scholarly journals Noise distracts foraging bats

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1944) ◽  
pp. 20202689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise C. Allen ◽  
Nickolay I. Hristov ◽  
Juliette J. Rubin ◽  
Joseph T. Lightsey ◽  
Jesse R. Barber
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Search Time ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Hunting Behaviour ◽  
Primary Driver ◽  
History Of ◽  
Band Limited ◽  
Pallid Bat

Predators frequently must detect and localize their prey in challenging environments. Noisy environments have been prevalent across the evolutionary history of predator–prey relationships, but now with increasing anthropogenic activities noise is becoming a more prominent feature of many landscapes. Here, we use the gleaning pallid bat, Antrozous pallidus , to investigate the mechanism by which noise disrupts hunting behaviour. Noise can primarily function to mask —obscure by spectrally overlapping a cue of interest, or distract —occupy an animal's attentional or other cognitive resources. Using band-limited white noise treatments that either overlapped the frequencies of a prey cue or did not overlap this cue, we find evidence that distraction is a primary driver of reduced hunting efficacy in an acoustically mediated predator. Under exposure to both noise types successful prey localization declined by half, search time nearly tripled, and bats used 25% more sonar pulses than when hunting in ambient conditions. Overall, the pallid bat does not seem capable of compensating for environmental noise. These findings have implications for mitigation strategies, specifically the importance of reducing sources of noise on the landscape rather than attempting to reduce the bandwidth of anthropogenic noise.

scholarly journals Lake water dissolved inorganic carbon dynamics revealed from monthly measurements of radiocarbon in the Fuji Five Lakes, Japan

Elem Sci Anth ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kosuke Ota ◽  
Yusuke Yokoyama ◽  
Yosuke Miyairi ◽  
Shinya Yamamoto ◽  
Toshihiro Miyajima
Keyword(s):  
Lake Water ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Human Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lake Waters ◽  
Reservoir Age

Lakes are sensitive recorders of anthropogenic activities, as human society often develops in their vicinity. Lake sediments thus have been widely used to reconstruct the history of environmental changes in the past, anthropogenic, or otherwise, and radiocarbon dating provides chronological control of the samples. However, specific values of radiocarbon in different carbon reservoirs due to the different pathways of radiocarbon from the upper atmosphere to the lake, called the radiocarbon reservoir age, is always difficult to evaluate because of dynamic processes in and around lakes. There are few systematic studies on radiocarbon reservoir ages for lakes owing to the complex radiocarbon transfer processes for lakes. Here, we investigate lake waters of the Fuji Five Lakes with monthly monitoring of the radiocarbon reservoir effects. Radiocarbon from dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) for groundwater and river water is also measured, with resulting concentrations (Δ14C) at their lowest at Lake Kawaguchi in August 2018 (–122.4 ± 3.2‰), and at their highest at Lake Motosu in January 2019 (–22.4 ± 2.5‰), despite a distance of 25 km. However, winter values in both lakes show similar trends of rising Δ14C (about 20‰). Our lake water DIC Δ14C results are compared to previously published records obtained from sediments in Lake Motosu and Lake Kawaguchi. These suggest that total organic carbon and compound-specific radiocarbon found in sediments are heavily influenced by summer blooms of aquatic organisms that fix DIC in water. Thus, future studies to conduct similar analyses at the various lakes would be able to provide further insights into the carbon cycle around inland water, namely understanding the nature of radiocarbon reservoir ages.

scholarly journals New data towards the development of a comprehensive taphonomic framework for the Late Jurassic Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry, Central Utah

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph E. Peterson ◽  
Jonathan P. Warnock ◽  
Shawn L. Eberhart ◽  
Steven R. Clawson ◽  
Christopher R. Noto
Keyword(s):  
Late Jurassic ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Morrison Formation ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Theropod Dinosaurs ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Significant Step ◽  
Primary Driver ◽  
History Of ◽  
Bone Fragments

The Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry (CLDQ) is the densest deposit of Jurassic theropod dinosaurs discovered to date. Unlike typical Jurassic bone deposits, it is dominated by the presence ofAllosaurus fragilis. Since excavation began in the 1920s, numerous hypotheses have been put forward to explain the taphonomy of CLDQ, including a predator trap, a drought assemblage, and a poison spring. In an effort to reconcile the various interpretations of the quarry and reach a consensus on the depositional history of CLDQ, new data is required to develop a robust taphonomic framework congruent with all available data. Here we present two new data sets that aid in the development of such a robust taphonomic framework for CLDQ. First, x-ray fluorescence of CLDQ sediments indicate elevated barite and sulfide minerals relative to other sediments from the Morrison Formation in the region, suggesting an ephemeral environment dominated by periods of hypereutrophic conditions during bone accumulation. Second, the degree of abrasion and hydraulic equivalency of small bone fragments dispersed throughout the matrix were analyzed from CLDQ. Results of these analyses suggest that bone fragments are autochthonous or parautochthonous and are derived from bones deposited in the assemblage rather than transported. The variability in abrasion exhibited by the fragments is most parsimoniously explained by local periodic re-working and re-deposition during seasonal fluctuations throughout the duration of the quarry assemblage. Collectively, these data support previous interpretations that the CLDQ represents an attritional assemblage in a poorly-drained overbank deposit where vertebrate remains were introduced post-mortem to an ephemeral pond during flood conditions. Furthermore, while the elevated heavy metals detected at the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry are not likely the primary driver for the accumulation of carcasses, they are likely the result of multiple sources; some metals may be derived from post-depositional and diagenetic processes, and others are potentially produced from an abundance of decomposing vertebrate carcasses. These new data help to support the inferred depositional environment of the quarry as an ephemeral pond, and represent a significant step in understanding the taphonomy of the bonebed and Late Jurassic paleoecology in this region.

scholarly journals High-resolution late Holocene sedimentary cores record the long history of the city of Cádiz (south-western Spain)

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 35-47
Author(s):  
Ferréol Salomon ◽  
Darío Bernal-Casasola ◽  
José J. Díaz ◽  
Macarena Lara ◽  
Salvador Domínguez-Bella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Urban Centre ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Lisbon Earthquake ◽  
History Of ◽  
Western Spain ◽  
The One ◽  
The City

Abstract. Today, coastal cities worldwide are facing major changes resulting from climate change and anthropogenic forcing, which requires adaptation and mitigation strategies to be established. In this context, sedimentological archives in many Mediterranean cities record a multi-millennial history of environmental dynamics and human adaptation, revealing a long-lasting resilience. Founded by the Phoenicians around 3000 years ago, Cádiz (south-western Spain) is a key example of a coastal resilient city. This urban centre is considered to be one of the first cities of western Europe and has experienced major natural hazards during its long history, such as coastal erosion, storms, and also tsunamis (like the one in 1755 CE following the destructive Lisbon earthquake). In the framework of an international, joint archaeological and geoarchaeological project, three cores have been drilled in a marine palaeochannel that ran through the ancient city of Cádiz. These cores reveal a ≥50 m thick Holocene sedimentary sequence. Importantly, most of the deposits date from the 1st millennium BCE to the 1st millennium CE. This exceptional sedimentary archive will allow our scientific team to achieve its research goals, which are (1) to reconstruct the palaeogeographical evolution of this specific coastal area; (2) to trace the intensity of activities of the city of Cádiz based on archaeological data, as well as geochemical and palaeoecological indicators; and (3) to identify and date high-energy event deposits such as storms and tsunamis.

scholarly journals New data towards the development of a comprehensive taphonomic framework for the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph E Peterson ◽  
Jonathan P Warnock ◽  
Shawn L Eberhart ◽  
Steven R Clawson ◽  
Christopher R Noto
Keyword(s):  
Data Sets ◽  
Morrison Formation ◽  
Depositional History ◽  
Theropod Dinosaurs ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Significant Step ◽  
Primary Driver ◽  
History Of ◽  
Bone Fragments ◽  
Small Bone

The Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry (CLDQ) is the densest deposit of Jurassic theropod dinosaurs discovered to date. Unlike typical Jurassic bone deposits, it is dominated by the presence of Allosaurus fragilis. Since excavation began in the 1920’s numerous hypotheses have been put forward to explain the taphonomy of CLDQ, including a predator trap, a drought assemblage, and a poison spring. In an effort to reconcile the various interpretations of the quarry and reach a consensus on the depositional history of CLDQ, new data is required to develop a robust taphonomic framework congruent with all available data. Here we present two new data sets which aid in the development of such a robust taphonomic framework for CLDQ. First, x-ray fluorescence of CLDQ sediments indicate elevated barite and sulfide minerals relative to other sediments from the Morrison Formation, suggesting an ephemeral environment dominated by periods of hypereutrophic conditions during bone accumulation. Second, the degree of weathering and hydraulic equivalency of small bone fragments dispersed throughout the matrix were analyzed from CLDQ. Results of these analyses suggest that bone fragments are autochthonous or parautochthonous and are derived from bones deposited in the assemblage. The variability in abrasion exhibited by the fragments is most parsimoniously explained by periodic reworking and redeposition during seasonal fluctuations throughout the duration of the quarry assemblage. Collectively, these data support some previous interpretations that the CLDQ represents an attritional assemblage in a poorly-drained overbank deposit where vertebrate remains were introduced post-mortem to an ephemeral pond during flood conditions. Furthermore, elevated heavy metals and rare earth elements detected at the quarry are likely a diagenetic signal, potentially produced in part from an abundance of vertebrate remains, and not the primary driver for the accumulation of carcasses. These new data help to explain the specific depositional environment of the quarry, and represent a significant step in understanding the taphonomy of the bone bed and late Jurassic paleoecology.

scholarly journals Conflict, Security, and Development.

2009 ◽  
Vol 48 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1003-1006
Author(s):  
Tariq Osman Hyder
Keyword(s):  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Defense Spending ◽  
Internal Conflicts ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Defense Expenditure ◽  
Peace Dividend ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Dialogue Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

There is no disagreement on the propositions; that development is a vital priority for all countries and societies; that a secure internal and external environment is needed for this purpose as an enabling environment, and; that where external and internal conflicts and potential conflicts exist, despite the alleged and controversial spin off from defense spending and its associated R+D, they act as a break on development and mitigation strategies are required. For Pakistan the parameters of the situation are bound by disputes with a larger India on one side, on the other side an ongoing conflict in Afghanistan between the Extra Regional Forces of the USA/ISAF/NATO and Afghan factions with its physical and ideological spill over accentuating internal conflicts with terrorist and extremist forces. All these situations and potential conflicts present mitigation challenges if we hope to give development the attention it deserves. How have we been faring, what is our scorecard, how can we do better? These are the fundamental questions posed by the subject of this Panel. On the first external front it is clear that the history of bilateral relations between Pakistan and India since the independence in 1947 has been beset by mistrust and characterised as a most difficult relationship. This has led to significant defense expenditure by both countries. It is clear that if relations can be improved or at least better managed in this age where globally confrontation is being increasingly replaced by cooperation, the “peace dividend” would be in the interest of both countries and improve the lot of their peoples a significant portion that live in conditions of poverty or on the margins of poverty. In this context since the peace process begun in 2004 through the composite dialogue process constituted an important element for managing this relationship and towards efforts for its improvement.

scholarly journals Ambient BTEX Concentrations during the COVID-19 Lockdown in a Peri-Urban Environment (Orléans, France)

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Min Cai ◽  
Yangang Ren ◽  
Rodrigo G. Gibilisco ◽  
Benoit Grosselin ◽  
Max R. McGillen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
City Planning ◽  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Quality Monitoring ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Air Quality Monitoring ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Benzene Toluene ◽  
Urban Sites

During the period from 17 March to 10 May 2020, France saw dramatic shifts in domestic, industrial and transport activities as a national lockdown was introduced. So far, studies have generally focused on urban settings, by contrast, this work reports data for a peri-urban location. Air samples were collected and analyzed using a fully automated GC-MS-FID system in an air quality monitoring station situated in the suburbs of Orléans, France. Average concentrations of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) before, during, and after lockdown, were 402 ± 143, 800 ± 378 and 851 ± 445 pptv, respectively. Diurnal variation in BTEX and correlations between each of its components were analyzed to determine its various sources. The toluene/benzene (T/B) and m,p-xylene/ethylbenzene (MP/E) ratios, photochemical ages were used to explore whether the BTEX were from local or more distant sources. Together with a host of complementary measurements including NOx, O3, black carbon, meteorological parameters, and anthropogenic activities, we were able to make some inferences on the sources of BTEX. The results suggest that although anomalous local anthropogenic activity can lead to significant changes in BTEX concentrations, pollution levels in Orléans are mostly dependent on meteorological conditions, specifically whether the winds are coming from the Paris region. It appears, based on these measurements, that the pollution in the Orléans area is very much tied to the nearby megacity of Paris, this may be true for other peri-urban sites with implications for city planning and pollution mitigation strategies.

scholarly journals The Struggle Between Life and Death: A Case Study of Panapur Flood, District Saran, Bihar, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Women Elderly ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Survey Result ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Wild Pigs ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

The flood is one of the natural calamities that are the outcome of anthropogenic activities by humans. It is largely defined as the overflow of water on normally dry ground. The most common reasons are overflowing of river in short span of time, breaking of dam, or heavy rainfall. The most deadly flood that occurred in the history of Panapur is the flood of 2020 which worsened the condition of the native inhabitants. The most fragile section of society was pregnant women, elderly people, children and animals. The local inhabitants experienced fear of death from very close, submerging of houses in water, rampant rainfall, snake biting, lack of drinking water and food worked as the catalyst in worsening the condition. There was the rampant destruction not only of infrastructure but also of the wildlife. Large chunk of population lost their animals in the furious flood. Dear, pig, snake, and many other wild animals washed away from the forests of Nepal to Panapur block during flood. Many wild animals lost their lives in this nature’s fury, villagers somehow managed to save lives of eight floating dear and 32 wild pigs. People left from different corona infected state to take shelter in native village in month of April and May were left disillusioned due to the flood of July 2020. As officially reported eight people washed away and died during flood. The further unrest came when the prices of fodder surged up to 14/kg. This paper studies the impact of flood on inhabitants of Panapur block, Saran district, Bihar, India. This study is based on primary survey using sampling techniques. Six villages have been selected for survey. Result have been analysed and it was found that people lost their economy, crop, shelter, pet animals, forest, dignity and humanity. They are left under the utter disillusionment. They became homeless, helpless, hopeless and health less.

scholarly journals Main biostratigraphic stages in the Earth history. Technogenic scenarios

2013 ◽  
pp. 127-138
Author(s):  
G. Rudko ◽  
P. Zagorodnyuk
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Continuous Transformation ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Geological Processes ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Earth ◽  
History Of ◽  
Global Catastrophe

The biostratigraphic history of the Earth as a process of continuous transformation and adaptation from the primary forms of life and till its current state had been considered in the present article.  The development of life on the Earth had started due to the changes of geological processes, changes of the chemical composition of the atmosphere and the aquatic environment, within the period of global catastrophe. As a result of more than 3.8 billion years the anthropogenic system «human – geological and related environment» was formed; it transformed the biosphere in accordance with the needs of human, creating the precedent of inconsistency between human needs and biosphere resources.  The basic scenarios of human and biosphere development within the technogene were defined. The results of studies helped to identify the biostratigraphic conditions of the Earth life. The article investigates scenarios of technogene development as well as the role of human under the conditions of intensive biosphere transformation due to the anthropogenic activities.   

scholarly journals Medicinal weeds in the rice field of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 16-26
Author(s):  
Ram Sharan Dani ◽  
Achyut Tiwari
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Paddy Field ◽  
Rice Field ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Periodic Field ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
History Of ◽  
Traditional Practitioners

Weed management in the crop field is one of the major challenges of agriculture. It has been reported that new weeds are encroaching crop fields due to anthropogenic activities such as the use of insecticides, pesticides and chemical fertilizer, and also due to climatic changes including warming temperatures, erratic and unseasonal precipitation, flood and landslides. The agricultural history of Kathmandu valley is quite old, which represents one of the highly productive valleys in of Nepal for agricultural crops including rice, indicating the long history of weeds in the region. There are quite a lot number of medicinally important plants found in rice field as weeds. Traditional practitioners are using these weeds in curing diseases as primary health care, and the utilization of weeds is the best method of weed management. The objective of this present study was to enumerate the weeds in and around paddy field and gather their medicinal properties of weeds among the local people of Kathmandu valley in order to assist with the weed management of paddy field. The periodic field survey was conducted in 9 selected sites, 3 from each district (Kathmandu, Lalitpur, and Bhaktapur) during summer 2012-2014 (two times: crop matured seasons and just after harvesting). We found 104 weed species belonging to 36 families in the rice field of Kathmandu valley that have medicine values.

scholarly journals Volcanic hydrothermal systems as potential analogues of Martian sulphate-rich terrains

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rodríguez ◽  
M.J. van Bergen
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Activity ◽  
Hydrothermal Systems ◽  
Geothermal Systems ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Flow Paths ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Mineral Associations ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Active Processes

AbstractRemote sensing observations and rover missions have documented the presence of sulphate-rich mineral associations on Mars. Many of these minerals are paleo-indicators of hydrous, acidic and oxidising environments that must have prevailed in Mars´ distant past, contrary to the present conditions. Furthermore, occurrences of silica together with high Cl and Br concentrations in Martian soils and rocks represent fingerprints of chemically atypical fluids involved in processes operating on the surface or at shallow depth. From field observations at representative active volcanoes in subduction settings, supported by geochemical modelling, we demonstrate that volcanic hydrothermal systems are capable of producing Mars-like secondary mineral assemblages near lakes, springs and fumaroles through the action of acidic fluids. Water–gas-rock interactions, together with localised flow paths of water and fumarolic gas emitted from associated subaerial vents, lead to deposition of a range of sulphates, including gypsum, jarosite, alunite, epsomite and silica. Evaporation, vapour separation and fluid mixing in (near-) surface environments with strong gradients in temperature and fluid chemistry further promote the diversity of secondary minerals. The mineralogical and chemical marks are highly variable in space and time, being subject to fluctuations in ambient conditions as well as to changes in the status of volcanic-hydrothermal activity. It is concluded that active processes in modern volcanic-geothermal systems may be akin to those that created several of the sulphate-rich terrains in the early history of Mars.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document