scholarly journals Cannibalism by damselflies increases with rising temperature

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 20170175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denon Start ◽  
Devin Kirk ◽  
Dylan Shea ◽  
Benjamin Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Life History ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Intraspecific Interactions ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Antagonistic Interactions

Trophic interactions are likely to change under climate warming. These interactions can be altered directly by changing consumption rates, or indirectly by altering growth rates and size asymmetries among individuals that in turn affect feeding. Understanding these processes is particularly important for intraspecific interactions, as direct and indirect changes may exacerbate antagonistic interactions. We examined the effect of temperature on activity rate, growth and intraspecific size asymmetries, and how these temperature dependencies affected cannibalism in Lestes congener , a damselfly with marked intraspecific variation in size. Temperature increased activity rates and exacerbated differences in body size by increasing growth rates. Increased activity and changes in body size interacted to increase cannibalism at higher temperatures. We argue that our results are likely to be general to species with life-history stages that vary in their temperature dependencies, and that the effects of climate change on communities may depend on the temperature dependencies of intraspecific interactions.

scholarly journals Idiosyncratic species effects confound size-based predictions of responses to climate change

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1605) ◽  
pp. 2971-2978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Twomey ◽  
Eva Brodte ◽  
Ute Jacob ◽  
Ulrich Brose ◽  
Tasman P. Crowe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
East Atlantic ◽  
Mass Scaling ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Ecosystem Level

Understanding and predicting the consequences of warming for complex ecosystems and indeed individual species remains a major ecological challenge. Here, we investigated the effect of increased seawater temperatures on the metabolic and consumption rates of five distinct marine species. The experimental species reflected different trophic positions within a typical benthic East Atlantic food web, and included a herbivorous gastropod, a scavenging decapod, a predatory echinoderm, a decapod and a benthic-feeding fish. We examined the metabolism–body mass and consumption–body mass scaling for each species, and assessed changes in their consumption efficiencies. Our results indicate that body mass and temperature effects on metabolism were inconsistent across species and that some species were unable to meet metabolic demand at higher temperatures, thus highlighting the vulnerability of individual species to warming. While body size explains a large proportion of the variation in species' physiological responses to warming, it is clear that idiosyncratic species responses, irrespective of body size, complicate predictions of population and ecosystem level response to future scenarios of climate change.

scholarly journals Maturation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, Salmonidae): a synthesis of ecological, genetic, and molecular processes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenyon B. Mobley ◽  
Tutku Aykanat ◽  
Yann Czorlich ◽  
Andrew House ◽  
Johanna Kurko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Life History ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Current State ◽  
Genomic Studies ◽  
Diversity Of Life

AbstractOver the past decades, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, Salmonidae) has emerged as a model system for sexual maturation research, owing to the high diversity of life history strategies, knowledge of trait genetic architecture, and their high economic value. The aim of this synthesis is to summarize the current state of knowledge concerning maturation in Atlantic salmon, outline knowledge gaps, and provide a roadmap for future work. We summarize the current state of knowledge: 1) maturation in Atlantic salmon takes place over the entire life cycle, starting as early as embryo development, 2) variation in the timing of maturation promotes diversity in life history strategies, 3) ecological and genetic factors influence maturation, 4) maturation processes are sex-specific and may have fitness consequences for each sex, 5) genomic studies have identified large-effect loci that influence maturation, 6) the brain-pituitary–gonadal axis regulates molecular and physiological processes of maturation, 7) maturation is a key component of fisheries, aquaculture, conservation, and management, and 8) climate change, fishing pressure, and other anthropogenic stressors likely have major effects on salmon maturation. In the future, maturation research should focus on a broader diversity of life history stages, including early embryonic development, the marine phase and return migration. We recommend studies combining ecological and genetic approaches will help disentangle the relative contributions of effects in different life history stages to maturation. Functional validation of large-effect loci should reveal how these genes influence maturation. Finally, continued research in maturation will improve our predictions concerning how salmon may adapt to fisheries, climate change, and other future challenges.

scholarly journals Eco-evolutionary dynamics may show an irreversible regime shift, illustrated by salmonids facing climate change

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junnosuke Horita ◽  
Yoh Iwasa ◽  
Yuuya Tachiki
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Life History ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Masu Salmon ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Oncorhynchus Masou Masou ◽  
One Year

AbstractThe enhanced or reduced growth of juvenile masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou masou) may result from climate changes to their environment and thus impact on the eco-evolutionary dynamics of their life-history choices. Male juveniles with status, i.e., if their body size is larger than a threshold, stay in the stream and become resident males reproducing for multiple years, while those with smaller status, i.e., their body size is below the threshold, migrate to the ocean and return to the stream one year later to reproduce only once. Since juvenile growth is suppressed by the density of resident males, the fraction of resident males may stay in equilibrium or fluctuate wildly over a 2-year period. When the threshold value evolves, the convergence stable strategy may generate either an equilibrium or large fluctuations of male residents. If environmental changes occur faster than the rate of evolutionary adaptation, the eco-evolutionary dynamics exhibit a qualitative shift in the population dynamics. We also investigated the relative assessment models, in which individual life-history choices are made based on the individual’s relative status within the juvenile population. The eco-evolutionary dynamics are very different from the absolute assessment model, demonstrating the importance of understanding the mechanisms of life history choices when predicting the impacts of climate change.

scholarly journals Environmental Influence on Life-History Traits in Male Squid Uroteuthis Edulis With Alternative Reproductive Tactics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumeng Pang ◽  
Chih-Shin Chen ◽  
Tomohiko Kawamura ◽  
Yoko Iwata
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Environmental Influence ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Energy Allocation ◽  
Alternative Reproductive Tactics ◽  
Reproductive Tactics ◽  
Somatic Energy

Abstract Squid are characterized by flexible life-history traits (LHTs) that change in response to changing oceanic parameters. Male alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs), characterized by large-sized ‘consorts’ versus small-sized ‘sneakers’, are commonly observed in loliginid species. This study reports on LHTs flexibility in male squids displaying ARTs. LHTs of consorts and sneakers in Uroteuthis edulis, including body size, age, growth rate and gonado-somatic energy allocation, were compared among seasonal and geographical groups from Japan and Taiwan. The ratio of consorts to sneakers was highest in the group spawning in the ‘Japan-warm’ season (June-November), followed by that of the ‘Japan-cold’ season (December-May), and lowest in Taiwan (spring and autumn). LHTs were compared among cohorts separated by hatching season and catch location (Jwarm, Jcold and Taiwan cohorts). Mean body size of consorts showed no difference among cohorts, although Taiwan consorts were relatively younger than Japan consorts. Mean size and age of sneakers decreased with increased water temperature at hatching. Growth rates of consorts and sneakers were slightly different among cohorts, in accordance with differences of statolith increment widths during their early life stage (50-150 d). Growth rates of both consorts and sneakers were highest in the Taiwan cohort, followed by the Jwarm cohort, with the Jcold cohort lowest. Sneakers invested more both in mantle and gonadal weights than consorts in all cohorts. Gonado-somatic energy allocation patterns of consorts and sneakers were consistent at different temperatures. LHTs of U. edulis consorts and sneakers were strongly influenced by temperature, with higher flexibility in sneakers than consorts.

scholarly journals Testing size–frequency distributions as a method of ontogenetic aging: a life-history assessment of hadrosaurid dinosaurs from the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada, with implications for hadrosaurid paleoecology

Paleobiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-404
Author(s):  
Mateusz Wosik ◽  
Kentaro Chiba ◽  
François Therrien ◽  
David C. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Size Frequency Distribution ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Size Frequency ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Dinosaur Park Formation

AbstractHadrosaurid dinosaurs, the dominant large-bodied terrestrial herbivores in most Laurasian Late Cretaceous ecosystems, have an exceptional fossil record consisting of many species known from partial ontogenetic series, making them an ideal clade with which to conduct life-history studies. Previous research considered the Dinosaur Park Formation (DPF) of Alberta as an attritional, or time-averaged, sample and interpreted size–frequency distribution of long bones collected from the DPF with three size classes to suggest that hadrosaurids from the DPF attained near-asymptotic body size in under 3 years. This conflicted with previously published osteohistological estimates of 6+ years for penecontemporaneous hadrosaurids from the Two Medicine Formation (TMF) of Montana, suggesting either extreme variation in hadrosaurid growth rates or that size–frequency distributions and/or osteohistology and growth modeling inaccurately estimate ontogenetic age.We tested the validity of the previously proposed size–age relationship of hadrosaurids from the DPF by significantly increasing sample size and combining data from size–frequency distributions and osteohistology across multiple long-bone elements. The newly constructed size–frequency distributions typically reveal four relatively distinct size–frequency peaks that, when integrated with the osteohistological data, aligned with growth marks. The yearling size class was heavily underrepresented in the size–frequency distribution. If not due to preservation, this suggests that either juvenile (<2 years of age) hadrosaurids from the DPF had increased survivorship following an initially high nestling mortality rate or that yearlings were segregated from adults. A growth-curve analysis revealed asymptotic body size was attained in approximately 7 years, which is consistent with hadrosaurids from the TMF. The data suggest size–frequency distributions of attritional samples underestimate age and overestimate growth rates, but when paired with osteohistology can provide unique life-history insights.

Climate-induced trends in predator–prey synchrony differ across life-history stages of an anadromous salmonid

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 1431-1438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donovan A. Bell ◽  
Ryan P. Kovach ◽  
Scott C. Vulstek ◽  
John E. Joyce ◽  
David A. Tallmon
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Life History ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Upstream Migration ◽  
Dolly Varden ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Dolly Varden Salvelinus Malma

Differential climate-induced shifts in phenology can create mismatches between predators and prey, but few studies have examined predator–prey mismatch across multiple life-history stages. We used long-term data from a warming stream with shifting salmonid migration timings to quantify intra-annual migration synchrony between predatory Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) and Pacific salmon prey and examined how predator–prey synchrony has been influenced by climate change. We demonstrate that Dolly Varden have become increasingly mismatched with spring downstream migrations of abundant pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) juveniles. However, Dolly Varden have remained matched with fall upstream migrations of spawning Pacific salmon, including coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka), and pink salmon. Downstream predator–prey migration synchrony decreased over time and with higher temperatures, particularly with pink salmon. In contrast, upstream migration synchrony was temporally stable and increased with rising temperatures. Differing trends in Dolly Varden predator–prey synchrony may be explained by the direct use of salmon to cue upstream migration, but not downstream migration. Overall, we show that climate change can have differing impacts on predator–prey synchrony across life-history stages.

Biotic and abiotic controls on body size during critical life history stages of a pelagic fish, Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii)

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 324-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan C. P. Reum ◽  
Timothy E. Essington ◽  
Correigh M. Greene ◽  
Casimir A. Rice ◽  
Patrick Polte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Pelagic Fish ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Clupea Pallasii ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Abiotic Controls

Food availability influences postmetamorphic growth in two spadefoot toad species (genus Pelobates)

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
Elena Buhaciuc ◽  
Paul Székely ◽  
Raluca Băncilă ◽  
Dan Cogălniceanu
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Food Availability ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Total Food ◽  
Mass Increase ◽  
Total Food Consumption

Understanding how major life history traits such as body size and mass and growth change in response to resource availability is crucial in explaining life history trade-offs. We conducted a laboratory experiment with three (high, medium and low) feeding intensity treatments using metamorphs of two spadefoot toads species,Pelobates syriacusandP. fuscus, from syntopic populations. We tested how total food consumption, final body size and mass, body mass increase, body mass and length growth rates and growth efficiency are influenced by food availability. The responses to food availability differed significantly between the species with respect to the total food consumption, body mass increase, body mass growth rate and growth efficiency (i.e. the ratio between total amount of food consumed during the experiment divided by the increase in body mass).P. syriacusmetamorphs had higher growth rates and growth efficiency thanP. fuscusjuveniles. Also,P. syriacusjuveniles responded to differences in food level by increasing growth efficiency with decreasing food levels. OverallP. syriacusseems better adapted to shortages in food availability thanP. fuscus. Our results clearly indicate that the differences in body size between the two species originate between metamorphosis and sexual maturity.

scholarly journals A Mechanistic Framework for Understanding the Effects of Climate Change on the Link Between Flowering and Fruiting Phenology

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manette E. Sandor ◽  
Clare E. Aslan ◽  
Liba Pejchar ◽  
Judith L. Bronstein
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Life History ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Functional Link ◽  
Fruiting Phenology ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Large Numbers

Phenological shifts are a widely studied consequence of climate change. Little is known, however, about certain critical phenological events, nor about mechanistic links between shifts in different life-history stages of the same organism. Among angiosperms, flowering times have been observed to advance with climate change, but, whether fruiting times shift as a direct consequence of shifting flowering times, or respond differently or not at all to climate change, is poorly understood. Yet, shifts in fruiting could alter species interactions, including by disrupting seed dispersal mutualisms. In the absence of long-term data on fruiting phenology, but given extensive data on flowering, we argue that an understanding of whether flowering and fruiting are tightly linked or respond independently to environmental change can significantly advance our understanding of how fruiting phenologies will respond to warming climates. Through a case study of biotically and abiotically dispersed plants, we present evidence for a potential functional link between the timing of flowering and fruiting. We then propose general mechanisms for how flowering and fruiting life history stages could be functionally linked or independently driven by external factors, and we use our case study species and phenological responses to distinguish among proposed mechanisms in a real-world framework. Finally, we identify research directions that could elucidate which of these mechanisms drive the timing between subsequent life stages. Understanding how fruiting phenology is altered by climate change is essential for all plant species but is particularly critical to sustaining the large numbers of plant species that rely on animal-mediated dispersal, as well as the animals that rely on fruit for sustenance.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document