scholarly journals Altruism towards cousins

2007 ◽  
Vol 274 (1614) ◽  
pp. 1181-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joonghwan Jeon ◽  
David M Buss
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Empathic Concern ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
Emotional Closeness ◽  
Paternity Uncertainty ◽  
Kin Investment ◽  
Contact Frequency ◽  
Willingness To Help ◽  
Special Case

Recent research on kin investment shows a matrilateral bias as a function of paternity uncertainty. Kin investment, however, is a special case of kin altruism. We thus hypothesize that psychological adaptations have evolved to regulate cousin-directed altruism according to predictably variable levels of paternity uncertainty in different categories of cousins. We develop a formal mathematical model that predicts that individuals should be most willing to act altruistically towards their mother's sister's (MoSis) children and least willing to act altruistically towards their father's brother's (FaBro) children. Altruism towards father's sister's (FaSis) and mother's brother's (MoBro) children are predicted to fall in between. An empirical study ( N =195), assessing expressed altruistic proclivities, confirmed the predictions from the model. Participants expressed willingness-to-help following the descending order: (i) MoSis children, (ii) MoBro children, (iii) FaSis children, and (iv) FaBro children. The psychological variables of emotional closeness, empathic concern and contact frequency showed precisely the same pattern across distinct cousins, providing convergent confirmation of the model. The results support the hypothesis of cousin-specific adaptations sensitive to varying probabilities of paternity uncertainty.

A note on design-based versus model-based variance estimation in stereology

2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (03) ◽  
pp. 484-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asger Hobolth ◽  
Eva B. Vedel Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Original Problem ◽  
Variance Estimation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Variance Estimator ◽  
Shape Model ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Versus Model ◽  
Special Case

Recently, systematic sampling on the circle and the sphere has been studied by Gual-Arnau and Cruz-Orive (2000) from a design-based point of view. In this note, it is shown that their mathematical model for the covariogram is, in a model-based statistical setting, a special case of the p-order shape model suggested by Hobolth, Pedersen and Jensen (2000) and Hobolth, Kent and Dryden (2002) for planar objects without landmarks. Benefits of this observation include an alternative variance estimator, applicable in the original problem of systematic sampling. In a wider perspective, the paper contributes to the discussion concerning design-based versus model-based stereology.

Pronominal address in German

2006 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 17.1-17.18
Author(s):  
Heinz L. Kretzenbacher ◽  
Michael Clyne ◽  
Doris Schüpbach
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
Emotional Closeness ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
The Third ◽  
Individual Preferences ◽  
Address Forms ◽  
Crucial Feature ◽  
German Speaking

Choice of address forms, a socially crucial feature in German communication, is context-dependent on situations (a) where the unmarked form of address isdu(T), (b) where it isSie(V), and (c) where the two systems (a and b) coexist. The first two situations are, apart from their fuzzy edges, rather clearcut. The third situation, however, appears anarchic and has a high embarrassment potential. In an empirical study based on 72 interviews conducted in three regions of the German speaking area, the three prototypical situations are explored. A number of potentially conflicting rules and preferences for ambiguity are isolated. These include individual preferences, network preferences and perceptions of social distance, based on factors such as relative age, emotional closeness of interlocutors, and perceived commonalities between them. In spite of the complex interplay of competing rules and preferences and the consequent embarrassment potential, German speakers appear to reject any imposition from outside of a particular address form. This study is part of a larger, Australian-based project comparing the address systems of French, German and Swedish.

scholarly journals Linear functionals of foliage angle density

1984 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Anderssen ◽  
D. R. Jackett
Keyword(s):  
Integral Equation ◽  
Environmental Monitoring ◽  
Fredholm Integral Equation ◽  
Inversion Formula ◽  
Canopy Reflectance ◽  
Linear Functionals ◽  
General Transformation ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Contact Frequency ◽  
Special Case

AbstractKnowledge about the foliage angle density g(α) of the leaves in the canopy of trees is crucial in foresty mangement, modelling canopy reflectance, and environmental monitoring. It is usually determined from observations of the contact frequency f(β) by solving a version of the first kind Fredholm integral equation derived by Reeve (Appendix in Warren Wilson [22]). However, for inference purposes, the practitioner uses functionals defined on g(α), such as the leaf area index F, rather than g(α) itself. Miller [12] has shown that F can be computed directly from f(β) without solving the integral equation. In this paper, we show that his result is a special case of a general transformation for linear functionals defined on g(α). The key is the existence of an alternative inversion formula for the integral equation to that derived by Miller [11].

scholarly journals Empathy as a professionally significant quality of a modern blogger’s personality

2020 ◽  
pp. 173-179
Author(s):  
O. V. Kurasova ◽  
M. V. Iontseva
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Online Environment ◽  
Emotional Closeness ◽  
Personal Quality ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Common Interests ◽  
Definition Of

This article considers empathy as a professionally significant personal quality of a modern blogger, analyses theoretical approaches of domestic and foreign researchers to the study of empathy, characterizes forms and types of empathy. The paper gives definition of blogging, describes the specifics of the blogger’s activities, taking into account the peculiarities of the online environment, and analyses the most successful bloggers of Russia. The authors describe a theoretical model of empathy and carry out an empirical study aimed at identifying professionally significant qualities of a blogger’s personality. The study considers such characteristics of a blogger as interesting content, successfulness, popularity, awareness of the topic, emotional closeness, common interests, values with subscribers and others

scholarly journals A Special Case of a Mathematical Model for Ecological Community: A Predator-Prey System

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Pedro Pablo Cárdenas Alzate ◽  
José Gerardo Cardona T ◽  
Luz Marıa Rojas D
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Game Theory ◽  
Ecological Community ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Prey System ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Payoff Functions ◽  
Special Case

This paper presents a mathematical model of an ecological community in which different populations of organisms with interactions involving predator-prey encounters are considered. Here, a concept of nucleolar solution is used to represent the optimal best position in the ecosystem. Some notions of game theory is applied, where the players are the populations and the benefits from the interactions are represented by means of the payoff functions.

A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 372-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Namrata Goyal ◽  
Matthew Wice ◽  
Marcel Kinsbourne ◽  
Emanuele Castano
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Empathic Concern ◽  
Reactivity Index ◽  
Injured Woman ◽  
Willingness To Help ◽  
Car Accident ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Measured Preference

Abstract. We examined the relationship between cognitive style, empathy, and willingness to help. In Study 1 (N = 186), we measured preference for visuospatial or verbal cognitive style using the ZenQ ( Zenhausern, 1978 ), and empathy using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index ( Davis, 1983 ). In Study 2 (N = 76), we experimentally elicited verbal or visual cognitive processing via priming and measured empathy in response to a vignette about a woman injured in a car accident. In both studies, we measured willingness to help by assessing participants’ willingness to assist the injured woman. Results showed that visuospatial cognitive processing increased empathy and willingness to help. Empathic concern mediated the relationship between cognitive style and willingness to help. Results highlight the importance of mental imagery in increasing empathy and helping.

scholarly journals Are newly added and lost confidants in later life related to subsequent mental health?

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 2047-2057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ella Schwartz ◽  
Howard Litwin
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Emotional Closeness ◽  
Contact Frequency ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACTBackground:This study examined internal changes in the personal social networks of older people and the relationship between these changes and mental health over time. It focused on two key aspects: emotional closeness and contact frequency with lost and newly added confidants.Methods:The study was based on data from the fourth (2011) and sixth (2015) waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). The study sample consisted of respondents aged 65 years and older who participated in both waves (n = 14,101). We performed OLS regressions in which the scores on two mental health indicators over time – depressive symptoms (Euro-D) and perceived quality of life (CASP-12) – were regressed on the relationship with lost and newly added confidants, controlling for baseline social networks, socio-demographic, and health variables.Results:The nature of the relationship with the lost and newly added confidants was associated with mental health, beyond the number of these confidants. Emotional closeness with newly added confidants was related to improved mental health in both indicators (B = −0.09, CI = −0.14 to −0.04 for depression; B =1.13, CI = 0.67–1.60 for quality of life). Losing frequently contacted confidants was associated with higher depressive symptoms (B = 0.09, CI = 0.02–0.15).Conclusions:The results show the positive mental health implications of adding emotionally close confidants to older adults’ social milieus, and the negative effects of losing frequently contacted confidants. Practitioners are advised to pay attention to the quality of such changing relationships, due to their mental health consequences.

scholarly journals Analysis of infectious disease transmission and prediction through SEIQR epidemic model

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-86
Author(s):  
Swati Tyagi ◽  
Shaifu Gupta ◽  
Syed Abbas ◽  
Krishna Pada Das ◽  
Baazaoui Riadh
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Infectious Disease Transmission ◽  
Control Measurement ◽  
Dynamics And Control ◽  
The Stability ◽  
And Control ◽  
Special Case

Abstract In literature, various mathematical models have been developed to have a better insight into the transmission dynamics and control the spread of infectious diseases. Aiming to explore more about various aspects of infectious diseases, in this work, we propose conceptual mathematical model through a SEIQR (Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Quarantined-Recovered) mathematical model and its control measurement. We establish the positivity and boundedness of the solutions. We also compute the basic reproduction number and investigate the stability of equilibria for its epidemiological relevance. To validate the model and estimate the parameters to predict the disease spread, we consider the special case for COVID-19 to study the real cases of infected cases from [2] for Russia and India. For better insight, in addition to mathematical model, a history based LSTM model is trained to learn temporal patterns in COVID-19 time series and predict future trends. In the end, the future predictions from mathematical model and the LSTM based model are compared to generate reliable results.

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