scholarly journals Repeated evolution of salt-tolerance in grasses

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 20130029 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. Bennett ◽  
T. J. Flowers ◽  
L. Bromham
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Tolerant Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Repeated Evolution ◽  
Salt Affected Soils

The amount of salt-affected agricultural land is increasing globally, so new crop varieties are needed that can grow in salt-affected soils. Despite concerted effort to develop salt-tolerant cereal crops, few commercially viable salt-tolerant crops have been released. This is puzzling, given the number of naturally salt-tolerant grass species. To better understand why salt-tolerance occurs naturally but is difficult to breed into crop species, we take a novel, biodiversity-based approach to its study, examining the evolutionary lability of salt-tolerance across the grass family. We analyse the phylogenetic distribution of naturally salt-tolerant species on a phylogeny of 2684 grasses, and find that salt-tolerance has evolved over 70 times, in a wide range of grass lineages. These results are confirmed by repeating the analysis at genus level on a phylogeny of over 800 grass genera. While salt-tolerance evolves surprisingly often, we find that its evolution does not often give rise to a large clade of salt-tolerant species. These results suggest that salt-tolerance is an evolutionarily labile trait in grasses.

scholarly journals Generation of New Salt-Tolerant Wheat Lines and Transcriptomic Exploration of the Responsive Genes to Ethylene and Salt Stress

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Ma ◽  
Huajian Zhou ◽  
Xinying Sui ◽  
Chunxue Su ◽  
Yanchong Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Ethylene Response ◽  
The World ◽  
Antenna Proteins ◽  
Wheat Lines

Abstract Background: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a staple crop in the world, but is only moderately salt tolerant. However, salt stress affects one-fifth of irrigated agricultural land in the world, it is of great importance to cultivate salt-tolerant varieties to improve the global wheat production. Results: In this study, over 90,000 wheat seeds of cultivar ‘Luyuan502’ were mutated by EMS, and 2000 salt-tolerant lines were harvested from salinized field. By analysis of ethylene sensitivity, salt related physiological factors, and preliminary crop yield, 12 salt-tolerant wheat lines with high production were selected among the crop plants. Transcriptome analysis indicated that a large number of the transcripts levels were significantly altered, mainly based on antenna proteins involved in photosynthesis, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, cyanoamino acid metabolism, carotenoid biosynthesis, thiamine metabolism, and cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis pathways including CABs, PERs/PODs, BGLUs, CYP707s, and ZEPs. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the expressions of salt-related genes in the wheat lines were mostly higher than the wild type, and salt stress can significantly increase the expression levels of the ethylene-related genes in the wheat lines. Based on transcriptomic data, nine novel wheat ERFs were identified and analyzed, and it is suggested that they may play important roles in mediation of ethylene response and salt tolerance.Conclusion: Salt-tolerant wheat mutant lines with ethylene insensitivity were obtained from screen of a wheat EMS-mutagenized pool. Transcriptome data showed that the mutant plants exhibit significant alterations in the antenna proteins involved in various biological processes. Expression analysis suggests that ERFs may mediate ethylene response and salt tolerance of the wheat lines.

Identifying suitable grass species for saline areas

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 197 ◽  
Author(s):  
ME Rogers ◽  
CL Noble ◽  
RJ Pederick
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Introduced Species ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Pascopyrum Smithii ◽  
Psathyrostachys Juncea ◽  
Thinopyrum Elongatum

The salt tolerance of 20 lines of perennial grasses, including both native Australian and introduced species, was evaluated in 3 separate experiments over 0-180 mol Na Cl/m3 in the greenhouse, with the aim of identifying material that may be grown productively in saline areas in Australia, particularly the Murray- Darling Basin. Lolium perenne cv. Victorian, a species that is recognised as having a moderate level of salt tolerance, was included in all experiments as a reference species. In relative terms (as defined by the rate of the decline in dry matter production under saline conditions), only 5 species or cultivars (Psathyrostachys juncea cvv. Mankota, Tetracan and Vinall, Pascopyrum smithii cv. Walsh and Thinopyrum elongatum cv. Tyrell) were more salt tolerant than L. perenne cv. Victorian. However, several species including the native species Enteropogon acicularis and Themeda triandra, and the introduced species Eragrostis curvula cv. Consol and Thinopyrum elongatum, produced more dry matter than L. perenne over NaCl concentrations ranging from 0 to 180 mol/m3. The salt tolerance of Danthonia richardsonii was very similar to that of L. perenne. It was concluded that Psathyrostachys juncea, Pascopyrum smithii, Enteropogon acicularis and D. richardsonii, may offer potential as salt-tolerant germplasm, however, further field studies are recommended in order to fully assess the response of this material to saline soil conditions.

Sodium interception by xylem parenchyma and chloride recirculation in phloem may augment exclusion in the salt tolerant Pistacia genus: context for salinity studies on tree crops

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 1484-1498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessie M Godfrey ◽  
Louise Ferguson ◽  
Blake L Sanden ◽  
Aude Tixier ◽  
Or Sperling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Xylem Parenchyma ◽  
Graft Union ◽  
Wood Tissue ◽  
Woody Perennials ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Additional Capacity ◽  
Root Exclusion

Abstract Working in tandem with root exclusion, stems may provide salt-tolerant woody perennials with some additional capacity to restrict sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) accumulation in leaves. The Pistacia genus, falling at the nexus of salt tolerance and human intervention, provided an ideal set of organisms for studying the influences of both variable root exclusion and potentially variable discontinuities at the bud union on stem processes. In three experiments covering a wide range of salt concentrations (0 to 150 mM NaCl) and tree ages (1, 2 and 10 years) as well as nine rootstock-scion combinations we show that proportional exclusion of both Na and Cl reached up to ~85% efficacy, but efficacy varied by both rootstock and budding treatment. Effective Na exclusion was augmented by significant retrieval of Na from the xylem sap, as evidenced by declines in the Na concentrations of both sap and wood tissue along the transpiration stream. However, while we observed little to no differences between the concentrations of the two ions in leaves, analogous declines in sap concentrations of Cl were not observed. We conclude that some parallel but separate mechanism must be acting on Cl to provide leaf protection from toxicity specific to this ion and suggest that this mechanism is recirculation of Cl in the phloem. The presented findings underline the importance of holistic assessments of salt tolerance in woody perennials. In particular, greater emphasis might be placed on the dynamics of salt sequestration in the significant storage volumes offered by the stems of woody perennials and on the potential for phloem discontinuity introduced with a bud/graft union.

scholarly journals Salt-Tolerant Compatible Microbial Inoculants Modulate Physio-Biochemical Responses Enhance Plant Growth, Zn Biofortification and Yield of Wheat Grown in Saline-Sodic Soil

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9936
Author(s):  
Udai B. Singh ◽  
Deepti Malviya ◽  
Shailendra Singh ◽  
Prakash Singh ◽  
Abhijeet Ghatak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Microbial Inoculants ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Uninoculated Control ◽  
The Impact

A wide range of root-associated mutualistic microorganisms have been successfully applied and documented in the past for growth promotion, biofertilization, biofortification and biotic and abiotic stress amelioration in major crops. These microorganisms include nitrogen fixers, nutrient mobilizers, bio-remediators and bio-control agents. The present study aimed to demonstrate the impact of salt-tolerant compatible microbial inoculants on plant growth; Zn biofortification and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops grown in saline-sodic soil and insight of the mechanisms involved therein are being shared through this paper. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH-501 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-16 on wheat grown in saline-sodic soil at Research Farm, ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Sciences, Kushmaur, India. The population of rhizosphere-associated microorganisms changed dramatically upon inoculation of the test microbes in the wheat rhizosphere. The co-inoculation induced a significant accumulation of proline and total soluble sugar in wheat at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after sowing as compared to the uninoculated control. Upon quantitative estimation of organic solutes and antioxidant enzymes, these were found to have increased significantly in co-inoculated plants under salt-stressed conditions. The application of microbial inoculants enhanced the salt tolerance level significantly in wheat plants grown in saline-sodic soil. A significant increase in the uptake and translocation of potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca2+) was observed in wheat co-inoculated with the microbial inoculants, while a significant reduction in sodium (Na+) content was recorded in plants treated with both the bio-agents when compared with the respective uninoculated control plants. Results clearly indicated that significantly higher expression of TaHKT-1 and TaNHX1 in the roots enhances salt tolerance effectively by maintaining the Na+/K+ balance in the plant tissue. It was also observed that co-inoculation of the test inoculants increased the expression of ZIP transporters (2–3.5-folds) which ultimately led to increased biofortification of Zn in wheat grown in saline-sodic soil. Results suggested that co-inoculation of T. harzianum UBSTH-501 and B. amyloliquefaciens B-16 not only increased plant growth but also improved total grain yield along with a reduction in seedling mortality in the early stages of crop growth. In general, the present investigation demonstrated the feasibility of using salt-tolerant rhizosphere microbes for plant growth promotion and provides insights into plant-microbe interactions to ameliorate salt stress and increase Zn bio-fortification in wheat.

scholarly journals State Priekuļi Plant Breeding Institute – A Century of Agricultural Research and Plant Breeding

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-295
Author(s):  
Gunta Bebre ◽  
Maija Gaiķe ◽  
Ilze Skrabule ◽  
Vita Gaiķe ◽  
Arta Kronberga
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Crop Management ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Barley Variety ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plant Breeding Institute

The State Priekuïi Plant Breeding Institute (previously Wenden, Cçsis or Priekuïi Experimental and Breeding Station) started its operation in 1913. The main aims of research have remained the same for the last century: to provide knowledge on crop management and to create crop varieties suitable to local growing conditions and farming systems, acceptable to consumer requirements. Supply to farmers of high quality seed material of cereals, potato, pea, clover and grasses is an essential part of the scope. Overall, 31 crop species have been involved in a wide range of studies. More than 100 different crop varieties have been bred since the beginning of the 20th century. Potato varieties ‘Brasla’, ‘Agrie Dzeltenie’, winter rye variety ‘Kaupo’, pea varieties ‘Vitra’, ‘Retrija’, barley variety ‘Idumeja’ and several clover and grass varieties are widely grown in farmers’ fields. The first hulless barley variety in the Baltic States, ‘Irbe’, and winter triticale variety ‘Inarta’ have been bred in the Institute recently. Long-term crop rotation trials have been run for more than 50 years. A number of outstanding scientists and agronomists have worked in the Institute: potato breeders E. Knappe and V. Gaujers, cereal breeders J. Lindermanis, M. Gaiíe, and M. Sovere, grass breeders P. Pommers, A. Apinis, and I. Holms, pea breeder M. Vitjaþkova, researchers on crop management R. Sniedze and V. Miíelsons, research manager and director U. Miglavs and others

scholarly journals SCREENING OF SALT TOLERANT RHIZOBIA FROM GROUNDNUT IN CUDDALORE DISTRICT OF TAMIL NADU, INDIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Pandeeswari ◽  
K. Sivakumar
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Salinity Response ◽  
The World ◽  
Salt Affected Soils

Salinity seriously constrains crop yield in irrigated agriculture throughout the world. Also, salinity is a serious threat to agriculture in arid and semi arid regions. Nearly 10 % of the world’s land surface can be classified as endangered by salinity. Salinity in the soil and irrigation water is an environmental problem and a major constraint for crop production. Currently, 20 % of the world’s cultivated land is affected by salinity, which results in the loss of 50 % of agricultural yield. At present, there are nearly 954 million hectares of saline soils on the earth’s surface. All these salt affected soils are distributed throughout the world. The salinity response of legumes in general varies greatly depending on factors like climatic conditions, soil properties, salt tolerance and the stages of crop growth. Successful cultivation of legumes can be achieved by the selection and/or development of a salt-tolerant legume Rhizobium combination although high salinities are known to affect rhizobial activities. The aim of present study is the effect of strains of salt tolerant Rhizobia on IAA, EPS, nodule ARA activity, Nitrogen content, leghemoglobin content, siderophore production, IAR and salt concentration of Groundnut on coastal area of Cuddalore District of Tamil Nadu. The GNR CD-4 is the effect salt tolerance strain compared to other strains.

Application of SSR Technique for the Identification of Markers Linked to Salinity Tolerance in Rice

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-65
Author(s):  
MH Kabir ◽  
MM Islam ◽  
SN Begum ◽  
AC Manidas
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Phenotypic Screening ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Marker Assisted Breeding ◽  
Hydroponic System ◽  
Rice Landrace ◽  
Salt Susceptible

A cross was made between high yielding salt susceptible BINA variety (Binadhan-5) with salt tolerant rice landrace (Harkuch) to identify salt tolerant rice lines. Thirty six F3 rice lines of Binadhan-5 x Harkuch were tested for salinity tolerance at the seedling stage in hydroponic system using nutrient solution. In F3 population, six lines were found as salt tolerant and 10 lines were moderately tolerant based on phenotypic screening at the seedling stage. Twelve SSR markers were used for parental survey and among them three polymorphic SSR markers viz., OSR34, RM443 and RM169 were selected to evaluate 26 F3 rice lines for salt tolerance. With respect to marker OSR34, 15 lines were identified as salt tolerant, 9 lines were susceptible and 2 lines were heterozygous. While RM443 identified 3 tolerant, 14 susceptible and 9 heterozygous rice lines. Eight tolerant, 11 susceptible and 7 heterozygous lines were identified with the marker RM169. Thus the tested markers could be efficiently used for tagging salt tolerant genes in marker-assisted breeding programme.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v19i2.16929 Progress. Agric. 19(2): 57 - 65, 2008

Genetic Potential for Salt Tolerance During Germination in Lycopersicon Species

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Foolad ◽  
G.Y. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Wild Accession ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Plant Introductions ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Stress Levels

Seed of 42 wild accessions (Plant Introductions) of Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium Jusl., 11 cultigens (cultivated accessions) of L. esculentum Mill., and three control genotypes [LA716 (a salt-tolerant wild accession of L. pennellii Corr.), PI 174263 (a salt-tolerant cultigen), and UCT5 (a salt-sensitive breeding line)] were evaluated for germination in either 0 mm (control) or 100 mm synthetic sea salt (SSS, Na+/Ca2+ molar ratio equal to 5). Germination time increased in response to salt-stress in all genotypes, however, genotypic variation was observed. One accession of L. pimpinellifolium, LA1578, germinated as rapidly as LA716, and both germinated more rapidly than any other genotype under salt-stress. Ten accessions of L. pimpinellifolium germinated more rapidly than PI 174263 and 35 accessions germinated more rapidly than UCT5 under salt-stress. The results indicate a strong genetic potential for salt tolerance during germination within L. pimpinellifolium. Across genotypes, germination under salt-stress was positively correlated (r = 0.62, P < 0.01) with germination in the control treatment. The stability of germination response at diverse salt-stress levels was determined by evaluating germination of a subset of wild, cultivated accessions and the three control genotypes at 75, 150, and 200 mm SSS. Seeds that germinated rapidly at 75 mm also germinated rapidly at 150 mm salt. A strong correlation (r = 0.90, P < 0.01) existed between the speed of germination at these two salt-stress levels. At 200 mm salt, most accessions (76%) did not reach 50% germination by 38 days, demonstrating limited genetic potential within Lycopersicon for salt tolerance during germination at this high salinity.

scholarly journals Evaluation of salinity tolerance indices in North African barley accessions at reproductive stage

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 61-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorsaf Allel ◽  
Anis BenAmar ◽  
Mounawer Badri ◽  
Chedly Abdelly
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Reproductive Stage ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
North African ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Selection Indices

Soil salinity is one of the main factors limiting cereal productivity in worldwide agriculture. Exploitation of natural variation in local barley germplasm is an effective approach to overcome yield losses. Three gene pools of North African Hordeum vulgare L. grown in Tunisia, Algeria and Egypt were evaluated at the reproductive stage under control and saline conditions. Assessment of stress tolerance was monitored using morphological, yield-related traits and phenological parameters of reproductive organs showing significant genetic variation. High heritability and positive relationships were found suggesting that some traits associated with salt tolerance could be used as selection criteria. The phenotypic correlations revealed that vegetative traits including shoot biomass, tiller number and leaf number along with yield-related traits such as spike number, one spike dry weight, grain number/plant and grain number/spike were highly positively correlated with grain yield under saline conditions. Hence, these traits can be used as reliable selection criteria to improve barley grain yield. Keeping a higher shoot biomass and longer heading and maturity periods as well as privileged filling ability might contribute to higher grain production in barley and thus could be potential target traits in barley crop breeding toward improvement of salinity tolerance. Multiple selection indices revealed that salt tolerance trait index provided a better discrimination of barley landraces allowing selection of highly salt-tolerant and highly productive genotypes under severe salinity level. Effective evaluation of salt tolerance requires an integration of selection indices to successfully identify and characterize salt tolerant lines required for valuable exploitation in the management of salt-affected areas.  

scholarly journals Silicon Effects on the Root System of Diverse Crop Species Using Root Phenotyping Technology

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 885
Author(s):  
Pooja Tripathi ◽  
Sangita Subedi ◽  
Abdul Latif Khan ◽  
Yong-Suk Chung ◽  
Yoonha Kim
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Learning Technologies ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Wide Range

Roots play an essential function in the plant life cycle, as they utilize water and essential nutrients to promote growth and plant productivity. In particular, root morphology characteristics (such as length, diameter, hairs, and lateral growth) and the architecture of the root system (spatial configuration in soil, shape, and structure) are the key elements that ensure growth and a fine-tuned response to stressful conditions. Silicon (Si) is a ubiquitous element in soil, and it can affect a wide range of physiological processes occurring in the rhizosphere of various crop species. Studies have shown that Si significantly and positively enhances root morphological traits, including root length in rice, soybean, barley, sorghum, mustard, alfalfa, ginseng, and wheat. The analysis of these morphological traits using conventional methods is particularly challenging. Currently, image analysis methods based on advanced machine learning technologies allowed researchers to screen numerous samples at the same time considering multiple features, and to investigate root functions after the application of Si. These methods include root scanning, endoscopy, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional imaging, which can measure Si uptake, translocation and root morphological traits. Small variations in root morphology and architecture can reveal different positive impacts of Si on the root system of crops, with or without exposure to stressful environmental conditions. This review comprehensively illustrates the influences of Si on root morphology and root architecture in various crop species. Furthermore, it includes recommendations in regard to advanced methods and strategies to be employed to maintain sustainable plant growth rates and crop production in the currently predicted global climate change scenarios.

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