scholarly journals Eyes on the size: accuracy of visual length estimates of white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 190456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron May ◽  
Lauren Meyer ◽  
Sasha Whitmarsh ◽  
Charlie Huveneers
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Carcharodon Carcharias ◽  
Video Cameras ◽  
Size Accuracy ◽  
Observer Experience ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Species Being ◽  
Linear Regressions ◽  
Size Estimates

Visual estimates have been used extensively to determine the length of large organisms that are logistically challenging to measure. However, there has been little effort to quantify the accuracy or validity of this technique despite inaccurate size estimates leading to incorrect population assessments and misinformed management strategies. Here, we compared visually estimated total length measurements of white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias , during cage-diving operations with measurements obtained from stereo-video cameras and assessed the accuracy of those estimates in relation to suspected biases (shark size, and observer experience and gender) using generalized linear mixed-models and linear regressions. Observer experience on board cage-diving vessels had the greatest effect on the accuracy of visual length estimates, with scientists being more accurate (mean accuracy ± standard error: 23.0 ± 16.5 cm) than crew (39.9 ± 33.8 cm) and passengers (49.4 ± 38.5 cm). Observer gender and shark size had no impact on the overall accuracy of visual length estimates, but passengers overestimated sharks less than 3 m and underestimated sharks greater than 3 m. Our findings show that experience measuring animals is the most substantial driver of accurate visual length estimates regardless of the amount of exposure to the species being measured. Scientists were most accurate, even though crew observe white sharks more frequently. Our results show that visual length estimates are not impacted by shark size and are a valid measurement tool for many aspects of C. carcharias research, provided they come from people who have previously been involved in measuring animals, i.e. scientists .

Investigating the Use of Personal in Formation Management Strategies by Faculty Members of three Medical Sciences Universities in Iran

2021 ◽  
pp. 107-120
Author(s):  
Alireza Shirazi ◽  
Mikaeil Molazadeh ◽  
Ahad Zeinali ◽  
Ghazale Geraily
Keyword(s):  
Personal Information ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Faculty Members ◽  
Academic Rank ◽  
Digital Information ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
And Gender

In this study, the purpose was to investigate Personal Information Management (PIM) activity rate regardingfourPIM aspects o f acquisition, maintenance, organization, and retrieval o f faculty members in three universities, i.e., Tehran University o f Medical Science (TUMS), Iran University o f Medical Sciences (lUMS), and Shahid Beheshti University o f Medical Sciences (SBUMS). The relationship between PIM use and workplace, academic rank, and gender factors were also studied. A Persian-language questionnaire was used to measure PIM performance of participants. Data were analysed using statistical tests. Findings showed that most o f the participants preferred desktop computers for saving theirpersonal digital information. Also, the percentage of PIM use by the faculty members was reported as 50-75%. However, no significant associations between PIM use by the faculty members and their workplace, academic rank, andgenderwerefound.

scholarly journals Comparing Executive Function of Normal Children with ADHD Children

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Fereshteh Heydari ◽  
Shohreh Farahani
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Adhd Children ◽  
And Gender ◽  
First Time

<p>This study was conducted to compare with the executive function of ADHD versus normal male and female children. To obtain this objective, 30 ADHD children referring a private psychological center for the first time who had taken no medication for this disorder, and 30 normal children from one of the schools of District 14 in Tehran were selected randomly who were of the same age and gender of ADHD children. Wisconsin test was used as a measurement tool. Results showed that there is a significant difference between the average scores of the executive function of normal and ADHD children as well as average scores of the executive function of normal boys and ADHD children at the 0.01 level. In addition, there was a significant difference between the average scores of the executive function of normal girls and ADHD girls at the 0.05 level according to which null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore, ADHD children are of lower executive and cognitive function compared to normal children and have extensive cognitive deficits. Therefore, they require medications along with special training and rehabilitation.</p>

An observational study of pain self-management strategies and outcomes: does type of pain, age, or gender, matter?

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion K. Slack ◽  
Ramon Chavez ◽  
Daniel Trinh ◽  
Daniel Vergel de Dios ◽  
Jeannie Lee
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Acute Pain ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
Pain Group ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Pain Characteristics ◽  
And Gender

AbstractBackground and aimsAcute pain is differentiated from chronic pain by its sudden onset and short duration; in contrast, chronic pain is characterized by a duration of at least several months, typically considered longer than normal healing time. Despite differences in definition, there is little information on how types of self-management strategies or outcomes differ when pain is chronic rather than acute. Additionally, age and gender are thought to be related to types of strategies used and outcomes. However, strategies used and outcomes can be influenced by level of education, socioeconomic status, occupation, and access to the health care system, which can confound associations to type of pain, age or gender. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of strategies used for pain self-management and outcomes with type of pain, acute or chronic, age, or gender in a socioeconomically homogenous population, pharmacists.MethodsPharmacists with acute or chronic pain and a valid email completed an on-line questionnaire on demographic characteristics, pain characteristics, pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies for managing pain, and outcomes (e.g. pain intensity). Univariate analysis was conducted by stratifying on type of pain (acute or chronic), then stratifying on gender (men vs. women) and age (younger vs. older). Thea priorialpha level was 0.05.ResultsA total of 366 pharmacists completed the questionnaire, 212 with acute pain (average age=44±12.1; 36% men) and 154 with chronic pain (average age=53±14.0; 48% men). The chronic pain group reported substantially higher levels of pain before treatment, level of post-treatment pain, level of pain at which sleep was possible, and goal pain levels (effect sizes [ES’s]=0.37–0.61). The chronic pain group were substantially more likely to use prescription non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDS), opioids, and non-prescription pain relievers (ES’s=0.29–0.80), and non-medical strategies (ES’s=0.56–0.77). Participants with chronic pain also were less confident (ES=0.54) and less satisfied (ES=0.52). In contrast, there were no differences within either the acute or chronic pain groups related to gender and outcomes. In the acute pain group, there also were no gender differences related to management strategies. However, younger age in the acute pain group was associated with use of herbal remedies and use of rest. Within the chronic pain group, men were more likely to use NSAIDS and women more likely to use hot/cold packs or massage while older participants were more likely to use massage. Variability in post-treatment level of pain and percent relief was high in all groups (coefficient of variation=25%–100%).ConclusionsThe differences between acute and chronic pain were substantial and included differences in demographic characteristics, pain characteristics, management strategies used, and outcomes. In contrast, few associations between age and gender with either management strategies or outcomes were identified, although the variability was high.ImplicationsWhen managing or researching pain management, acute pain should be differentiated from chronic pain. Because of the substantial variability within the gender and age groups, an individual approach to pain management irrespective of age and gender may be most useful.

scholarly journals Conservation of food tree species in Niger: towards a participatory approach in rural communities

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. e080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dolores Agúndez Leal ◽  
Soumana Douma ◽  
Javier Madrigal ◽  
Almudena Gómez-Ramos ◽  
Barbara Vicenti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Ecological Regions ◽  
Food Species ◽  
And Gender

Aim of study: Indigenous woody species play an important role as a complement on the diet of rural populations in Niger, especially in periods of food scarcity. However, these species are nowadays overexploited and management programmes are necessary to conserve them. In order to design a conservation programme for edible woody species, this paper presents a sociological analysis about the use of edible woody species and their products during shortage periods in Niger.Area of study: Four villages in two distinct agro-ecological regions were selected to conduct structured enquiries based on focus group discussions and surveys with key informants.Material and Methods: Perceptions of the conservation status of these species were identified; as well the factors affecting food values, perceptions, management and collection practices.Main results: Results show that B. senegalensis was a staple food in the driest areas, and M. crassifolia was used for fodder and human consumption in the most critical situations. The local communities related the drivers of species conservation status specific to the agro-ecological regions, and gender and ethnic differences were also identified.Research highlights: Understanding these factors constitutes a first step towards adaptive management strategies for the conservation of woody food species in rural communities of Niger.Keywords: Africa; biodiversity; cultural preferences; food; NTFPs.

Videographic evidence of endangered species depredation by feral cat.

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth Judge ◽  
Jill S Lippert ◽  
Kathleen Misajon ◽  
Darcy Hu ◽  
Steven C Hess
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Feral Cat ◽  
Feral Cats ◽  
Video Cameras ◽  
Infrared Video ◽  
Available Technology ◽  
Visual Confirmation ◽  
Breeding Seasons

Feral cats (Felis catus) have long been implicated as nest predators of endangered ‘Ua‘u (Hawaiian Petrel; Pterodroma sandwichensis) on Hawai‘i Island, but until recently, visual confirmation has been limited by available technology. ‘Ua‘u nest out of view, deep inside small cavities, on alpine lava flows. During the breeding seasons of 2007 and 2008, we monitored known burrows within Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. Digital infrared video cameras assisted in determining the breeding behaviour and nesting success at the most isolated of burrows. With 7 cameras, we collected a total of 819 videos and 89 still photographs of adult and nestling ‘Ua‘u at 14 burrows. Videos also confirmed the presence of rats (Rattus spp.) at 2 burrows, ‘Ôma‘o (Myadestes obscurus) at 8 burrows, and feral cats at 6 burrows. A sequence of videos showed a feral cat taking a downy ‘Ua‘u chick from its burrow, representing the first direct evidence of ‘Ua‘u depredation by feral cat in Hawai‘i. This technique provides greater understanding of feral cat behaviour in ‘Ua’u colonies, which may assist in the development of more targeted management strategies to reduce nest predation on endangered insular bird species.

scholarly journals The acute physiological status of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) exhibits minimal variation after capture on SMART drumlines

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R D Tate ◽  
B R Cullis ◽  
S D A Smith ◽  
B P Kelaher ◽  
C P Brand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Response ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Carcharodon Carcharias ◽  
Fast Responses

White sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) are implicated in many bites on people. Subsequently, they have become a target species for shark bite management strategies. SMART drumlines allow fast responses to, and releases of, captured animals. This research shows that white sharks’ immediate physiological response to capture on SMART drumlines is minimal.

scholarly journals Acceptability and preference of three inhalation devices assessed by the Handling Questionnaire in asthma and COPD patients

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto W. Dal Negro ◽  
Massimiliano Povero
Keyword(s):  
Previous Experience ◽  
Adherence To Treatment ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Inhalation Devices ◽  
Copd Patients ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Validated Instrument ◽  
Linear Regressions ◽  
Handling Questionnaire

Background: The patients’ criteria of preference for inhalation devices can affect the extent of their adherence to treatment and outcomes. Aim of this study was to assess and compare the patients’ preference and acceptability (PPA) for Breezhaler and Genuair (both Dry Powder Inhalers), and for Respimat (a Soft Mist Inhaler) in asthma and COPD out-patients by means of the Handling Questionnaire. Methods: The Handling Questionnaire is a validated instrument which allows the investigation of different domains of PPA; it also takes into account the patients’ age and gender, together with their previous experience with the inhalation devices and their previous education approach to them. Differences in terms of preference, acceptance and usability were assessed by linear and logistic regressions in order to evaluate factors influencing the proper actuation. Results and Discussion: Data from 333 patients were collected: Genuair and Respimat were the most liked and perceived as the easiest to use at glance by patients, but also as the least problematic according to the patients’ and nurse’s judgments. Mean number of attempts for achieving the first effective actuation was the highest with Breezhaler (2.6 vs 1.6; p <0.0001). Linear regressions showed that longer the explanation, higher was the number of attempts to the first proper actuation (0.58 additional attempts every 10 s increase in the first explanation, p <0.0001). Devices requiring less manoeuvres for the actuation were used properly after less attempts (0.38 increase in the number of attempts every additional manoeuvres, p <0.0001). Respimat proved to be the most indicated in COPD patients since it was the most liked and its successful rate at first attempt was the highest. Logistic regressions confirmed these data. Previous experience with DPIs and/or MDIs did not affect the patient preference and acceptability, independently whether suffering from asthma or COPD. Conclusions: Substantial differences are existing in patient’s preference and acceptability for inhalation devices, mainly related to the handling and the understanding of the different devices.

scholarly journals Academic achievement associated with motor performance and sex in different subcultures

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Salviano Sales Nobre ◽  
Paulo Felipe Ribeiro Bandeira ◽  
Nadia Cristina Valentini
Keyword(s):  
School Performance ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Object Control ◽  
Developmental Context ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
Childhood Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Linear Regressions

Introduction: School and motor performances demonstrates achievements of children throughout childhood. Gender and the child's developmental context interfere with the differentiated trends of intensity and direction of school and motor performance.Objective: To analyze the association among school performance, motor performance, and the sex of children of different subculturesMethod: The study included 233 children aged 7 to 10 years, 127 boys (8.2 ± 0.92 years) and 106 girls (8.4 ± 0.85 years), from three different subcultures (semi-arid, mountainous, and coastal weather) of Northeast Brazil. Data were collected from the School Performance Test and the Test of Gross Motor Development-2. Descriptive statistics, comparisons, and multivariate multiple linear regressions were used for analysis.Results: It was found that school delays were prevalent in boys, and motor delays, specifically in object control skills, were prevalent in girls. Motor performance is positively associated with performance in writing, reading, and arithmetic, but this relationship is specific for each subculture.Conclusions: There was an association among school performance, motor performance, and the sex of children in different Northeastern subcultures, evidencing the influence of subcultures and gender on the children’s performance.

College Students’ Perceptions of Gender-Inclusive Language Use Predict Attitudes Toward Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Individuals

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison J. Patev ◽  
Chelsie E. Dunn ◽  
Kristina B. Hood ◽  
Jessica M. Barber
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Gender Nonconforming ◽  
Inclusive Language ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Biased Language ◽  
Linear Regressions

Transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) individuals face negative consequences linked to prejudice, including homelessness and violence. One medium that perpetuates prejudice toward TGNC individuals is our choice in language. Biased language is related to prejudiced attitudes. Use of gender-inclusive language, however, promotes gender equality. Previous research has examined gender-inclusive language use regarding cisgender men and women, but little work has focused on gender-inclusive language use regarding TGNC individuals. Two studies explored the connections between attitudes toward transgender individuals and perceptions of TGNC-inclusive language. Three hierarchical linear regressions and a mini meta-analysis were conducted. Results suggest that people with negative attitudes toward transgender individuals perceive greater difficulty in using gender-inclusive language. These findings suggest that inclusive language use may be indicative of more positive attitudes.

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