scholarly journals Temperature and Pomaceous Flower Age Related to Colonization by Erwinia amylovora and Antagonists

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (8) ◽  
pp. 901-911 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Pusey ◽  
E. A. Curry
Keyword(s):  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Flower Age ◽  
Crab Apple

Fire blight of apple and pear is initiated by epiphytic populations of Erwinia amylovora on flower stigmas. Predicting this disease and managing it with microbial antagonists depends on an understanding of bacterial colonization on stigmas. Detached ‘Manchurian’ crab apple flowers were inoculated with E. amylovora and subjected to a range of constant temperatures or various fluctuating temperature regimes. Results may have application to disease risk assessment systems such as the Cougarblight model, which now are based on in vitro growth of the pathogen. In other experiments, detached crab apple flowers and attached ‘Gala’ apple flowers were maintained at different temperatures for various periods before inoculation with E. amylovora or antagonists (Pseudomonas fluorescens strain A506 and Pantoea agglomerans strains C9-1 and E325). Maximum stigma age supporting bacterial multiplication decreased as temperature increased, and was reduced by pollination. Stigmas were receptive to bacteria at ages older than previously reported, probably due to less interference from indigenous organisms. The study revealed antagonist limitations that possibly affect field performance (e.g., the inability of strain A506 to grow on relatively old stigmas conducive to the pathogen). Such deficiencies could be overcome by selecting other antagonists or using antagonist mixtures in the orchard.

scholarly journals Relation of Apple Flower Age to Infection of Hypanthium by Erwinia amylovora

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Pusey ◽  
T. J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Fire Blight ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Inoculum Potential ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Regression Curves ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Flower Age ◽  
Simulated Rain ◽  
Crab Apple

Blossom age as related to hypanthial susceptibility to Erwinia amylovora is not well established, but is relevant to disease risk assessment. To test this, detached crab apple blossoms were maintained for various periods and at different temperatures before applying inoculum to hypanthia. Inoculum potential on hypanthia due to wetting was evaluated by subjecting detached stigma-inoculated blossoms (~106 CFU per flower) to varying amounts and durations of simulated rain (or dew) at 14°C. Blossoms of varying age on mature ‘Gala’ apple trees were inoculated on hypanthia with 102, 104, or 106 CFU per flower. In the laboratory, susceptibility decreased with flower age at rates that increased with temperature. Wetness periods up to 12 h resulted in populations on hypanthia of <103 CFU per flower; 24 h of wetness resulted in ~104 or ~105 CFU. A dose response was shown in the orchard, and regression curves indicated steepest decline of susceptibility during initial days after petal expansion. Disease models incorporating a blossom-age component may be effective because they indicate the potential for infection when temperatures favor rapid bacterial growth on stigmas within a window of high hypanthial susceptibility. Further investigation of these relationships could lead to advancements in determining fire blight risk.

scholarly journals Antibiosis Activity of Pantoea agglomerans Biocontrol Strain E325 Against Erwinia amylovora on Apple Flower Stigmas

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (10) ◽  
pp. 1234-1241 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Pusey ◽  
V. O. Stockwell ◽  
C. L. Reardon ◽  
T. H. M. Smits ◽  
B. Duffy
Keyword(s):  
Parental Strain ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Pantoea Agglomerans ◽  
Relative Area ◽  
Pathogen Inhibition ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Biocontrol Strain ◽  
Crab Apple

Pantoea agglomerans E325, the active ingredient in a commercial product for fire blight control, was previously shown in vitro to produce a unique alkaline- and phosphate-sensitive antibiotic specific to Erwinia amylovora. Antibiosis was evaluated as a mode of antagonism on flower stigmas using two antibiosis-deficient mutants. On King's medium B, mutants E325ad1 and E325ad2 have stable smooth-butyrous or hypermucoid colony morphologies, respectively, and the parental strain E325 exhibits phenotypic plasticity with predominantly hypermucoid colonies accompanied by slower-growing, smooth-butyrous colonies. Mutants were tested against E. amylovora on stigmas of detached flowers of crab apple (Malus mandshurica) in growth chambers and apple (Malus domestica) in the orchard. Epiphytic fitness of the antibiosis-negative mutants was similar or greater than the parental strain as determined by relative area under the population curve (RAUPC). In laboratory and orchard trials, both mutants had significantly lower inhibitory activity against the pathogen (i.e., less reduction of E. amylovora RAUPC) compared with the parental strain. E325 and the mutants caused similar decreases in pH in a broth medium, indicating that acidification, which was previously reported as a possible mechanism of pathogen inhibition on stigmas, is not directly related to antibiosis. In this study we provide the first evidence for E325 antibiosis involved in E. amylovora growth suppression on apple flower stigmas.

Age-Related Changes in the Effects of Serum from Lean and Obese Pigs on Myogenic Cell Proliferation in Vitro

1982 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 763-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald E. Allen ◽  
Gail Robinson ◽  
Matthew J. Parsons ◽  
Robert A. Merkel ◽  
William T. Magee
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Myogenic Cell ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Proliferation In Vitro ◽  
Age Related Changes

A Pro-Somathropic Formulation with GHR Agonistic and Pro-Thyrogenic Features (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erdal Can Alkoclar
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Efficient Method ◽  
Age Related

BACKGROUND A Formulation consisting of 2 Dioscin and 2 Glucopyranoside Derivatives with Simultaneous GHRH Stimulative and T3 mRNA Expression Enhancimg Features. OBJECTIVE Anti Aging METHODS GH/T3 Optimization RESULTS Approved in Vitro CONCLUSIONS Endogenous GH and T3 Optimization is the an efficient method for combating age related Senility and Fatigue Symptoms

scholarly journals Effect of temperature, CO2 and O2 on motility and mobility of Anisakidae larvae

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aiyan Guan ◽  
Inge Van Damme ◽  
Frank Devlieghere ◽  
Sarah Gabriël
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Digestion ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Semi Solid ◽  
Zoonotic Parasites ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline

AbstractAnisakidae, marine nematodes, are underrecognized fish-borne zoonotic parasites. Studies on factors that could trigger parasites to actively migrate out of the fish are very limited. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of different environmental conditions (temperature, CO2 and O2) on larval motility (in situ movement) and mobility (migration) in vitro. Larvae were collected by candling or enzymatic digestion from infected fish, identified morphologically and confirmed molecularly. Individual larvae were transferred to a semi-solid Phosphate Buffered Saline agar, and subjected to different temperatures (6 ℃, 12 ℃, 22 ℃, 37 ℃) at air conditions. Moreover, different combinations of CO2 and O2 with N2 as filler were tested, at both 6 °C and 12 °C. Video recordings of larvae were translated into scores for larval motility and mobility. Results showed that temperature had significant influence on larval movements, with the highest motility and mobility observed at 22 ℃ for Anisakis spp. larvae and 37 ℃ for Pseudoterranova spp. larvae. During the first 10 min, the median migration of Anisakis spp. larvae was 10 cm at 22 ℃, and the median migration of Pseudoterranova spp. larvae was 3 cm at 37 ℃. Larval mobility was not significantly different under the different CO2 or O2 conditions at 6 °C and 12 ℃. It was concluded that temperature significantly facilitated larval movement with the optimum temperature being different for Anisakis spp. and Pseudoterranova spp., while CO2 and O2 did not on the short term. This should be further validated in parasite-infected/spiked fish fillets.

Renal Cortical Slices: An In Vitro Model for Kidney Metabolism and Toxicity

1992 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-76
Author(s):  
Andrea Trevisan ◽  
Stefano Maso ◽  
Paola Meneghetti
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Organic Anion ◽  
Cortical Slice ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase Release ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Renal Cortical Slice ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Vitro Model

The in vitro renal cortical slice model was used to study: 1) the effects on the kidney of some haloalkanes and haloalkenes using 3-month-old male Wistar rats; 2) influence of age and sex on renal cortical slice indices in non-treated rats; and 3) effects of 1,2-dichloropropane on the slices after pretreatment of 3-month-old male Wistar rats with DL-butathionine-[S,R]-sulphoximine. The most nephrotoxic chemical used was 1,3-dichloropropene, which caused a total depletion in the levels of reduced glutathione, a high peroxidation of lipid (about three thousand-fold with respect to control), a significant release of tubular enzymes into the medium, and loss of organic anion ( p-aminohippurate) accumulation. All the chemicals affected the cytosol more than the brush border. The most remarkable age-related differences in the untreated slices were the progressive decrease of reduced glutathione (p<0.05 from three months of age), and an increase in lactate dehydrogenase release into the medium (p<0.05 from six months of age). By contrast, sex differences were slight. The ‘treatment with 1,2-dichloropropane of slices prepared from rats pretreated with DL-butathionine-[S,R]-sulphoximine significantly increased the depletion of glutathione content (p<0.05) and malondialdehyde release in the medium (p<0.001) caused by the solvent alone.

scholarly journals Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Aucklandia lappa Root Extracts on Acetic Acid-Induced Writhing in Mice and Monosodium Iodoacetate-Induced Osteoarthritis in Rats

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Hee-Geun Jo ◽  
Geon-Yeong Lee ◽  
Chae Yun Baek ◽  
Ho Sueb Song ◽  
Donghun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Bone Diseases ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Root Extracts ◽  
Raw264.7 Macrophages ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Monosodium Iodoacetate ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age-related joint disease and one of the most common degenerative bone diseases among elderly people. The currently used therapeutic strategies relying on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and steroids for OA are often associated with gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and kidney disorders, despite being proven effective. Aucklandia lappa is a well-known traditional medicine. The root of A. lappa root has several bioactive compounds and has been in use as a natural remedy for bone diseases and other health conditions. We evaluated the A. lappa root extracts on OA progression as a natural therapeutic agent. A. lappa substantially reduced writhing numbers in mice induced with acetic acid. Monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) was injected into the rats through their knee joints of rats to induce experimental OA, which shows similar pathological characteristics to OA in human. A. lappa substantially reduced the MIA-induced weight-bearing of hind limb and reversed the cartilage erosion in MIA rats. IL-1β, a representative inflammatory mediator in OA, was also markedly decreased by A. lappa in the serum of MIA rats. In vitro, A. lappa lowered the secretion of NO and suppressed the IL-1β, COX-2, IL-6, and iNOS production in RAW264.7 macrophages activated with LPS. Based on its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, A. lappa could be a potential remedial agent against OA.

scholarly journals Regorafenib-Attenuated, Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis by Inhibiting the TGF-β1 Signaling Pathway

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1985
Author(s):  
Xiaohe Li ◽  
Ling Ma ◽  
Kai Huang ◽  
Yuli Wei ◽  
Shida Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Kinase Inhibitor ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Age Related ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Tgf Β1

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal and age-related pulmonary disease. Nintedanib is a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and one of the only two listed drugs against IPF. Regorafenib is a novel, orally active, multi-kinase inhibitor that has similar targets to nintedanib and is applied to treat colorectal cancer and gastrointestinal stromal tumors in patients. In this study, we first identified that regorafenib could alleviate bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. The in vivo experiments indicated that regorafenib suppresses collagen accumulation and myofibroblast activation. Further in vitro mechanism studies showed that regorafenib inhibits the activation and migration of myofibroblasts and extracellular matrix production, mainly through suppressing the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1/Smad and non-Smad signaling pathways. In vitro studies have also indicated that regorafenib could augment autophagy in myofibroblasts by suppressing TGF-β1/mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) signaling, and could promote apoptosis in myofibroblasts. In conclusion, regorafenib attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing the TGF-β1 signaling pathway.

scholarly journals The TOMM40 ‘523’ polymorphism in disease risk and age of symptom onset in two independent cohorts of Parkinson’s disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan C. Bakeberg ◽  
Madison E. Hoes ◽  
Anastazja M. Gorecki ◽  
Frances Theunissen ◽  
Abigail L. Pfaff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Australian Cohort ◽  
Progression Markers ◽  
Age Related Cognitive Decline

AbstractAbnormal mitochondrial function is a key process in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The central pore-forming protein TOM40 of the mitochondria is encoded by the translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homologue gene (TOMM40). The highly variant ‘523’ poly-T repeat is associated with age-related cognitive decline and age of onset in Alzheimer’s disease, but whether it plays a role in modifying the risk or clinical course of PD it yet to be elucidated. The TOMM40 ‘523’ allele length was determined in 634 people with PD and 422 healthy controls from an Australian cohort and the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) cohort, using polymerase chain reaction or whole genome sequencing analysis. Genotype and allele frequencies of TOMM40 ‘523’ and APOE ε did not differ significantly between the cohorts. Analyses revealed TOMM40 ‘523’ allele groups were not associated with disease risk, while considering APOE ε genotype. Regression analyses revealed the TOMM40 S/S genotype was associated with a significantly later age of symptom onset in the PPMI PD cohort, but not after correction for covariates, or in the Australian cohort. Whilst variation in the TOMM40 ‘523’ polymorphism was not associated with PD risk, the possibility that it may be a modifying factor for age of symptom onset warrants further investigation in other PD populations.

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