Effects of dietary protein and fiber at breakfast on postprandial appetite, neural responses to visual food stimuli, and
            ad libitum
            energy intake at lunch in overweight adults

AbstractTo study, in young growing rats, the consequences of different levels of dietary protein deficiency on food intake, body weight, body composition, and energy balance and to assess the role of FGF21 in the adaptation to a low protein diet. Thirty-six weanling rats were fed diets containing 3%, 5%, 8%, 12%, 15% and 20% protein for three weeks. Body weight, food intake, energy expenditure and metabolic parameters were followed throughout this period. The very low-protein diets (3% and 5%) induced a large decrease in body weight gain and an increase in energy intake relative to body mass. No gain in fat mass was observed because energy expenditure increased in proportion to energy intake. As expected, Fgf21 expression in the liver and plasma FGF21 increased with low-protein diets, but Fgf21 expression in the hypothalamus decreased. Under low protein diets (3% and 5%), the increase in liver Fgf21 and the decrease of Fgf21 in the hypothalamus induced an increase in energy expenditure and the decrease in the satiety signal responsible for hyperphagia. Our results highlight that when dietary protein decreases below 8%, the liver detects the low protein diet and responds by activating synthesis and secretion of FGF21 in order to activate an endocrine signal that induces metabolic adaptation. The hypothalamus, in comparison, responds to protein deficiency when dietary protein decreases below 5%.

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Differential effects of dairy snacks on appetite, but not overall energy intake

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114512000323 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 108 (12) ◽

pp. 2274-2285 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Anestis Dougkas ◽

Anne M. Minihane ◽

D. Ian Givens ◽

Christopher K. Reynolds ◽

Parveen Yaqoob

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Body Weight ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Dairy Products ◽

Suppressive Effect ◽

Excess Body Weight ◽

Water Control ◽

Dietary Regulation ◽

The Poor ◽

Ad Libitum

Dietary regulation of appetite may contribute to the prevention and management of excess body weight. The present study examined the effect of consumption of individual dairy products as snacks on appetite and subsequent ad libitum lunch energy intake. In a randomised cross-over trial, forty overweight men (age 32 (sd 9) years; BMI 27 (sd 2) kg/m2) attended four sessions 1 week apart and received three isoenergetic (841 kJ) and isovolumetric (410 ml) servings of dairy snacks or water (control) 120 min after breakfast. Appetite profile was determined throughout the morning and ad libitum energy intake was assessed 90 min after the intake of snacks. Concentrations of amino acids, glucose, insulin, ghrelin and peptide tyrosine tyrosine were measured at baseline (0 min) and 80 min after the intake of snacks. Although the results showed that yogurt had the greatest suppressive effect on appetite, this could be confounded by the poor sensory ratings of yogurt. Hunger rating was 8, 10 and 24 % (P < 0·001) lower after the intake of yogurt than cheese, milk and water, respectively. Energy intake was 11, 9 and 12 % (P < 0·02) lower after the intake of yogurt, cheese and milk, respectively, compared with water (4312 (se 226) kJ). Although there was no difference in the postprandial responses of hormones, alanine and isoleucine concentrations were higher after the intake of yogurt than cheese and milk (P < 0·05). In conclusion, all dairy snacks reduced appetite and lunch intake compared with water. Yogurt had the greatest effect on suppressing subjective appetite ratings, but did not affect subsequent food intake compared with milk or cheese.

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Does Increased Exercise or Physical Activity Alter Ad-Libitum Daily Energy Intake or Macronutrient Composition in Healthy Adults? A Systematic Review

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0083498 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. e83498 ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

Joseph E. Donnelly ◽

Stephen D. Herrmann ◽

Kate Lambourne ◽

Amanda N. Szabo ◽

Jeffery J. Honas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Healthy Adults ◽

Daily Energy Intake ◽

Macronutrient Composition ◽

Daily Energy ◽

Ad Libitum

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Four weeks supplementation with Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei L. casei W8® shows modest effect on triacylglycerol in young healthy adults

Beneficial Microbes ◽

10.3920/bm2014.0058 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 29-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

A.T. Bjerg ◽

M. Kristensen ◽

C. Ritz ◽

K.D. Stark ◽

J.J. Holst ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Animal Studies ◽

Blood Lipids ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Insulin Response ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Lactobacillus Paracasei ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Scd1 Expression

The microbiota has been shown to have the potential to affect appetite and blood lipids positively in animal studies. We investigated if four weeks supplementation with Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei L. casei W8® (L. casei W8) had an effect on subjective appetite sensation, ad libitum energy intake, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose and insulin response in humans. Secondarily, we explored potential effects on blood lipids, fatty acids and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) activity in humans as well as SCD1 expression in piglets given L. casei W8 for two weeks. 64 healthy participants completed the double-blinded, randomised, controlled, parallel four weeks study with supplementation of L. casei W8 (1010 cfu) or placebo capsules. A meal test was conducted before and after the intervention, where subjective appetite, ad libitum energy intake, GLP-1, glucose and insulin response were measured. Additionally fasting blood lipids and fatty acids concentrations were measured. Sixteen piglets were randomised into two groups: L. casei W8 (1010 cfu/day) as top dressing on morning fed or no treatment. After two weeks piglets were sacrificed and tissue from ileum, jejunum and skeletal muscle were sampled for mRNA analyses of SCD1 expression. Compared to placebo, L. casei W8 did not affect appetite, ad libitum energy intake, GLP-1, glucose and insulin response and total, high-density or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels after four weeks intervention. Triacylglycerol decreased in the L. casei W8 group compared to placebo at week 4 (P=0.03). The C16:1n-7/C16:0 ratio, reflecting SCD1 activity, tended to decrease when having L. casei W8 (P=0.06) compared to placebo. Muscle SCD1 expression decreased in piglets supplemented with L. casei W8 compared to control. In conclusion, supplementation with L. casei W8 did not affect appetite parameters, glucose or insulin responses; but appear to be able to lower triacylglycerol levels, possibly by reducing its production.

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Short-term effects of milkshake containing polydextrose and maltodextrin on subjective feelings of appetite, energy intake and blood glucose in healthy females

Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.1108/nfs-02-2021-0082 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

İsmail Mücahit Alptekin ◽

Ece Erdoğan ◽

Aylin İşler ◽

Esma Cansu Yanalak ◽

Funda Pınar Çakiroğlu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽

Dietary Fibers ◽

Analog Scale ◽

Short Term ◽

Content Type ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Desire To Eat ◽

Healthy Females

Purpose Previous studies have reported that dietary fibers such as polydextrose and maltodextrin can reduce food intake; however, the studies on the differences of this effect are insufficient. The purpose of this paper is to compare the effects of dietary fibers maltodextrin and polydextrose on alterations of short-term satiety, energy intake and postprandial blood glucose in healthy females. Design/methodology/approach This study was designed as a randomized, crossover and double blind research. For this purpose, 21 healthy females consumed a milkshake containing 0 g (control), 15 g polydextrose (PDX) and 15 g maltodextrin (MDX), and an ad libitum lunch meal was served 150 min later. Subjective appetite scores (hunger, satiety, prospective food consumption and desire to eat) were measured using a visual analog scale. Appetite scores and blood glucose were measured before preload and once per 15 min after milkshake consumption. Findings Visual analog scale scores showed that PDX had an improved effect on satiety and hunger feelings. Compared to the control, dietary fiber increased the Area Under Curve (AUC) scores of satiety (p < 0.001) and decreased the AUC scores of hunger (p < 0.001), prospective food consumption (p < 0.001) and desire to eat (p < 0.001). Energy intake during ad libitum meal was significantly lower in PDX (Control: 862 (54.3) Kcal versus PDX: 679 (35.4) Kcal and MDX: 780 (49.3) Kcal. Moreover, the blood glucose levels were significantly lower in MDX. Originality/value This study conducted with healthy females demonstrated that PDX was more effective in inducing satiety during subsequent food intake, and that postprandial blood glucose were within more healthy levels in MDX.

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Energy intake, gastrointestinal transit, and gut hormone release in response to oral triglycerides and fatty acids in men with and without severe obesity

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.00310.2018 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 316 (3) ◽

pp. G332-G337 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Carsten Dirksen ◽

Jesper Graff ◽

Stefan Fuglsang ◽

Jens F. Rehfeld ◽

Jens J. Holst ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Oleic Acid ◽

Olive Oil ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Severe Obesity ◽

Gastrointestinal Transit ◽

Calorie Intake ◽

Double Blind ◽

Gut Hormone ◽

Ad Libitum

Dietary fat, and particularly fatty acids (FAs) from hydrolyzed triglycerides (TGs), reduces appetite, whereas paradoxically, a high-fat diet leads to excess calorie intake. We therefore hypothesized that the appetite-regulating effects of FAs are perturbed in obesity. Ten men with severe obesity [median body mass index (BMI) of 51.0 kg/m2(range of 47.9–69.0)] and 10 men without obesity [BMI of 24.6 kg/m2(range of 21.7–26.8)] were recruited for a double-blind randomized crossover study. On two occasions, participants were given isocaloric (2,660 kJ) and isovolemic (80 ml) loads of either oleic acid (long-chain FA) or olive oil (TG) containing radiolabeled lipid and water markers. Postload scintigraphy, blood sampling, and assessment of appetite were performed for 10 h, after which an ad libitum meal was served. Compared with olive oil, oleic acid slowed gastric mean emptying time (GMET) for lipids ( P < 0.001), accelerated orocoecal transit time (OCTT; P = 0.005), increased postload cholecystokinin section ( P < 0.001), and suppressed ad libitum energy intake ( P = 0.028) in men with severe obesity, and similar effects were seen in the nonobese group (no group × lipid interactions). However, independent of lipid loads, GMET and OCTT were slower (GMETlipidP = 0.046; GMETwaterP = 0.003; OCTT P = 0.001), and basal and postload secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) was attenuated ( P = 0.045 and P = 0.048, respectively) in men with severe obesity compared with men without obesity. We conclude that the more potent appetite-regulating effects of oleic acid versus olive oil are unimpaired in men with severe obesity. However, regardless of lipid formulations, severe obesity is associated with slowed gastrointestinal transit and attenuated GLP-1 secretion.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Orally ingested fatty acids more efficiently reduce appetite and energy intake than triglycerides also in men with severe obesity. Men with severe obesity have delayed gastrointestinal transit and attenuated early gut hormone responses after an oral lipid load compared with men without obesity.

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Increased satiety after intake of a chocolate milk drink compared with a carbonated beverage, but no difference in subsequent ad libitum lunch intake

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114507339846 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 97 (3) ◽

pp. 579-583 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

Angela Harper ◽

Anita James ◽

Anne Flint ◽

Arne Astrup

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Energy Content ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Soft Drinks ◽

Chocolate Milk ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Carbonated Beverage ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Prospective Consumption

The rising rate of obesity has been blamed on increased consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks, such as carbonated sodas, which fail to satisfy hunger. The objective of the present study was to compare the effect on appetite and energy intake of a sugar-sweetened beverage (cola) and a chocolate milk drink, matched for energy content and volume. It was hypothesised that chocolate milk may be more satiating because of its protein content. Twenty-two healthy young men (age 23 (sd 1·8) years) of normal weight (BMI 22·2 (sd 1·5) kg/m2) were recruited to the randomised cross-over study. Visual analogue scales were used to record subjective appetite ratings every 30 min on each of two test days. A drink of 500 ml cola or chocolate milk (900 kJ) was ingested 30 min before an ad libitum lunch. Satiety and fullness were significantly greater (P = 0·0007, P = 0·0004, respectively) 30 min after chocolate milk than after cola. Ratings of prospective consumption and hunger were significantly greater after cola than after chocolate milk, both immediately after preload intake (P = 0·008, P = 0·01, respectively) and 30 min afterwards (P = 0·004, P = 0·01, respectively). There was no significant difference (P = 0·42) in ad libitum lunch intake after ingestion of chocolate milk (3145 (sd 1268) kJ) compared with cola (3286 (sd 1346) kJ). The results support the hypothesis that sweetened soft drinks are different from milk products in their impact on short-term hunger and satiety, although differences in subjective appetite scores were not translated into differences in energy intake.

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PP045-SUN: Effects of Dietary Protein on Energy Intake and Gastric Emptying in Healthy Older Compared to Young Men

Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1016/s0261-5614(14)50087-8 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 33 ◽

pp. S35-S36

Author(s):

S. Soenen ◽

C. Giezenaar ◽

L. Trahair ◽

R. Tippett ◽

A. Ryan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastric Emptying ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Young Men

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Decreased energy availability during training overload is associated with non-functional overreaching and suppressed ovarian function in female runners

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2020-0880 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Karine Schaal ◽

Marta D VanLoan ◽

Christophe Hausswirth ◽

Gretchen A Casazza

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Ovarian Function ◽

Recovery Period ◽

Poor Performance ◽

Performance Outcomes ◽

Energy Availability ◽

Exercise Energy Expenditure ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Plasma Leptin

Low energy availability (EA) suppresses many physiological processes, including ovarian function in female athletes. Low EA could also predispose athletes to develop a state of overreaching. This study compared the changes in ad libitum energy intake (EI), exercise energy expenditure (ExEE), and EA among runners completing a training overload (TO) phase. We tested the hypothesis that runners becoming overreached would show decreased EA, suppressed ovarian function and plasma leptin, compared to well-adapted (WA) runners. After 1 menstrual cycle (baseline), 16 eumenorrheic runners performed 4 weeks of TO followed by a 2-week recovery (131±3% and 63±6% of baseline running volume respectively). Seven-day ExEE, EI, running performance (RUNPERF) and plasma [leptin] were assessed for each phase. Salivary [estradiol] was measured daily. Urinary [luteinizing hormone] tests confirmed ovulation. Nine runners adapted positively to TO (WA,ΔRUNPERF: +4±2%); seven were non-functionally overreached (NFOR, ΔRUNPERF –9±2%) as RUNPERF remained suppressed after the recovery period. WA increased EI during TO, maintaining their baseline EA despite a large increase in ExEE (ΔEA=+1.9±1.3 kcal.kgFFM-1.d-1, P=0.17). By contrast, NFOR showed no change in EI, leading to decreased EA (ΔEA=-5.6±2.1 kcal.kgFFM-1.d-1, P=0.04). [Leptin]b, mid-cycle and luteal [estradiol]s decreased in NFOR only. Contrasting with WA, NFOR failed to maintain baseline EA during TO, resulting in poor performance outcomes and suppressed ovarian function.NCT02224976. NOVELTY BULLETS: -Runners adapting positively to training overload (TO) increased ad libitum energy intake, maintaining baseline EA and ovarian function through TO. -By contrast, NFOR runners failed to increase energy intake, showing suppressed EA and ovarian function during TO.

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