh D. T. Phan ◽  
Hung T. Hong ◽  
Mridusmita Chaliha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Maize Kernels ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Preservation Technique ◽  
Scanning Electron

Mycotoxins are naturally occurring toxins produced by certain types of fungi that contaminate food and feed, posing serious health risks to human and livestock. This study evaluated the combination of blue light with curcumin to inactivate Aspergillus flavus spores, its effect on aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production and maintaining carotenoid content in three maize varieties. The study was first conducted in vitro, and the spore suspensions (104 CFU·mL−1) were treated with four curcumin concentrations (25 and 50 µM in ethanol, 1000 and 1250 µM in propylene glycol) and illuminated at different light doses from 0 to 130.3 J·cm−2. The photoinactivation efficiency was light-dose dependent with the highest photoinactivation of 2.3 log CFU·mL−1 achieved using 1000 µM curcumin at 104.2 J·cm−2. Scanning electron microscopy revealed cell wall deformations as well as less density in photosensitized cells. Photosensitization of maize kernels gave rise to a complete reduction in the viability of A. flavus and therefore inhibition of AFB1 production, while no significant (p > 0.05) effect was observed using either light or curcumin. Moreover, photosensitization did not affect the carotenoids in all the studied maize varieties. The results suggest that photosensitization is a green alternative preservation technique to decontaminate maize kernels and reduce consumer exposure to AFB1 without any effect on carotenoid content.

Identification of the new arsenic-containing betaine, trimethylarsoniopropionate, in tissues of a stranded sperm whale Physeter catodon

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Geiszinger ◽  
Somkiat Khokiattiwong ◽  
Walter Goessler ◽  
Kevin A. Francesconi
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Sperm Whale ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Andaman Sea ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Kidney Liver

Arsenic compounds in aqueous extracts of muscle, liver, kidney, and lung tissue taken from a sperm whale Physeter catodon (Mammalia: Cetacea) beached on a small island near Phuket in the Andaman Sea were determined by high performance liquid chromatography using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer as the arsenic specific detector. The total arsenic concentrations in the tissues (dry mass) were low, ranging from 0·3 μg g−1 for liver and lung, to 1·0 μg g−1 for muscle and 3·0 μg g−1 for kidney. Most of the arsenic (>60%) was extracted from the tissue into water, and the bulk (>80%) of this arsenic was present as arsenobetaine. Dimethylarsinate was present at low levels in all four tissues whereas arsenocholine was detected in kidney, liver and lung, but not in the muscle tissue. Another arsenic containing betaine, trimethylarsoniopropionate, was also present in all four tissues. This is only the second report of trimethylarsoniopropionate as a naturally-occurring arsenic compound.

Xenopus laevis oocytes, eggs and tadpoles contain immunoactive insulin

1994 ◽  
Vol 141 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
F de Pablo ◽  
R Dashner ◽  
A R Shuldiner ◽  
J Roth
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Immunoblot Analysis ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Xenopus Laevis Oocytes ◽  
Maternal Origin ◽  
Insulin Mrna ◽  
Low Levels

Abstract Insulin is a multifunctional polypeptide hormone that regulates metabolic processes and promotes mitogenesis and differentiation in vitro in the cells and tissues of several species. Its role in vivo during embryogenesis is still poorly understood. We have previously found insulin mRNA in mature Xenopus laevis oocytes and in embryos during neurulation (before organogenesis of the pancreas takes place). We have now measured insulin immunoactivity in mature oocytes, unfertilized eggs and day-2 tadpoles. Using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography, we found low levels of insulin in extracts of oocytes (stage VI). Both Xenopus insulin I and II were detected in unfertilized eggs. The day-2 tadpoles (stages 31–33) also contained immunoactive insulin, and in swimming tadpoles (stage 46) a few clusters of cells containing insulin immunoactivity could be identified by indirect immunofluorescence. Immunoblot analysis was relatively insensitive, detecting insulin only in the adult Xenopus pancreas. In summary, insulin (from maternal origin and embryonic expression) appears to be present early enough in Xenopus laevis to influence developmental processes such as neurulation. Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 141, 123–129

scholarly journals Occurrence of Fusaproliferin and Beauvericin inFusarium-Contaminated Livestock Feed in Iowa

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
pp. 3923-3926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Munkvold ◽  
H. M. Stahr ◽  
Antonio Logrieco ◽  
Antonio Moretti ◽  
Alberto Ritieni
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Gibberella Fujikuroi ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
State University ◽  
Iowa State University ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Livestock Feed ◽  
Fungal Contaminants ◽  
Maize Kernels ◽  
Feed Samples

ABSTRACT Fusarium fungal contaminants and related mycotoxins were investigated in eight maize feed samples submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Fusarium moniliforme, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans were isolated from seven, eight, and five samples, respectively. These strains belonged to mating populations A, D, and E of the teleomorph Gibberella fujikuroi. Fusaproliferin was detected at concentrations of 0.1 to 30 μg/g in four samples, and beauvericin was detected (0.1 to 3.0 μg/g) in five samples. Fumonisins were detected in all eight samples (1.1 to 14 μg/g). Ten of 11 strains of F. proliferatum and all 12 strains ofF. subglutinans isolated from the samples produced fusaproliferin in culture on whole maize kernels (4 to 350 and 100 to 1,000 μg/g, respectively). Nine F. proliferatum strains also produced beauvericin in culture (85 to 350 μg/g), but none of the F. subglutinans strains produced beauvericin. Fumonisin B1 was produced by all nine F. moniliformestrains (50 to 2,000 μg/g) and by 10 of the F. proliferatum strains (1,000 to 2,000 μg/g). This is the first report of the natural occurrence of fusaproliferin outside Italy and of the natural occurrence of beauvericin in North America.

Metabolism of the peptide deformylase inhibitor actinonin in tobacco

Weed Science ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (02) ◽  
pp. 246-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cai-Xia Hou ◽  
Lynnette M. A. Dirk ◽  
Jack P. Goodman ◽  
Mark A. Williams
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Subcellular Fractionation ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Peptide Deformylase ◽  
Design And Synthesis ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Minor Metabolite ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Actinonin is a naturally occurring hydroxamic acid and a potent inhibitor of the essential cotranslational protein processing enzyme peptide deformylase. Actinonin has both pre- and post-emergence herbicidal activity, but it is rapidly metabolized by plants, thus limiting herbicidal efficacy. Studies designed to elucidate the metabolic fate of actinonin revealed that after absorption actinonin was metabolized by tobacco plants with only about 17% of the parent compound remaining 48 h after application. Subcellular fractionation revealed that a microsomal fraction was capable of metabolizing actinonin in vitro. Two actinonin metabolites were isolated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and identified by mass spectrometric analyses. The major metabolite was derived from the hydrolysis of the hydroxamate group to its corresponding acid, and a relatively minor metabolite through reduction of the hydroxamate group to the corresponding amide. Both metabolites were functionally inactive as inhibitors of peptide deformylase. These results provide rationale for the low efficacy of actinonin as a broad-spectrum herbicide, and identify functional groups in actinonin targeted by plants during detoxification. This information may facilitate the design and synthesis of actinonin analogues with increased herbicidal efficacy.

Fate of Ochratoxin A during Cooking of Naturally Contaminated Polished Rice

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (10) ◽  
pp. 2107-2111 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE WON PARK ◽  
SOO-HYUN CHUNG ◽  
CHAN LEE ◽  
YOUNG-BAE KIM
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Glioma Cells ◽  
In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽  
C6 Glioma Cells ◽  
Cytotoxic Potential ◽  
Cooked Rice ◽  
Polished Rice ◽  
Low Levels

Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin widespread in cereals, occurs in polished rice that is consumed as cooked rice after washing and steaming. Cooking decreases OTA levels in food to varying extents, but little is known about how cooking changes the biological activity of this mycotoxin. We therefore evaluated the fate of OTA during rice cooking to determine the OTA residues and cytotoxic potential in vitro. Water-washed rice, ordinary cooked rice, and pressure-cooked rice were prepared from three polished rice lots naturally contaminated with OTA. Residual OTA in each sample was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), whereas in vitro cytotoxicity of OTA to C6 glioma cells, susceptible to low levels (nanograms per milliliter) of OTA, was used to confirm the chemical analysis. OTA concentration, as determined by HPLC analysis, in the cooked rice by both types of cookers was significantly lower than (59 to 75%) in the raw polished rice and water-washed rice. The cytotoxicity of the OTA that remained in the pressure-cooked rice from three lots was markedly decreased (approximately 20%, P < 0.05) when compared with other samples in respective lots. This confirms that cooking lowers OTA residues. Although washing polished rice with water had little effect on OTA levels, pressure steaming appeared to be the critical cooking step not only to reduce OTA residues in polished rice before reaching the consumer as the dietary staple of cooked rice, but also to diminish cytotoxicity of OTA.

scholarly journals Middermal Elastolysis: Dermal Fibroblasts Cooperate with Inflammatory Cells to the Elastolytic Disorder

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna De Cunto ◽  
Arianna Lamberti ◽  
Maria Margherita de Santi ◽  
Clelia Miracco ◽  
Michele Fimiani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Dermal Fibroblasts ◽  
Reticular Dermis ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
And Control ◽  
Shed Light

Little is known about the cause and pathophysiology of middermal elastolysis (MDE). In this condition, variable inflammatory infiltrate may be present or not together with loss of elastic fibres in the middermis that spares both papillary and lower reticular dermis. MDE may be a consequence of abnormal extracellular matrix degradation related to an imbalance between elastolytic enzymes released from inflammatory and resident cells and their naturally occurring inhibitors. However, the cause of this imbalance is still an object of investigation. In order to shed light on the role of fibroblasts in MDE, we used fibroblast cultures from MDE and control subjects to evaluate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their major inhibitor TIMP-1, which in combination with neutrophil or macrophage proteases released in inflamed areas may influence the elastolytic burden. We demonstrate that fibroblasts derived from MDE produce in vitro low levels of TIMP-1, the major inhibitor of MMPs. Elevated levels of MMP-2, MMP-14, and TIMP-2 capable to activate in a cooperative manner pro-MMP-2 are present in MDE tissue samples. Additionally, significant reaction for MMP-1 is present in the same MDE areas. These data all together suggest that ECM changes in MDE are due to cooperation of different cell populations (i.e., inflammatory cells and fibroblasts).

scholarly journals Determination of the Absolute Configuration of Bioactive Indole-Containing Pyrazino[2,1-b]quinazoline-3,6-Diones and Study of Their In Vitro Metabolic Profile

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (16) ◽  
pp. 5070
Author(s):  
Solida Long ◽  
Izadora L. Furlani ◽  
Juliana M. de Oliveira ◽  
Diana I. S. P. Resende ◽  
Artur M. S. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Absolute Configuration ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liver Microsomes ◽  
Metabolic Studies ◽  
Metabolic Characteristics ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
First Time

In recent decades, fungi-derived naturally occurring quinazolines have emerged as potential drug candidates. Nevertheless, most studies are conducted for bioactivity assays, and little is known about their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) properties. To perform metabolic studies, the synthesis of the naturally occurring quinazolinone, fiscalin B (1), and its chloro derivative, 4-((1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)-8,10-dichloro-1-isobutyl-1,2-dihydro-6H-pyrazino[2,1-b]quinazoline-3,6(4H)-dione (2), disclosed as an antibacterial agent, was performed in a gram scale using a microwave-assisted polycondensation reaction with 22% and 17% yields, respectively. The structure of the non-natural (+)-fiscalin B was established, for the first time, by X-ray crystallography as (1R,4S)-1, and the absolute configuration of the naturally occurring fiscalin B (-)-1 was confirmed by comparison of its calculated and experimental electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra as (1S,4R)-1. In vitro metabolic studies were monitored for this class of natural products for the first time by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The metabolic characteristics of 1 and 2 in human liver microsomes indicated hydration and hydroxylation mass changes introduced to the parent drugs.

The Effect of Copper Ions on Clot Lysis Time in the Fibrinolytic Assay of Streptokinase

1965 ◽  
Vol 13 (02) ◽  
pp. 477-483
Author(s):  
Alwin B. Bogert
Keyword(s):  
Copper Ions ◽  
Borate Buffer ◽  
Fibrinolytic System ◽  
Clot Lysis ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Lysis Time ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Effect Of Copper ◽  
Clot Lysis Time

SummaryExperiments were conducted to determine why different lots of Borate Buffer reagent affect the clot lysis times obtained in the fibrinolytic assay of Streptokinase. Minerals naturally occurring in distilled water were screened individually to determine their influence on lysis. Copper was found to have a very pronounced effect in this regard on the fibrinolytic system in that low levels reduce the lysis time and high levels increase it.

Enhanced Increases in Cytosolic Ca2+ in ADP-Stimulated Platelets from Patients with Delta-Storage Pool Deficiency – A Possible Indicator of Interactions between Granule-Bound ADP and the Membrane ADP Receptor

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (02) ◽  
pp. 376-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Lages ◽  
Harvey J Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Dense Granule ◽  
Receptor Desensitization ◽  
Fura 2 ◽  
Storage Pool ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Right

SummaryThe possible involvement of secreted platelet substances in agonist- induced [Ca2+]i increases was investigated by comparing these increases in aspirin-treated, fura-2-loaded normal platelets and platelets from patients with storage pool deficiencies (SPD). In the presence and absence of extracellular calcium, the [Ca2+]i response induced by 10 µM ADP, but not those induced by 0.1 unit/ml thrombin, 3.3 µM U46619, or 20 µM serotonin, was significantly greater in SPD platelets than in normal platelets, and was increased to the greatest extent in SPD patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS), in whom the dense granule deficiencies are the most severe. Pre-incubation of SPD-HPS and normal platelets with 0.005-5 µM ADP produced a dose-dependent inhibition of the [Ca2+]i response induced by 10 µ M ADP, but did not alter the [Ca2+]i increases induced by thrombin or U46619. Within a limited range of ADP concentrations, the dose-inhibition curve of the [Ca2+]i response to 10 µM ADP was significantly shifted to the right in SPD-HPS platelets, indicating that pre-incubation with greater amounts of ADP were required to achieve the same extent of inhibition as in normal platelets. These results are consistent with a hypothesis that the smaller ADP-induced [Ca2+]i increases seen in normal platelets may result from prior interactions of dense granule ADP, released via leakage or low levels of activation, with membrane ADP receptors, causing receptor desensitization. Addition of apyrase to platelet-rich plasma prior to fura-2 loading increased the ADP-induced [Ca2+]i response in both normal and SPD-HPS platelets, suggesting that some release of ADP derived from both dense granule and non-granular sources occurs during in vitro fura-2 loading and platelet washing procedures. However, this [Ca2+]i response was also greater in SPD-HPS platelets when blood was collected with minimal manipulation directly into anticoagulant containing apyrase, raising the possibility that release of dense granule ADP resulting in receptor desensitization may also occur in vivo. Thus, in addition to enhancing platelet activation, dense granule ADP could also act to limit the ADP-mediated reactivity of platelets exposed in vivo to low levels of stimulation.

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