Feeding muscles scale differently from swimming muscles in sunfish (Centrarchidae)

The physiological properties of vertebrate skeletal muscle typically show a scaling pattern of slower contractile properties with size. In fishes, the myotomal or swimming muscle reportedly follows this pattern, showing slower muscle activation, relaxation and maximum shortening velocity ( V max ) with an increase in body size. We asked if the muscles involved in suction feeding by fishes would follow the same pattern. We hypothesized that feeding muscles in fishes that feed on evasive prey are under selection to maintain high power output and therefore would not show slower contractile properties with size. To test this, we compared contractile properties in feeding muscles (epaxial and sternohyoideus) and swimming muscle (myotomal) for two members of the family Centrarchidae (sunfish): the bluegill ( Lepomis macrochirus ) and the largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ). Consistent with our predictions, the V max of myotomal muscle in both species slowed with size, while the epaxials showed no significant change in V max with size. In the sternohyoideus, V max slowed with size in the bluegill but increased with size in the bass. The results indicate that scaling patterns of contractile properties appear to be more closely tied to muscle function (i.e. locomotion versus feeding) than overall patterns of size.

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Bifunctional Role of the Sternohyoideus Muscle During Suction Feeding in Striped Surfperch, Embiotoca lateralis

Integrative Organismal Biology ◽

10.1093/iob/obaa021 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

J J Lomax ◽

T F Martinson ◽

Y E Jimenez ◽

E L Brainerd

Keyword(s):

Muscle Mass ◽

Muscle Power ◽

Micropterus Salmoides ◽

Lepomis Macrochirus ◽

Muscle Length ◽

Muscle Size ◽

Suction Feeding ◽

Shortening Velocity ◽

Axial Muscle ◽

Embiotoca Lateralis

Synopsis In ray-finned fishes, the sternohyoideus (SH) is among the largest muscles in the head region and, based on its size, can potentially contribute to the overall power required for suction feeding. However, the function of the SH varies interspecifically. In largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and several clariid catfishes, the SH functions similarly to a stiff ligament. In these species, the SH remains isometric and transmitts power from the hypaxial musculature to the hyoid apparatus during suction feeding. Alternatively, the SH can shorten and contribute muscle power during suction feeding, a condition observed in the bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) and one clariid catfish. An emerging hypothesis centers on SH muscle size as a predictor of function: in fishes with a large SH, the SH shortens during suction feeding, whereas in fish with a smaller SH, the muscle may remain isometric. Here, we studied striped surfperch (Embiotoca lateralis), a species in which the SH is relatively large at 8.8% of axial muscle mass compared with 4.0% for L. macrochirus and 1.7% for M. salmoides, to determine whether the SH shortens during suction feeding and is, therefore, bifunctional—both transmitting and generating power—or remains isometric and only transmits power. We measured skeletal kinematics of the neurocranium, urohyal, and cleithrum with Video Reconstruction of Moving Morphology, along with muscle strain and shortening velocity in the SH and epaxial muscles, using a new method of 3D external marker tracking. We found mean SH shortening during suction feeding strikes (n = 22 strikes from four individual E. lateralis) was 7.2 ± 0.55% (±SEM) of initial muscle length. Mean peak speed of shortening was 4.9 ± 0.65 lengths s−1, and maximum shortening speed occurred right around peak gape when peak power is generated in suction feeding. The cleithrum of E. lateralis retracts and depresses but the urohyal retracts and depresses even more, a strong indicator of a bifunctional SH capable of not only generating its own power but also transmitting hypaxial power to the hyoid. While power production in E. lateralis is still likely dominated by the axial musculature, since even the relatively large SH of E. lateralis is only 8.8% of axial muscle mass, the SH may contribute a meaningful amount of power given its continual shortening just prior to peak gape across all strikes. These results support the finding from other groups of fishes that a large SH muscle, relative to axial muscle mass, is likely to both generate and transmit power during suction feeding.

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Effect of the Human Utilization of Northern Snakehead (Channa argus Cantor, 1842) on the Settlement of Exotic Fish and Cladoceran Community Structure

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13052486 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 2486

Author(s):

Jong-Yun Choi ◽

Seong-Ki Kim

Keyword(s):

Community Structure ◽

Fish Species ◽

Micropterus Salmoides ◽

Lepomis Macrochirus ◽

Nakdong River ◽

Exotic Fish ◽

Carnivorous Fish ◽

Channa Argus ◽

The Nakdong River ◽

Exotic Fish Species

Empirical studies suggest that changes in the density of top predators, such as carnivorous fish, in freshwater food webs, strongly affect not only fish communities but also various primary and secondary consumers. Based on these findings, we explored how differences in the utilization of carnivorous fish (i.e., Northern Snakehead, Channa argus) by humans affected the fish and cladoceran community structure as well as the settlement of exotic fish species (i.e., Lepomis macrochirus and Micropterus salmoides) in 30 wetlands located in the upper and lower reaches of the Nakdong River. Our results show that in the mid–lower reaches of the Nakdong River, the density of C. argus was low, while high densities of L. macrochirus and M. salmoides were observed. Exotic fish species are frequently consumed by C. argus, leading to a low density of L. macrochirus and M. salmoides in the upper reaches, which supported a high density of C. argus. However, in the mid–lower reaches, the density of L. macrochirus was high because of the frequent collection of C. argus by fishing activities. The dominance of L. macrochirus significantly changed the structure of cladoceran communities. L. macrochirus mainly feeds on pelagic species, increasing the density of epiphytic species in the mid–lower reaches. The continued utilization of C. argus by humans induced a stable settlement of exotic fish species and strongly affected the community structures of primary consumers in the 30 wetlands. The frequency of C. argus collection has to be reduced to secure biodiversity in the mid–lower reaches of the Nakdong River, which will reduce the proportion of exotic fish species and increase the conservation of native fish.

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Quantitative comparisons of the morphology and ultrastructure of erythrocyte nuclei from seven freshwater fish species

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z95-229 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 73 (10) ◽

pp. 1951-1959 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Charles H. Jagoe ◽

Dave A. Welter

Keyword(s):

Fish Species ◽

Yellow Perch ◽

Micropterus Salmoides ◽

Lepomis Macrochirus ◽

Nuclear Size ◽

Image Analysis System ◽

Cell Nuclei ◽

Homogeneous Population ◽

Differentiated Cells ◽

Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss

Chromosome number and genomic DNA content vary widely among fish species, and ploidy can vary within species. This suggests that the size, shape, and morphological features of cell nuclei may also vary. Nucleated erythrocytes of fish are an easily sampled homogeneous population of differentiated cells ideal for inter- and intra-species comparisons. We collected blood samples from largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), chain pickerel (Esox niger), yellow perch (Perca flavescens), mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki), redeye bass (Micropterus coosae), and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and removed cytoplasm and nuclear membranes from blood cells. Individual nuclei were examined and measured using scanning electron microscopy and a computerized image analysis system, and inter- and intra-species differences evaluated by nested analysis of variance. Nuclear size and shape varied significantly among species. Isolated nuclei had conspicuous apertures or holes, and the number and size of these holes also varied significantly among species. Variations in nuclear size and structure within species were small compared with interspecies differences. Little is known of the ultrastructure of erythrocyte nuclei in lower vertebrates, but their structure differs considerably from that of other vertebrate non-erythroid cells, suggesting that the organization of their DNA and associated proteins may be different.

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Corticosteroid effects on isotonic contractile properties of rat diaphragm muscle

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1997.83.4.1062 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 83 (4) ◽

pp. 1062-1067 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Roland H. H. Van Balkom ◽

Wen-Zhi Zhan ◽

Y. S. Prakash ◽

P. N. Richard Dekhuijzen ◽

Gary C. Sieck

Keyword(s):

Isometric Force ◽

Contractile Properties ◽

Diaphragm Muscle ◽

Peak Power Output ◽

Rat Diaphragm ◽

Fiber Morphology ◽

Shortening Velocity ◽

Maximum Isometric Force ◽

Induced Changes ◽

Isotonic Contractions

Van Balkom, Roland H. H., Wen-Zhi Zhan, Y. S. Prakash, P. N. Richard Dekhuijzen, and Gary C. Sieck. Corticosteroid effects on isotonic contractile properties of rat diaphragm muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(4): 1062–1067, 1997.—The effects of corticosteroids (CS) on diaphragm muscle (Diam) fiber morphology and contractile properties were evaluated in three groups of rats: controls (Ctl), surgical sham and weight-matched controls (Sham), and CS-treated (6 mg ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ day−1prednisolone at 2.5 ml/h for 3 wk). In the CS-treated Diam, there was a selective atrophy of type IIx and IIb fibers, compared with a generalized atrophy of all fibers in the Sham group. Maximum isometric force was reduced by 20% in the CS group compared with both Ctl and Sham. Maximum shortening velocity in the CS Diamwas slowed by ∼20% compared with Ctl and Sham. Peak power output of the CS Diam was only 60% of Ctl and 70% of Sham. Endurance to repeated isotonic contractions improved in the CS-treated Diam compared with Ctl. We conclude that the atrophy of type IIx and IIb fibers in the Diam can only partially account for the CS-induced changes in isotonic contractile properties. Other factors such as reduced myofibrillar density or altered cross-bridge cycling kinetics are also likely to contribute to the effects of CS treatment.

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Freshwater fishes of Bontebok National Park

Koedoe ◽

10.4102/koedoe.v44i2.176 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

I.A. Russell

Keyword(s):

South African ◽

National Park ◽

Fish Assemblages ◽

Micropterus Salmoides ◽

Clarias Gariepinus ◽

Lepomis Macrochirus ◽

River System ◽

Indigenous Species ◽

Freshwater Species ◽

Micropterus Dolomieu

Fish assemblages were sampled at six sites in the Breede River in the Bontebok National Park during 1999 and 2000. A total of 380 fish from 12 species was recorded. Indigenous fish collected included one freshwater species (Barbus andrewi), two catodromous species (Anguilla mossambica, Myxus capensis). and three estuarine species (Gilchris- tella aestuaria, Monodactylusfalciformis, Mugil cephalus). Four of the species recorded were aliens (Tinea tinea, Lepomis macrochirus, Micropterus salmoides, Micropterus dolomieu) and two species translocated from other South African rivers (Tilapia sparrmanii, Clarias gariepinus). A further two indigenous species (Sandelia capensis, Pseudobarbus biirchelli) could potentially occur within the park, though the high abundance of alien predators means that there is little chance for recolonisation from tributaries higher in the Breede River system. There is little opportunity to meaningfully conserve most indigenous freshwater fish in Bontebok National Park.

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Functional significance of compensatory overloaded rat fast muscle

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1982.52.2.473 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 473-478 ◽

Cited By ~ 92

Author(s):

R. R. Roy ◽

I. D. Meadows ◽

K. M. Baldwin ◽

V. R. Edgerton

Keyword(s):

Biochemical Properties ◽

Slow Muscle ◽

Repetitive Stimulation ◽

Contractile Properties ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Shortening Velocity ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Time To Peak ◽

Isometric Twitch

Chronic overload of a skeletal muscle by removing its synergists produces hypertrophy and marked changes in its metabolic and biochemical properties. In this study alterations in the contractile properties of the plantaris 12–14 wk after bilateral removal of the soleus and gastrocnemius were investigated. In situ isometric and isotonic contractile properties of overloaded plantaris (OP), normal plantaris (NP), and normal soleus (NS) were tested at 33 +/- 1 degree C. Op were 97% heavier than NP and produced 43 and 46% higher twitch (Pt) and tetanic (Po) tensions. However, NP produced more tension per cross-sectional area than OP (mean 26.2 vs. 21.6 N/cm2; P less than 0.001). Isometric twitch time to peak tension (TPT) and half-relaxation time (1/2RT) were significantly longer in OP (mean 36.4 vs. 32.5 ms and 23.9 vs. 18.4 ms). Mean maximum shortening velocity (Vmax, mm/s per 1,000 sarcomeres) were 34.1 for NP and 18.1 for OP (P less than 0.001). The degree of conversion toward the Vmax of NS was 74% compared with only 19 and 14% for TPT and 1/2RT. OP produced a higher proportion of Po at a given stimulation frequency than NP and showed less fatigue than NP after repetitive stimulation. Chronic overload of the fast plantaris modified to varying degrees the contractile properties studied toward that resembling a slow muscle. Although the maximum tension of OP was markedly enhanced it was not in proportion to the increase in muscle mass.

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The EMG-force relationship of the cat soleus muscle and its association with contractile conditions during locomotion.

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.198.4.975 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 198 (4) ◽

pp. 975-987 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A C Guimaraes ◽

W Herzog ◽

T L Allinger ◽

Y T Zhang

Keyword(s):

Soleus Muscle ◽

Adaptive Filtering ◽

Muscle Activation ◽

Stance Phase ◽

Force Production ◽

Muscle Length ◽

Force Transducer ◽

Shortening Velocity ◽

Integrated Emg ◽

Filtering Approach

The relationship between force and electromyographic (EMG) signals of the cat soleus muscle was obtained for three animals during locomotion at five different speeds (154 steps), using implanted EMG electrodes and a force transducer. Experimentally obtained force-IEMG (= integrated EMG) relationships were compared with theoretically predicted instantaneous activation levels calculated by dividing the measured force by the predicted maximal force that the muscle could possibly generate as a function of its instantaneous contractile conditions. In addition, muscular forces were estimated from the corresponding EMG records exclusively using an adaptive filtering approach. Mean force-IEMG relationships were highly non-linear but similar in shape for different cats and different speeds of locomotion. The theoretically predicted activation-time plots typically showed two peaks, as did the IEMG-time plots. The first IEMG peak tended to be higher than the second one and it appeared to be associated with the initial priming of the muscle for force production at paw contact and the peak force observed early during the stance phase. The second IEMG peak appeared to be a burst of high muscle activation, which might have compensated for the levels of muscle length and shortening velocity that were suboptimal during the latter part of the stance phase. Although it was difficult to explain the soleus forces on the basis of the theoretically predicted instantaneous activation levels, it was straightforward to approximate these forces accurately from EMG data using an adaptive filtering approach.

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Limnovirga soli gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from river sediment

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY ◽

10.1099/ijsem.0.004891 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 71 (10) ◽

Author(s):

Kyung June Yim ◽

Dong-Hyun Jung ◽

Seok Won Jang ◽

Sanghwa Park

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Trees ◽

Amino Acid Identity ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Respiratory Quinone ◽

Content Type ◽

Link Type ◽

Physiological Properties ◽

Average Amino Acid Identity ◽

The Family ◽

Genome Analyses

A cream-coloured, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain KSC-6T, was isolated from soil sampled at the Gapcheon River watershed in Daejeon, Republic of Korea. The organism does not require NaCl for growth and grows at pH 6.0–8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and 10–37 °C (optimum, 25 °C). Phylogenetic trees based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences reveal that strain KSC-6T belongs to the family Chitinophagaceae within the order Chitinophagales and is most closely related to Panacibacter ginsenosidivorans Gsoil 1550T (95.9% similarity). The genomic DNA G+C content was 38.9 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids (>8 %) of strain KCS-6T were iso-C15:0, iso-C15 : 1 G and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. The predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone 7 and the predominant polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, five unidentified aminolipids and two unidentified lipids. Based on genome analyses, low digital DNA–DNA hybridization, average nucleotide identity and average amino acid identity values with closely related genera, and differential chemotaxonomic and physiological properties, we suggest that strain KCS-6T represents a novel species in a new genus in the family Chitinophagaceae , for which the name Limnovirga soli gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain KCS-6T=KCCM 43337T=NBRC 114336T) is proposed.

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MYOSTATIN - A MODERN UNDERSTANDING OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGE-ASSOCIATED DISEASES

Успехи геронтологии ◽

10.34922/ae.2021.34.5.005 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 701-706

Author(s):

А.А. Газданова ◽

В.Г. Кукес ◽

О.К. Парфенова ◽

Н.Г. Сидоров ◽

А.В. Перков ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Growth ◽

Physiological Role ◽

Review Article ◽

Negative Regulator ◽

Transforming Growth Factors ◽

Endogenous Factors ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

Physiological Properties ◽

The Family

Миостатин - белок, принадлежащий к классу миокинов, семейству трансформирующих факторов роста β (TGF-β). В обзорной статье, анализирующей данные литературы, показана ключевая роль миостатина в развитии старческой саркопении и кахексии при различных патологических состояниях, таких как рак, ХСН, ХБП, ХОБЛ и др. В статье рассматривается структура миостатина, подробная схема синтеза и его активации, механизм действия как негативного регулятора роста и дифференцировки мышц при этих патологических состояниях. Выделены основные физиологические свойства и клиническое значение. Рассмотрены экзогенные и эндогенные факторы, регулирующие экспрессию миостатина, и возможные механизмы их действия. Myostatin is a protein belonging to the myokine class, the family of transforming growth factors β (TGF-β). The review article, based on the analysis of literature data, shows the key role of myostatin in the development of senile sarcopenia and cachexia in various pathological conditions, such as cancer, chronic heart failure, chronic renal failure, COPD, etc. The article discusses the structure of myostatin, provides a detailed diagram of the synthesis and activation of myostatin, the ways of implementing the mechanism of action as a negative regulator of muscle growth and differentiation in these pathological conditions. The main physiological properties and clinical significance are highlighted. Exogenous and endogenous factors regulating myostatin expression and possible mechanisms of their action are considered.

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Historical Changes in Large River Fish Assemblages of the Americas

Historical Changes in Large River Fish Assemblages of the Americas ◽

10.47886/9781888569728.ch17 ◽

2005 ◽

Keyword(s):

Relative Abundance ◽

Mississippi River ◽

Largemouth Bass ◽

Fish Assemblage ◽

Fish Assemblages ◽

Micropterus Salmoides ◽

Lepomis Macrochirus ◽

Large River ◽

Frequency Of Occurrence ◽

Abundance And Distribution

Abstract.—An investigation of historical fisheries information for pools 4–13 of the upper Mississippi River (UMR) was conducted to 1) determine the pre-1938 relative abundance and distribution of bluegill Lepomis macrochirus and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, 2) determine the composition and relative abundance of the preimpoundment fish assemblage, and 3) determine if a shift in frequency of occurrence and relative abundance has occurred due to impoundment.

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