scholarly journals Divergent strategies in faeces avoidance between two cercopithecoid primates

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 191861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Sarabian ◽  
Barthélémy Ngoubangoye ◽  
Andrew J. J. MacIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Fascicularis ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Food Contamination ◽  
Olfactory Cues ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Mandrillus Sphinx ◽  
Consumption Rates

Parasites constitute a major selective pressure which has shaped animal behaviour through evolutionary time. One adaption to parasites consists of recognizing and avoiding substrates or cues that indicate their presence. Among substrates harbouring infectious agents, faeces are known to elicit avoidance behaviour in numerous animal species. However, the function and mechanisms of faeces avoidance in non-human primates has been largely overlooked by scientists. In this study, we used an experimental approach to investigate whether aversion to faeces in a foraging context is mediated by visual and olfactory cues in two cercopithecoid primates: mandrills ( Mandrillus sphinx ) and long-tailed macaques ( Macaca fascicularis ). Visual and olfactory cues of faeces elicited lower food consumption rates in mandrills and higher food manipulation rates in long-tailed macaques. Both results support the infection-avoidance hypothesis and confirm similar tendencies observed in other primate species. More studies are now needed to investigate the divergence of avoidance strategies observed in non-human primates regarding food contamination.

scholarly journals Characteristics of the endometrium in menstruating species: lessons learned from the animal kingdom†

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 (6) ◽  
pp. 1160-1169
Author(s):  
Laura Catalini ◽  
Jens Fedder
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Fruit Bat ◽  
Laboratory Facilities ◽  
Elephant Shrew ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Rats And Mice

Abstract Here we have summarized what is currently known about menstruating animal species with special emphasis on non-primate species: length of their menstrual cycle, ovulation, implantation, placentation, decidualization, and endometrial characteristics. Having an overview of all the possible animal models that can be used to study menstruation and the menstrual cycle could be useful to select the one that better matches the needs of the individual research projects. The most promising species to study menstruation seems to be the spiny mouse Acomys cahirinus. It is a rodent that could be easily held in the existing laboratory facilities for rats and mice but with the great advantage of having spontaneous menstruation and several human-like menstrual cycle characteristics. Among the species of menstruating bats, the black mastiff bat Molossus ater and wild fulvous fruit bat Rousettus leschenaultii are the ones presenting the most human-like characteristics. The elephant shrew seems to be the less suitable species among the ones analyzed. The induced mouse model of menstruation is also presented as an adaptable alternative to study menstruation.

Deception

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Troisi
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Evolutionary Strategy ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Evolution Of Communication

For a long time, biological studies of communication have been based on the postulate that communication has evolved to ensure the transmission of veridical information between conspecifics. Ethological studies of a variety of animal species have demonstrated that transmission of false information is a relevant component of intraspecific signals and that the adaptive benefit of deceiving others was a driving force in the evolution of communication. In primate species, evolving a larger neocortex was a viable evolutionary strategy to respond to environmental challenges that demand enhanced capacities of social manipulation. Among all animal species, humans are the masters of social deception. This chapter focuses on the cognitive abilities related to voluntary deception in humans, with special regard to the role of theory of mind (i.e. the capacity to infer the mental states of other individuals). Different aspects of theory of mind are discussed, including the evolution of social brain, the distinction between mentalizing and empathizing, and the abnormalities of social cognition in clinical syndromes such as autistic spectrum disorders and primary psychopathy.

scholarly journals Estimating densities and spatial distribution of a commensal primate species, the long‐tailed macaque ( Macaca fascicularis )

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Malene F. Hansen ◽  
Ventie A. Nawangsari ◽  
Floris M. Beest ◽  
Niels M. Schmidt ◽  
Agustin Fuentes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Macaca Fascicularis ◽  
Primate Species

Numerical and Arithmetic Abilities in Non-primate Species

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Agrillo
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Literature ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Numerical Abilities ◽  
Current State ◽  
Extensive Training ◽  
Mathematical Mind ◽  
The Relationship

In the last decade, several studies have suggested that dozens of animal species are capable of processing numerical information. Animals as diverse as mammals, birds, amphibians, fish, and even some invertebrates have been successfully investigated through extensive training and the observation of spontaneous behaviour, providing evidence that numerical abilities are not limited to primates. The study of non-primate species represents a useful tool to broaden our comprehension of the uniqueness of our cognitive abilities, particularly with regard to the evolutionary roots of the mathematical mind. In this chapter, I will summarize the current state of our understanding of non-primate numerical abilities in the comparative literature, focusing on three main topics: the relationship between discrete (numerical) and continuous quantity, the debate surrounding the existence of a precise subitizing-like process, and the ontogeny of numerical abilities.

scholarly journals Coevolution of vocal communication and sociality in primates

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen McComb ◽  
Stuart Semple
Keyword(s):  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Vocal Communication ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Social Bonding ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Vocal Repertoire ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Essential Prerequisite ◽  
Human Primate

Understanding the rules that link communication and social behaviour is an essential prerequisite for discerning how a communication system as complex as human language might have evolved. The comparative method offers a powerful tool for investigating the nature of these rules, since it provides a means to examine relationships between changes in communication abilities and changes in key aspects of social behaviour over evolutionary time. Here we present empirical evidence from phylogenetically controlled analyses indicating that evolutionary increases in the size of the vocal repertoire among non-human primate species were associated with increases in both group size and time spent grooming (our measure of extent of social bonding).

Long-Delay and Selective Association in Food Aversion Learning: The Role of Cue Location

1984 ◽  
Vol 36 (1b) ◽  
pp. 65-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Olfactory Cues ◽  
Conditioning Chamber ◽  
Food Aversion ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Food Container ◽  
Sense Modality ◽  
Conditioned Behaviour

Cue location has been an uncontrolled variable in food-aversion studies. While tastes are always attributes of the ingested object, visual, auditory and olfactory cues are often attributes of the food container or are located elsewhere in the conditioning chamber. A review of experimental studies indicates that cues which are attributes of the ingested object are almost invariably associated with both immediate and delayed illness, regardless of the sense modality of the cue and of the animal species involved. Cues which are attributes of the food container or conditioning chamber are associated with immediate but not delayed illness, again regardless of the sense modality and animal subject. Within the limits of present evidence, the same effects of cue location appear to occur when shock is the reinforcer. It is suggested that the association of attribute cues across delays is mediated by the conditioned behaviour, which is directed at the object of which they are attributes and which is biologically related to the subsequent reinforcement.

scholarly journals Efficient dissemination of prions through preferential transmission to nearby cells

2007 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 706-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Paquet ◽  
Christelle Langevin ◽  
Jérome Chapuis ◽  
Graham S. Jackson ◽  
Hubert Laude ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Cell Analysis ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Donor Cells ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Range Spread ◽  
Cell Spread ◽  
Insight Into

Despite circumstantial evidence that prions can be found extracellularly or at the surface of infected cells, little is known about how these infectious agents spread from cell to cell. In order to gain better insight into this critical issue, this study used two different cell lines (neuroglial MovS and epithelial Rov cells) that have previously been shown to be permissive for ovine prion multiplication. Co-culture of infected cells and uninfected target cells at a ratio of 1 : 9 resulted in total infection of MovS cells within 10 days but not of Rov cell cultures, suggesting that the efficiency of prion dissemination may vary greatly depending on the type of permissive cell. Analysis of the spatial distribution of the newly infected cells revealed that, although long-range spread could also occur, cells proximal to the infected donor cells consistently accumulated more abnormal PrP, consistent with preferential infection of nearby cells. This experimental approach, focused on dissemination among living cells, could help in the analysis of mechanisms involved in the cell-to-cell spread of prion infections.

scholarly journals Food hardness and stone tool weight in wild primate nut-cracking

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Haslam
Keyword(s):  
Pan Troglodytes ◽  
Macaca Fascicularis ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Stone Tool ◽  
Pan Troglodytes Verus ◽  
Crack Open ◽  
Hardness Curve ◽  
Species Overlap ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Nut Cracking

AbstractThis study presents data on average stone tool weights and the hardness of foods processed by the three known stone-tool-using primate species: Burmese long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis aurea), bearded capuchins (Sapajus libidinosus) and Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus). Each of these primates uses stone hammers to crack open nuts in the wild, making them suitable for inter-species behavioural comparison. This work draws on published results to identify a distinct difference in the tool weight/food hardness curve between chimpanzees and the two monkey taxa, with the latter reaching an asymptote in mean tool weight of just over 1 kg regardless of increasing food hardness. In contrast, chimpanzees rapidly increase their tool weight in response to increasing hardness, selecting average masses over 5 kg to process the hardest nuts. Species overlap in their preference for tools of 0.8-1 kg for opening foods of hardness 2-3 kN, suggesting that this conjunction may represent a primate stone-tool-use optimum.

scholarly journals Cáncer en fauna silvestre

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (13) ◽  
pp. 47-60
Author(s):  
Marina Guadarrama Olhovich
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types

There are different types of cancer that occur for different reasons: genetic alterations, environmental pollutants, infectious agents, chronic inflammatory diseases, and so on. Although not exactly known all the causes that can trigger it, it has been proven that in many cases its origin can be the same in humans and animals, not only domestic, but also wild, including rhinos, jaguars, deer, elephants, which can develop this disease but because of the conditions where they live, it is difficult to care for them. Here we will review how some animal species in certain parts of the world have some types of cancer, that being in other places or if they were of another species they would not develop it, and we can also understand how there are families of individuals with cancer and others not. As well as the influence of the environment and certain diseases that can lead to this condition.

scholarly journals Loss of memory CD4+ T-cells in semi-wild mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) naturally infected with species-specific simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmnd-1

2014 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward J. D. Greenwood ◽  
Fabian Schmidt ◽  
Florian Liégeois ◽  
Ivanela Kondova ◽  
Anaïs Herbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mandrillus Sphinx ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Siv Infection ◽  
Species Specific

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection is found in a number of African primate species and is thought to be generally non-pathogenic. However, studies of wild primates are limited to two species, with SIV infection appearing to have a considerably different outcome in each. Further examination of SIV-infected primates exposed to their natural environment is therefore warranted. We performed a large cross-sectional study of a cohort of semi-wild mandrills with naturally occurring SIV infection, including 39 SIV-negative and 33 species-specific SIVmnd-1-infected animals. This study was distinguished from previous reports by considerably greater sample size, examination of exclusively naturally infected animals in semi-wild conditions and consideration of simian T-lymphotropic virus (STLV) status in addition to SIVmnd-1 infection. We found that SIVmnd-1 infection was associated with a significant and progressive loss of memory CD4+ T-cells. Limited but significant increases in markers of immune activation in the T-cell populations, significant increases in plasma neopterin and changes to B-cell subsets were also observed in SIV-infected animals. However, no increase in plasma soluble CD14 was observed. Histological examination of peripheral lymph nodes suggested that SIVmnd-1 infection was not associated with a significant disruption of the lymph node architecture. Whilst this species has evolved numerous strategies to resist the development of AIDS, significant effects of SIV infection could be observed when examined in a natural environment. STLVmnd-1 infection also had significant effects on some markers relevant to understanding SIV infection and thus should be considered in studies of SIV infection of African primates where present.

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