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2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yannick Vandenplas ◽  
Liese Barbier ◽  
Steven Simoens ◽  
Philippe Van Wilder ◽  
Arnold G. Vulto ◽  
...  

Background and objectives: Biosimilar medicines have been on the European market for 15 years. Despite the extensive and positive experience with biosimilars across Europe, their uptake remains limited in Belgium. One of the possible factors limiting uptake in clinical practice is the inadequate understanding and lack of trust in biosimilars among patients. This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge and perceptions about biosimilar medicines among Belgian patients in the ambulatory care.Methods: This study consisted of online questionnaires among Belgian patients in the ambulatory care (i.e., rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, plaque psoriasis, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, diabetes mellitus type I and II). The results were collected between December 2020 and February 2021. The data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics.Results: In total, 657 patients across all disease areas of interest participated in this study. Only 38% of patients had heard of biosimilars before. Of those patients, most (58%) were aware that biosimilars are as safe and effective as their reference product. The vast majority of respondents (68%) would agree with transitioning to a biosimilar if their physician prescribed it, only 3% would never agree with a transition to a biosimilar. If a physician would propose to change their current originator biological therapy with its biosimilar, nearly all patients (95%) want their physician to explain the decision and inform them. For additional information about biosimilars, Belgian patients prefer brochures or folders (41%), or available resources on the internet (35%). Physicians were indicated as the preferred source of information (95%), followed by pharmacists (51%), academia (39%), and patient associations (35%). Most patients require information regarding the safety and efficacy (78%), price and reimbursement (64%), and the clinical development process (56%) of the biosimilar.Conclusion: Belgian patients require information about biosimilar medicines. However, most patients are open and positive towards transitioning their current biological therapy with its biosimilar if sufficiently supported by their healthcare providers.


Author(s):  
Riccardo Poiani ◽  
Andrea Tirinzoni ◽  
Marcello Restelli

Many real-world domains are subject to a structured non-stationarity which affects the agent's goals and the environmental dynamics. Meta-reinforcement learning (RL) has been shown successful for training agents that quickly adapt to related tasks. However, most of the existing meta-RL algorithms for non-stationary domains either make strong assumptions on the task generation process or require sampling from it at training time. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm (TRIO) that optimizes for the future by explicitly tracking the task evolution through time. At training time, TRIO learns a variational module to quickly identify latent parameters from experience samples. This module is learned jointly with an optimal exploration policy that takes task uncertainty into account. At test time, TRIO tracks the evolution of the latent parameters online, hence reducing the uncertainty over future tasks and obtaining fast adaptation through the meta-learned policy. Unlike most existing methods, TRIO does not assume Markovian task-evolution processes, it does not require information about the non-stationarity at training time, and it captures complex changes undergoing in the environment. We evaluate our algorithm on different simulated problems and show it outperforms competitive baselines.


2021 ◽  
pp. 78-88
Author(s):  
V. S. Shumko ◽  
E. I. Mamchistova ◽  
S. S. Kuzovlev

Estimation of recoverable oil reserves is an actual problem in field development. One way to estimate reserves is to use the characteristics of oil displacement by water. This method, in contrast to hydrodynamic modeling, doesn't take a long computational time and doesn't require information on the geological and filtration properties of the objects under consideration.The article discusses the use of integral displacement characteristics based on a probabilistic method for assessing potentially recoverable oil reserves. We describe an algorithm for estimating reserves by this method. In the course of the comparative analysis, the efficiency of the method was demonstrated depending on the watercut at the end of the approximation interval. As a result, with a watercut of less than 90 %, a better forecast was found than in the classical application of the characteristics of oil displacement by water.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-248
Author(s):  
Priharyanti Wulandari ◽  
Dwi Nur Aini ◽  
Mariyati Mariyati ◽  
Arifianto Arifianto

Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in Indonesia. Based on Pathological Based Registration in Indonesia, breast cancer ranks first with a relative frequency of 18.6%. More than 80% of cases are found to be at an advanced stage, in addition as many as 60-70% of breast cancer treatment seekers are already in an advanced stage so treatment is difficult. Therefore it is necessary to understand prevention efforts and early diagnosis so that patient detection can be carried out at an early stage so that it can reduce breast cancer deaths. Breast cancer screening is an examination or attempt to find abnormalities that lead to breast cancer in a person or group of people who have no complaints. The initial attempt to screen for breast cancer is BSE. The purpose of this community service activity is to hold BSE training at SMA Setia Budi Semarang to improve student skills in independent breast examination. The BSE training activities for SMA Setia Budi Semarang students were carried out by providing counseling using the lecture and demonstration method which was held on October 15, 2019. The attendance of participants at the counseling was 47 people. The results of the activities of SMA Setia Budi Semarang students not only require information about breast cancer but also require information on women's reproductive health as a whole.


Research of all types plays a critical role in instructional design. For example, instructional designers/developers require information about a number of disciplines, about their field, about human learners. They also conduct user research to pilot-test the learning designs. And, they also need to conduct research to better understand the teaching and learning dynamics. In any number of research approaches, visual stills (diagrams, photos, maps, data plots, and others) and moving visuals (video snippets, 4D simulations, and others) may be used to elicit information and discover new insights. This chapter addresses some of the visual ID related to research.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Maximiliano Gomez ◽  
Carolina Holtheuer ◽  
Karen Miller ◽  
Cristina Schmitt

We present an eye tracking study comparing 3.5- to 7.5-year-old children and adults’ use of number information on the verb and/or the determiner of the subject noun phrase in Chilean Spanish, a dialect of Spanish with variable realization of plural morphology in the noun phrase (due to phonological weakening) and categorical realization of number on the verb. Our results suggest that, while adults can determine whether the subject refers to a plurality or a singleton set based on the morphology of the verb alone, even 5- to 7-year-old children do not and, instead, require information from the noun phrase determiner to make a decision. Children younger than 5 years cannot use number on the verb and on the determiner to make a decision, which supports Miller and Schmitt’s (2010, 2012) hypothesis that number morphology is not always mapped into syntactic and semantic features by younger children in varieties of Spanish where number is subject to variation.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy E Williams

With the great and growing number of collective intelligence models and algorithms to implement those models, the task of developing a single understanding of which model is optimal may steadily become more and more untractable. However, rather than competing to determine which model is best, a more productive approach might be cooperating to create a collective repository to store information about how each model performs in each context. This paper proposes a methodology for defining functional models of CI solutions, so those CI solutions might be added as functions to a library that a General Collective Intelligence might use to increase its general problem solving ability. Utilizing such a library might require information to be stored about which inputs, targeted outputs, and contexts of execution in which each solution or given category of solution might be optimal. Functional modeling of collective intelligence solutions and the context in which they operate facilitates this.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres Marmol-Guijarro ◽  
Robert Nudds ◽  
Lars Folkow ◽  
Jonathan Codd

Abstract Background Using Froude numbers (Fr) and relative stride length (stride length: hip height), trackways have been widely used to determine the speed and gait of an animal. This approach, however, is limited by the ability to estimate hip height accurately and by the lack of information related to the substrate properties when the tracks were made, in particular for extinct fauna. By studying the Svalbard ptarmigan moving on snow, we assessed the accuracy of trackway predictions from a species-specific model and two additional Fr based models by ground truthing data extracted from videos as the tracks were being made. Results The species-specific model accounted for more than 60% of the variability in speed for walking and aerial running, but only accounted for 19% when grounded running, likely due to its stabilizing role while moving faster over a changing substrate. The error in speed estimated was 0-35% for all gaits when using the species-specific model, whereas Fr based estimates produced errors up to 55%. The highest errors were associated with the walking gait. The transition between pendular to bouncing gaits fell close to the estimates using relative stride length described for other extant vertebrates. Conversely, the transition from grounded to aerial running appears to be species specific and highly dependent on posture and substrate. Conclusion Altogether, this study highlights that using trackways to derive predictions on the locomotor speed and gait, using stride length as the only predictor, are problematic as accurate predictions require information from the animal in question.


New way optimization method is an Enhanced CSS F 2A new method titled in this paper to explain the improved flip flop design with 24 transistor’s using circuit-shared static flipflop (ECSSFlip Flop).this implementation enhances power and delay where we utilize 5 NOR gates and 2 INV's(inverters), these methods are these methods are utilized in the quality cell libraries, The ECSS FLIP FLOP utilizes a positive intercessor clock signal, it is produced from a main clock, to require information into a main latch and a negative fringe of the foundation clock to carry the info during a gated latch. Cadence(Virtuoso) simulations at 180-μm found optimized at different frequency now the ability by a power dissipation of 9.516nW and delay by 3.634 ns in comparison to CSS FLIP FLOP


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres Marmol-Guijarro ◽  
Robert Nudds ◽  
Lars Folkow ◽  
Jonathan Codd

Abstract Background Using Froude numbers (Fr) and relative stride length (stride length: hip height), trackways have been widely used to determine the speed and gait of an animal. This approach, however, is limited by the ability to estimate hip height accurately and by the lack of information related to the substrate properties when the tracks were made, in particular for extinct fauna. By studying the Svalbard ptarmigan moving on snow, we assessed the accuracy of trackway predictions from a species-specific model and two additional Fr based models by ground truthing data extracted from videos as the tracks were being made.Results The species-specific model accounted for more than 60% of the variability in speed for walking and aerial running, but only accounted for 19% when grounded running, likely due to its stabilizing role while moving faster over a changing substrate. The error in speed estimated was 0-35% for all gaits when using the species-specific model, whereas Fr based estimates produced errors up to 55%. The highest errors were associated with the walking gait. The transition between pendular to bouncing gaits fell close to the estimates using relative stride length described for other extant vertebrates. Conversely, the transition from grounded to aerial running appears to be species specific and highly dependent on posture and substrate.Conclusion Altogether, this study highlights that using trackways to derive predictions on the locomotor speed and gait, using stride length as the only predictor, are problematic as accurate predictions require information from the animal in question.


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