scholarly journals Insect-host control of obligate, intracellular symbiont density

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1963) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathilda Whittle ◽  
Antoine M. G. Barreaux ◽  
Michael B. Bonsall ◽  
Fleur Ponton ◽  
Sinead English
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Limited Capacity ◽  
Tight Control ◽  
Obligate Intracellular ◽  
Fitness Effects ◽  
Intracellular Symbiont ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Self Replication

Many insects rely on intracellular bacterial symbionts to supplement their specialized diets with micronutrients. Using data from diverse and well-studied insect systems, we propose three lines of evidence suggesting that hosts have tight control over the density of their obligate, intracellular bacterial partners. First, empirical studies have demonstrated that the within-host symbiont density varies depending on the nutritional and developmental requirements of the host. Second, symbiont genomes are highly reduced and have limited capacity for self-replication or transcriptional regulation. Third, several mechanisms exist for hosts to tolerate, regulate and remove symbionts including physical compartmentalization and autophagy. We then consider whether such regulation is adaptive, by discussing the relationship between symbiont density and host fitness. We discuss current limitations of empirical studies for exploring fitness effects in host–symbiont relationships, and emphasize the potential for using mathematical models to formalize evolutionary hypotheses and to generate testable predictions for future work.

Leader humility and employee voice: The role of employees’ regulatory focus and voice-role conception

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
XuHui Li ◽  
Mingze Li ◽  
Jingtao Fu ◽  
Asad Ullah
Keyword(s):  
Leadership Style ◽  
Regulatory Focus ◽  
Role Theory ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Employee Voice ◽  
Role Conception ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Leader Humility

In recent years, a bottom-up leadership style has received considerable attention from researchers. However, few empirical studies have been conducted to explore the link between leader humility and employee voice. Drawing on role theory, in this study we examined the relationship between leader humility and employee voice. Using data from 222 employees and their leaders, our results revealed that leader humility was positively related to employee voice. Voice-role conception fully mediated this relationship. Further, we delineate how employees’ regulatory focus moderates the mediated relationship between leader humility and voice, such that when an employee has a high promotion focus or low prevention focus, leader humility will be more positively related to voice via voice-role conception. These findings will provide guidelines for managers promoting employee voice.

scholarly journals Institutional Leadership and Perceived Performance: Evidence from the Korean Minister Survey

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-75
Author(s):  
Jung Kwang Ho ◽  
Choi Jong Won
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Visionary Leadership ◽  
Institutional Leadership ◽  
Common Method Bias ◽  
Perceived Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Resilient Leadership ◽  
Method Bias ◽  
The Relationship

Few empirical studies have explored Selznick`s ideas on institutional leadership`s role in creating, nourishing, and maintaining public institutions. Reconsidering and expanding Selznick`s perspective, this study explores how perceived ministerial performance is associated with institutional leadership styles. Using data from the 2007 Korean Minister Survey, this study develops five types of institutional leadership (visionary, persuasive, resilient, coalition network, and maintaining) derived from an exploratory factor analysis and tests their association with ministers` performance. It suggests that visionary leadership and persuasive leadership are the primary determinants of Korean ministers` performance, and their effects are greater for ministers without presidential support. Resilient leadership and coalition network leadership are also significantly associated with ministers` performance, but maintaining leadership has little effect on it. Moderating effects on the relationship between leadership type and performance include presidential support and the presence of a performance crisis. Further research is needed to develop different measures for ministerial performance from different sources in order to avoid the common method bias.

The Relationship between Feelings of Alienation and Burnout in Social Work

1994 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 229-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Social Workers ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
The State ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

Many articles and books have been written about alienation and burnout. Although the concepts have been conceptually linked, no known empirical studies have demonstrated that relationship. Using data from a survey of social workers practicing in the State of Wisconsin, the author tested the hypothesis that the concepts of burnout and alienation are closely related. The findings support that hypothesis and suggest that some dimensions of alienation may be especially potent predictors of burnout among social workers.

Betriebsräte und Arbeitszufriedenheit / Works Councils and Job Satisfaction

2006 ◽  
Vol 226 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Uwe Jirjahn ◽  
Georgi Tsertsvadze
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Works Councils ◽  
White Collar Workers ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Works Council ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryEmpirical studies on establishment-level codetermination usually focus on the impact of works councils on firm performance. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, this is the first systematic research to examine the relationship between works councils and job satisfaction. It is shown that the relationship depends on the type of worker. The presence of a works council increases job satisfaction of full-time employed blue-collar workers. In general, councils do not have an influence on full-time employed white-collar workers. However, there is a negative association between works council presence and job satisfaction of managers. Furthermore, the presence of a workers council is associated with lower job satisfaction of non-full-time workers.

Yield, compensation and fertility control: a model for vertebrate pests

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Hone
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Fertility Control ◽  
Pest Population ◽  
Compensatory Responses ◽  
Pest Damage ◽  
Vertebrate Pests ◽  
European Rabbits ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

A graphical and quantitative framework is described linking production yield, damage by vertebrate pests, their abundance and density-dependent responses to imposed sterilisation. Compensatory responses of yield to pest damage, and pest populations to fertility control are described as part of the modelling. The focal relationship is that between yield and the proportion of a pest population permanently sterilised, which is shown to be generally positive though the form of the relationship varies with differing assumptions. Compensatory responses to pest damage of production systems, such as crops, livestock, trees or fish, generate non-linear responses between yield and pest damage, and yield and pest abundance. Compensatory responses by a pest population generate linear or curved relationships between abundance and the proportion of females sterilised. The model is illustrated using data from empirical studies, especially of European rabbits in Australia and New Zealand. It is recommended that the framework be evaluated on wild populations of vertebrate pests.

scholarly journals Are there Physical Linkages between Genes that have Synergistic Fitness Effects?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliet Byrnes ◽  
John Murray ◽  
Mark M. Tanaka ◽  
Ben Goldys ◽  
Antony Bellanto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meiotic Recombination ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Epistatic Effect ◽  
Epistatic Interactions ◽  
Fitness Effects ◽  
Fisher Model ◽  
Strongly Connected ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractMany of the effects on fitness in population genetics are due not to single locations in the genome, but to the interaction of genetic variants at multiple locations in the genome. Of particular interest are ‘completely epistatic’ interactions, where a combination of genetic variants is required to produce an effect, and the effect cannot occur with any other combination. In diploids, epistasis is strongly connected to meiotic recombination, a process which can both assemble and destroy beneficial combinations of genetic variants. Additionally, epistatic interactions can be hard to detect in empirical studies, and mathematical models of epistasis and recombination are challenging to analyse, so despite their ubiquity epistatic interactions are regularly not considered. As a result, there is little consensus on when high levels of recombination might be expected, or how strongly recombination affects beneficial or deleterious fitness effects controlled by epistatic interactions. We address this question by conducting a meta-analysis and simulations. The meta-analysis used data drawn and curated from Drosophila melanogaster studies in Flybase. We extracted studies relating genetic combinations and phenotypically detectable effects on fitness, then analysed the relationship between the rate of recombination and effect on fitness with a statistical model. We also ran simulations under a two-locus Wright-Fisher model with recombination and epistatic selection. The results of both approaches indicated a tendency for genetic combinations with an epistatic effect on fitness to occur in an environment of reduced meiotic recombination. Two possible explanations for this are that the variants controlling such interactions are selected for in regions where there is little recombination, or that such interactions lead to selection for lower rates of recombination in the regions where those variants appear.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Teacher Professional Community and Participative Decision-Making in Schools in 22 European Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-62
Author(s):  
Catalina Lomos
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
School Improvement ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Professional Community ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Teacher Professional Community ◽  
Teacher Professional ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractVarious empirical studies have established the positive relationship between teacher professional community (PC) and participative decision-making (PDM) within schools. Considering that these relationships proved relevant to school improvement in different countries, a comparative approach will allow us to establish whether this positive relationship holds true for a wider range of European countries. This study presents results of this relationship using data from 35,000 secondary teachers in 22 European countries. Taking an exploratory approach, the study investigates the relationship between the presence of PC and the school actors involved in PDM. We are particularly interested in the level of active participation in decision-making by teachers, the school governor or counsellor, and by students, and the relative presence of PC. We find this relationship to be significant and positive, but varying in strength according to the actors involved in decision-making. Furthermore, the relationship is stronger across all countries studied when teachers are significantly involved in decision-making as opposed to when school counsellors or governors are more involved. Regarding student involvement in decision-making, its relationship with PC proved stronger when students could influence school rules or help choose teaching and learning materials. The relationships measured and compared across countries were tested for robustness by applying a test for measurement invariance of the PC latent concept and discussing its implications for the relationships of interest. After other relevant robustness checks, we conclude that, across all European countries studied, there is a positive relationship between PC and PDM in schools, with the involvement of some actors in PDM being more indicative of the presence of PC than the involvement of others.

Accent Policy and Accent Modification Enterprises as Potential Indicators of Intercultural Power Relations: A Call for an Updated Research Agenda

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brynne D. Ovalle ◽  
Rahul Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Identity Construction ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This article has two purposes: (a) to examine the relationship between intercultural power relations and the widespread practice of accent discrimination and (b) to underscore the ramifications of accent discrimination both for the individual and for global society as a whole. First, authors review social theory regarding language and group identity construction, and then go on to integrate more current studies linking accent bias to sociocultural variables. Authors discuss three examples of intercultural accent discrimination in order to illustrate how this link manifests itself in the broader context of international relations (i.e., how accent discrimination is generated in situations of unequal power) and, using a review of current research, assess the consequences of accent discrimination for the individual. Finally, the article highlights the impact that linguistic discrimination is having on linguistic diversity globally, partially using data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and partially by offering a potential context for interpreting the emergence of practices that seek to reduce or modify speaker accents.

Workplace Ostracism and Its Negative Outcomes

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 143-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoming Zheng ◽  
Jun Yang ◽  
Hang-Yue Ngo ◽  
Xiao-Yu Liu ◽  
Wengjuan Jiao
Keyword(s):  
Affective Commitment ◽  
Psychological Capital ◽  
Intention To Leave ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Conservation Of Resources ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Negative Outcomes ◽  
Workplace Ostracism ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Workplace ostracism, conceived as to being ignored or excluded by others, has attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. One essential topic in this area is how to reduce or even eliminate the negative consequences of workplace ostracism. Based on conservation of resources (COR) theory, the current study assesses the relationship between workplace ostracism and its negative outcomes, as well as the moderating role played by psychological capital, using data collected from 256 employees in three companies in the northern part of China. The study yields two important findings: (1) workplace ostracism is positively related to intention to leave and (2) psychological capital moderates the effect of workplace ostracism on affective commitment and intention to leave. This paper concludes by discussing the implications of these findings for organizations and employees, along with recommendations for future research.

Editor’s Pick: Regulatory and Ethical Issues in the New Era of Radiomics and Radiogenomics

EMJ Radiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Pesapane
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Medical Images ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
New Era ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
Disease Characteristics ◽  
The Future ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

Radiomics is a science that investigates a large number of features from medical images using data-characterisation algorithms, with the aim to analyse disease characteristics that are indistinguishable to the naked eye. Radiogenomics attempts to establish and examine the relationship between tumour genomic characteristics and their radiologic appearance. Although there is certainly a lot to learn from these relationships, one could ask the question: what is the practical significance of radiogenomic discoveries? This increasing interest in such applications inevitably raises numerous legal and ethical questions. In an environment such as the technology field, which changes quickly and unpredictably, regulations need to be timely in order to be relevant.  In this paper, issues that must be solved to make the future applications of this innovative technology safe and useful are analysed.

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