scholarly journals Dipteran larvae and microbes facilitate nutrient sequestration in the Nepenthes gracilis pitcher plant host

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 20160928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weng Ngai Lam ◽  
Kwek Yan Chong ◽  
Ganesh S. Anand ◽  
Hugh Tiang Wah Tan
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Pitcher Plant ◽  
Prey Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Sequestration ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Nutrient Sequestration ◽  
Nepenthes Gracilis

The fluid-containing traps of Nepenthes carnivorous pitcher plants (Nepenthaceae) are often inhabited by organisms known as inquilines. Dipteran larvae are key components of such communities and are thought to facilitate pitcher nitrogen sequestration by converting prey protein into inorganic nitrogen, although this has never been demonstrated in Nepenthes . Pitcher fluids are also inhabited by microbes, although the relationship(s) between these and the plant is still unclear. In this study, we examined the hypothesis of digestive mutualism between N. gracilis pitchers and both dipteran larvae and fluid microbes. Using dipteran larvae, prey and fluid volumes mimicking in situ pitcher conditions, we conducted in vitro experiments and measured changes in available fluid nitrogen in response to dipteran larvae and microbe presence. We showed that the presence of dipteran larvae resulted in significantly higher and faster releases of ammonium and soluble protein into fluids in artificial pitchers, and that the presence of fluid microbes did likewise for ammonium. We showed also that niche segregation occurs between phorid and culicid larvae, with the former fragmenting prey carcasses and the latter suppressing fluid microbe levels. These results clarify the relationships between several key pitcher-dwelling organisms, and show that pitcher communities facilitate nutrient sequestration in their host.

scholarly journals In vitro estimation of rumen fermentable organic matter using enzymes

1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.W. Cone ◽  
A.H. Van Gelder ◽  
A.M. Van Vuuren
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
In Situ Method ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Similar Accuracy ◽  
The Relationship

The amount of rumen fermentable organic matter (FOM) can be calculated using tables, taking into account the amount of digestible organic matter, the content of fat and fermentation products, and the amount of starch and protein escaping rumen fermentation, or FOM can be calculated using in situ incubations. An in vitro method is described to predict FOM using amylase and other carbohydrate degrading enzymes. FOM estimated by the enzymic method showed a moderate correlation (Rsuperscript 2 = 0.71) with FOM estimated by the in situ method. The relationship could be improved by separating the high crude fibre samples (Rsuperscript 2 = 0.88) from the other samples (Rsuperscript 2 = 0.77). Because degradation rates with the enzymic method were high compared with the assumed rumen passage rates, it proved that FOM could be predicted with a similar accuracy (Rsuperscript 2 = 0.76 - 0.80) by the undegraded fraction after 24 h.

The relationship between erythropoietin-dependent cellular differentiation and colony-forming ability in prenatal haemopoietic tissues

Development ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 575-588
Author(s):  
R. J. Cole ◽  
T. Regan ◽  
S. L. White ◽  
E. M. Cheek
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Differentiation ◽  
Cell Numbers ◽  
In Vitro Sensitivity ◽  
Foetal Liver ◽  
Rapid Production ◽  
Colony Forming Cell ◽  
Macrophage Colony ◽  
The Relationship

Levels of haem synthesis achieved by foetal liver erythroblasts responding to erythropoietin in vitro are similar in dissociated cell cultures and in cultures of organized tissues. Erythroid colony-forming cells reach maximum numbers on the sixteenth day of gestation. Their presence in foetal liver is associated with the period of most rapid production of erythrocytes, and with in vitro sensitivity to erythropoietin measured as enhanced haem synthesis. It is concluded that at least a proportion of erythroid colony-forming cells in the foetal liver are dependent on erythropoietin in situ and that these cells are separated from the earliest recognizable pro-erythroblast by 1–2 cell divisions. Populations of granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells change independently of erythroid colony-forming cell numbers.

The relationship between in vitro and in situ dry matter disappearance of some Iranian feedstuffs in sheep

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 210-210
Author(s):  
H. Paya ◽  
A. Taghizadeh ◽  
H. Janmohamadi ◽  
G.A Moghadam
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Feed Ingredients ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Require Information

Ration formulation systems require information on nutrient requirements of the animal and reliable values for rumen degradable and undegradable fractions of feed ingredients. The in situ nylon-bag technique is widely used to characterize the disappearance of feeds from the rumen (Woods et al., 2002). The objective of this study was determining of relationship between in vitro and in situ dry matter disappearance.

scholarly journals miR-375 mediates CRH signaling pathway in inhibiting E2 synthesis in porcine ovary

Reproduction ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 153 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chulin Yu ◽  
Meiling Li ◽  
Yue Wang ◽  
Ying Liu ◽  
Chengzhi Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Signaling System ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Relationship

The corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) signaling system is involved in numbers of stress-related physiological and pathological responses, including its inhibiting effects on estradiol (E2) synthesis and follicular development in the ovary. In addition, there are reports that microRNAs (miRNAs) can control the function of animal reproductive system. The aim of present study was to investigate the functions of miR-375 and the relationship between miR-375 and CRH signaling molecules in the porcine ovary. First, our common PCR results show that miR-375 and the CRH receptor 1 (CRHR1) are expressed in porcine ovary, whereas CRH receptor 2 (CRHR2) is not detected. We further have located the cell types of miR-375 and CRHR1 by in situ hybridization (ISH), and the results show that miR-375 is located only in the granulosa cells, whereas CRHR1 is positive in all of granulosa cells and oocytes, inferring that miR-375 and CRHR1 are co-localized in granulosa cells. Second, we show that overexpression of miR-375 in cultured granulosa cells suppresses the E2 production, whereas miR-375 knockdown demonstrates the opposite result. Besides, our in vitro results demonstrate that miR-375 mediates the signaling pathway of CRH inhibiting E2 synthesis. Finally, our data show that the action of miR-375 is accomplished by directly binding to the 3′UTR of specificity protein1 (SP1) mRNA to decrease the SP1 protein level. Thus, we conclude that miR-375 is a key factor in regulating E2 synthesis by mediating the CRH signaling pathway.

scholarly journals Predatory dipteran larva contributes to nutrient sequestration in a carnivorous pitcher plant

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 20170716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weng Ngai Lam ◽  
Robyn Jing Ying Lim ◽  
Shi Hong Wong ◽  
Hugh Tiang Wah Tan
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adult ◽  
Ammonium Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Forms ◽  
Pitcher Plants ◽  
Pitcher Plant ◽  
Fluid Surface ◽  
Prey Protein ◽  
Nutrient Sequestration ◽  
Over Time

The fluids of Nepenthes pitcher plants are habitats to many specialized animals known as inquilines, which facilitate the conversion of prey protein into pitcher-absorbable nitrogen forms such as ammonium. Xenoplatyura beaveri (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) is a predatory dipteran inquiline that inhabits the pitchers of Nepenthes ampullaria . Larvae of X. beaveri construct sticky webs over the fluid surface of N. ampullaria to ensnare emerging adult dipteran inquilines. However, the interaction between X. beaveri and its host has never been examined before, and it is not known if X. beaveri can contribute to nutrient sequestration in N. ampullaria. Xenoplatyura beaveri individuals were reared in artificial pitchers in the laboratory on a diet of emergent Tripteroides tenax mosquitoes, and the ammonium concentration of the pitcher fluids was measured over time. Fluid ammonium concentration in tubes containing X. beaveri was significantly greater than those of the controls. Furthermore, fluid ammonium concentrations increased greatly after X. beaveri larvae metamorphosed, although the cause of this increase could not be identified. Our results show that a terrestrial, inquiline predator can contribute significantly to nutrient sequestration in the phytotelma it inhabits, and suggest that this interaction has a net mutualistic outcome for both species.

Rumen degradability of Mongolian pastures: a comparison of in situ and in vitro gas production techniques

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 227-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.H. Murray ◽  
D. Daalkhaijav ◽  
C.D. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Gas Production ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
Native Pastures ◽  
The Relationship

In Mongolia animal performance is very much dependent on the quality and quantity of natural grassland available, since certain pastoral animals may obtain as much as 98% of their annual intake from pasture. There have been few studies to date on either in vivo or in vitro degradation of native Mongolian pastures. This paper seeks to investigate the degradation characteristics of native pastures from 2 regions in Mongolia, high mountain and forest steppe. It also investigates the relationship between the in vitro gas production technique and the in sacco technique.

scholarly journals Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) RNA is expressed at elevated levels in malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphomas

Blood ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 2475-2481 ◽  
Author(s):  
AE Kossakowska ◽  
SJ Urbanski ◽  
DR Edwards
Keyword(s):  
High Grade ◽  
Type Iv Collagenase ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Matrix Metabolism ◽  
High Level ◽  
Hodgkin's Lymphomas ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Interstitial Collagenase

Abstract Secreted metalloproteinases (MPs) and their specific inhibitors (TIMPs, tissue inhibitors of MPs) are important mediators of extracellular matrix metabolism. Previous studies have linked either excessive MP release or reduced TIMP-1 production to the invasive and metastatic phenotypes of cancer cells. In the present study we investigated the relationship between the expression of TIMP-1 and the clinical behavior of 28 non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Northern blot analysis showed that levels of TIMP-1 mRNAs correlated directly with clinical aggressiveness: tumors in the high-grade category contained the highest levels of TIMP-1 transcripts approaching those found in maximally growth factor-stimulated fibroblasts in vitro. In situ hybridization localized the TIMP-1 expression to stromal cells of endothelial and fibroblastic origin. In contrast, transcripts hybridizing with metalloproteinase gene probes (interstitial collagenase and 72-Kd type IV collagenase) were expressed at very low levels in malignant lymphomas and their expression was not coordinately regulated with that of TIMP-1. The majority of tumors expressed either interstitial collagenase or 72-Kd type IV collagenase, and only a small number expressed both. Interstitial collagenase transcripts were only detected in high-grade tumors. The relative levels of TIMP-1 expression did not correlate with the degree of fibrosis of the tumors. Our data suggest the importance of tumor-stromal interactions in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, and moreover, our results indicate a possible relationship between high-level, localized expression of TIMP-1 and the malignant phenotype of high-grade advanced-stage lymphomas.

Relationship between in vitro gas production and in situ degradability for forage components

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 244-246
Author(s):  
T. Ichinohe ◽  
W. J. Shand ◽  
D. J. Kyle ◽  
X. B. Chen ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Production Rate ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
The Relationship

Recently in vitro and in situ techniques have been used for assessing forage nutritive value for ruminants instead of laborious in vivo trials. Although, Blummel and Ørskov (1993) have shown that an in vitro gas production technique gives reliable estimates of forage nutritive value, whether the estimates could be correlated with in situ degradation are not well established. There is little known about the differences in degradation characteristics of neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) and cellular contents (CC: soluble carbohydrates, lipids and crude protein) in the rumen, and also about the relationships between component degradation rate in the rumen and gas production rate for different forages. This is because most in situ kinetic studies have followed the disappearance of insoluble cell wall constituents and comparative studies of in vitro and in situ estimates was not performed sufficiently.The objective of this experiment was to investigate the relationship between in situ degradation of forage components and in vitro gas production rate for the three forages.

Time Variate Comparison of In Situ and In Vitro Monophasic Action Potential Recordings

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan M. Schmidt ◽  
Paul A. Iaizzo
Keyword(s):  
Monophasic Action Potential ◽  
Swine Model ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Cardiac Devices ◽  
Chamber Working ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Krebs Henseleit Buffer

Monophasic action potentials (MAPs) have long been used as a means to study the focal electrical activity of the myocardium. [1, 2] Upon the application of adequate contact force, the signals provide important insights into focal depolarization and repolarization, activation timing, and focal arrhythmic behaviors. [3–6] Within our laboratory we have developed an isolated physiologic, four-chamber working, large mammalian heart model (the Visible Heart® methodology) to study cardiac devices and their interactions with the myocardium. [7] Through the use of a modified Krebs-Henseleit buffer, we can uniquely visualize the device-tissue interface: in this study, the placement of catheters. The purpose of this study was two-fold. First, we demonstrated the long term stability of MAP recordings in an in situ swine model. Second, we showed the relationship between MAPs recorded from in vitro and in situ preparations of each specimen.

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