XX. Researches on the foraminifera.—Part III. On the genera peneroplis, operculina , and amphistegina

1859 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 334-337
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Considerable Degree ◽  
Composite Body ◽  
Calcareous Deposit ◽  
General Plan ◽  
Partition Walls ◽  
Adjacent Segments

In his preceding memoirs, the author has shown that two very dissimilar types of structure present themselves among Foraminifera, one characterized by its simplicity, the other by its complexity. In the former, of which Orbitolites, Orbiculina and Alveolina are typical examples, the calcareous skeleton does not present any definite indications of organization, but seems to have been formed by the simple calcification of a portion of the homogeneous sarcode-body of the animal; that sarcode-body is but very imperfectly divided into segments, the communications between the cavities occupied by these segments being very free and irregular; the form of the segments themselves, and the mode of their connexion, are alike inconstant; and even the plan of growth, on which the character of the organism as a whole depends, though preserving a general uniformity, is by no means invariably maintained. In the latter, to which Cycloclypeus and Heterostegina belong, the calcareous skeleton is found to present a very definite and elaborate organization. The several segments of the body are so completely separated from each other, that they remain connected only by delicate threads of sarcode. Each segment thus isolated has its own proper calcareous envelope, which seems to be moulded (as it were) upon it; and this envelope or shell is perforated with minute parallel tubuli closely resembling those of dentine, except in the absence of bifurcation; the partition-walls between adjacent segments are consequently double, and are strengthened by an intermediate calcareous deposit, which is traversed by a system of inosculating passages that seems properly to belong to it. The form of the segments, their mode of communication, and consequently the general plan of growth, have a very considerable degree of constancy; and altogether the tendency is strongly manifested in this type to the greater individualization of the parts of the composite body, which in the preceding must be looked upon rather as constituting one aggregate whole. In the present memoir this contrast is fully carried out by a detailed comparison of two characteristic examples from these types respectively, each of them having its own features of peculiar interest.

I. Researches on the foraminifera

1859 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
pp. 1-41 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Structure ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Plan ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Preceding Case ◽  
Adjacent Segments ◽  
Comparative Inquiry ◽  
Range Of Variation

119. In my preceding memoirs, I have shown that two very dissimilar types of structure present themselves among the Foraminifera; one characterized by its simplicity, the other by its complexity. In the former, of which Orbitolites , Orbiculina , and Alveolina are typical examples, the calcareous skeleton does not present any definite indications of organization, but seems to have been formed by the simple calcification of a portion of the homogeneous sarcode-body of the animal; that the sarcode-body is but very imperfectly divided into segments, the communications between the cavities occupied by these segments being very free and irregular; the form of the segments themselves, and the mode of their connexion, are alike inconsistent; and even the plan of growth, on which the character of the organism as a whole depends, though preserving a general uniformity, is by no means invariable maintained. In the latter, to which Cycloclypeus and Heterostegina belong, we find the calcareous skeleton presenting a very definite and elaborate organization; the several segments of the body are so completely separated from each other, that they remain connected only by delicate threads of sarcode; each segment thus isolated has its own proper calcareous envelope, which seems to be moulded (as it were) upon it, and this envelope or shell is perforated with minute parallel tubuli, closely resembling those of dentine except in the absence of bifurcation or ramification; the partition-walls between adjacent segments are consequently double, and are strengthened by an intermediate calcareous deposit, which is traversed by a system of inosculating passages that seems properly to belong to it. The form of the segments, their mode of communication, and consequently the general plan of growth, have a very considerable degree of constancy; and altogether the tendency is strongly manifested in this type, to the greater individualization of the parts of the composite body, which in the preceding must be looked upon rather as constituting one aggregate whole. 120. I purpose in the present memoir to carry on this contrast, by presenting a detailed comparison of the structure of two generic forms, which, whilst they so far agree in general plan of growth as not only to have been ranked by M. d'Orbigny side bv side in his order Hélicostègues , but to have been placed by other systematists in close apposition, differ in the most marked manner as to all the particulars just enumerated. Both these types are of peculiar interest:- the first, Peneroplis , on account of the very wide range of variation it presents, which has led to the establishment of three genera , apparently distinguishable by well-marked differences in conformation, upon what I feel satisfied will prove to be but individual modifications of one and the same specific type ;— the second, Operculina , as being the nearest existing representative of Nummulites , and consequently as affording not merely the key to the elucidation of the structure, but also the basis for the determination of the value of the reputed species, of that genus, by the study of the range of variation which it presents; this range being, though more restricted than in the preceding case, still quite sufficient to justify a large multiplication of species, in the estimation of those who do not practise that extended method of comparative inquiry, on the importance of which I have dwelt in a former Memoir (74). With the latter of these genera, as also with Nummulites , I shall prove that the genus Amphistegina is closely allied; although M. d’Orbigny, misled by the marked want of symmetry and by the alternation in the disposition of the chambers, which are exhibited by certain forms of that type, has placed it in a different order, Entomostègues . For I shall have to show that a gradational variety in this respect, ending in complete symmetry, may coincide with such a uniformity in general structure, that even a very decided departure from symmetry must be regarded as a character of little value in classification, compared with agreement in the organization of the shell and in those peculiarities in the conformation of the animal which are indicated by it; and further, that a most marked difference in degree of organization exists between two species of Amphistegina , which so closely resemble each other externally that the young of one may easily be mistaken for the adult of the other.

scholarly journals V. Researches on the Foraminifera.—Fourth and concluding series

1860 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 506-510
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Great Care ◽  
Canal System ◽  
Calcareous Deposit ◽  
System A ◽  
Outer Whorl ◽  
Adjacent Segments ◽  
Physiological Characters

The author in this communication brings to a conclusion that series of inquiries into the structural and physiological characters of typical forms of Foraminifera, which he had been induced to work out for the sake of turning to the account of Zoological science the valuable collections made by Mr. Jukes in the Australian Seas and by Mr. Cuming in the Philippine. The first genus now treated of is Polystomella , the smaller and simpler forms of which have long been known, and of which the structure, so far as it can be elucidated by the examination of such specimens, has been already described with great care and accuracy by Professor W. C. Williamson. But in the comparatively gigantic and highly developed Polystomella of the Australian and Philippine series, a feature exists which is scarcely discernible in the humbler forms previously examined—that feature being the extraordinary development of the canal-system. A spiral canal runs along the inner margin of either surface of every whorl; from this canal a series of arches is given off, of which one passes down between every two adjacent segments, uniting it with the other spiral canal; whilst another set of straight branches passes directly towards the surface of the shell, through the thick calcareous deposit which covers in the depressed centre of the spire, and which extends as far as the last- formed spire . From the connecting arches, successive pairs of diverging branches proceed at frequent intervals; these, in the last whorl, make their way to the surface of the shell, and (when the shell is newly formed) open close on either side of the septal band; though, as the shell increases in thickness by subsequent deposit, the increased divergence of the branches separates their mouths from each other; and it very commonly happens that the two contiguous branches diverging from different arches meet and open by a single external pore half-way between the septal bands. When one whorl, however, has been surrounded by another, this radiating canal-system of the inner whorl does not usually continue itself directly into that of the outer (though such a continuation is not unfrequently seen), but the diverging canals for the most part terminate in the stolons of communication between the segments of sarcode that occupy the chambers of the outer whorl.

scholarly journals Observations on the structure of the tongue ; illustrated by cases in which a portion of that organ has been removed by ligature

1832 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 111-112
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Considerable Degree ◽  
First Case ◽  
Glandular Structures

These observations will be allowed to have a considerable degree of importance, when we find that they ultimately lead to a safe and effectual method of removing a portion of the tongue, when that organ has assumed a diseased action or morbid excrescences of a cancerous nature, to which this, as well as many other glandular structures, are known to be liable. In a physiological view they will likewise be found to merit particular attention, as they tend to prove that the internal structure of the tongue is not of that delicate and sensible nature which, from its being the organ of taste, we should be led to imagine. The first case here mentioned, and from which various inferences are derived which lead to a new mode of treating the disorders of the tongue, was that of a gentleman whose tongue had been accidentally bit near the tip, and had hence become completely insensible, insomuch that every article of nourishment he took was equally insipid, and that the tip felt like a bit of wood in his mouth. No degree of inflammation, however, or spasmodic tendency having accompanied these symptoms, Mr. Home inferred that the nerves supplying this, and perhaps the other organs of sense, are not so liable to irritation as those which belong to other parts of the body.

High Heels sebagai Agensi bagi Tubuh Wanita

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Sunandar Macpal ◽  
Fathianabilla Azhar
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Body Image Disturbance ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
High Heels ◽  
Experience Pain ◽  
Woman's Body

The aims of this paper is to explain the use of high heels as an agency for a woman's body. Agency context refers to pain in the body but pain is perceived as something positive. In this paper, the method used is a literature review by reviewing writings related to the use of high heels. The findings in this paper that women experience body image disturbance or anxiety because they feel themselves are not beautiful or not attractive. The use of high heels, makes women more attractive and more confident, on the other hand the use of high heels actually makes women feel pain and discomfort. However, for the achievement of beauty standards, women voluntarily allow their bodies to experience pain. However, the agency's willingness to beauty standards here is meaningless without filtering and directly accepted. Instead women keep negotiating with themselves so as to make a decision why use high heels.

EXPRESSION OF SOME IMMUNOLOGIC MARKERS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF SUSPECTED LYMPHOID LESIONS OF LYMPHOMA

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Mao Nguyen Van ◽  
Thao Le Thi Thu
Keyword(s):  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Tumour Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Immunologic Markers ◽  
Microscopic Features ◽  
Poor Differentiation ◽  
Benign Tumours

Background: In practice it was difficult or impossible to have a correct diagnosis for the lymphoid proliferation lesions based on only H.E standard histopathology. In addition to histopathology, the application of immunohistochemistry was indispensable for the definitive diagnosis of the malignant or benign tumours and the origin of the tumour cells as well. Objectives: 1. To describe the gross and microscopic features of the suspected lesions of lymphoma; 2. To asses the expression of some immunologic markers for the diagnosis and classification of the suspected lesions of lymphoma. Materials and Method: Cross-sectional research on 81 patients diagnosed by histopathology as lymphomas or suspected lesions of lymphoma, following with immunohistopathology staining of 6 main markers including LCA, CD3, CD20, Bcl2, CD30 and AE1/3. Results: The most site was lymph node 58.1% which appeared at cervical region 72.3%, then the stomach 14.9% and small intestine 12.4%. The other sites in the body were met with lower frequency. Histopathologically, the most type of the lesions was atypical hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissue suspecting the lymphomas 49.4%, lymphomas 34.5%, the other diagnoses were lower including inflammation, poor differentiation carcinoam not excluding the lymphomas, lymphomas differentiating with poor differentiation carcinomas. Immunohistochemistry showed that, LCA, CD3, CD20, Bcl2, CD30 and AE1/3 were all positive depending on such type of tumours. The real lymphomas were 48/81 cases (59.3%), benign ones 35.8% and poor differentiated carcinomas 4.9%. Conclusion: Immunohistochemistry with 6 markers could help to diagnose correctly as benign or malignant lesions, classify and determine the origin of the tumour cells as lymphocytes or epithelial cells diagnosed by histopathology as lymphomas or suspected lesions of lymphomas. Key words: histopathology, immunohistochemistry, lymphomas, poor differentiated carcinomas, hyperplasia, atypicality

Basic Concepts and Definitions of Allergology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoran Vrucinic
Keyword(s):  
Immune Reaction ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Medical Vocabulary ◽  
The Future ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Basic Insight ◽  
Insight Into

The future of medicine belongs to immunology and alergology. I tried to not be too wide in description, but on the other hand to mention the most important concepts of alergology to make access to these diseases more understandable, logical and more useful for our patients, that without complex pathophysiology and mechanism of immune reaction,we gain some basic insight into immunological principles. The name allergy to medicine was introduced by Pirquet in 1906, and is of Greek origin (allos-other + ergon-act; different reaction), essentially representing the reaction of an organism to a substance that has already been in contact with it, and manifested as a specific response thatmanifests as either a heightened reaction, a hypersensitivity, or as a reduced reaction immunity. Synonyms for hypersensitivity are: altered reactivity, reaction, hypersensitivity. The word sensitization comes from the Latin (sensibilitas, atis, f.), which means sensibility,sensitivity, and has retained that meaning in medical vocabulary, while in immunology and allergology this term implies the creation of hypersensitivity to an antigen. Antigen comes from the Greek words, anti-anti + genos-genus, the opposite, anti-substance substance that causes the body to produce antibodies.

Body and Soul

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabella Image
Keyword(s):  
Human Person ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spiritual Nature ◽  
Body And Soul ◽  
Century Thought

This chapter discusses Hilary’s dichotomous body–soul anthropology. Although past scholars have tried to categorize Hilary as ‘Platonic’ or ‘Stoic’, these categories do not fully summarize fourth-century thought, not least because two-way as well as three-way expressions of the human person are also found in Scripture. The influence of Origen is demonstrated with particular reference to the commentary on Ps. 118.73, informed by parallels in Ambrose and the Palestinian Catena. As a result, it is possible to ascribe differences between Hilary’s commentaries to the fact that one is more reliant on Origen than the other. Nevertheless, Hilary’s position always seems to be that the body and soul should be at harmony until the body takes on the spiritual nature of the soul.

scholarly journals The Respiration of some Planktonic copepods II. The Effect Of Temperature

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. Gauld ◽  
J. E. G. Raymont
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Acartia Clausi ◽  
Temora Longicornis ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Planktonic Copepods ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

The respiratory rates of three species of planktonic copepods, Acartia clausi, Centropages hamatus and Temora longicornis, were measured at four different temperatures.The relationship between respiratory rate and temperature was found to be similar to that previously found for Calanus, although the slope of the curves differed in the different species.The observations on Centropages at 13 and 170 C. can be divided into two groups and it is suggested that the differences are due to the use of copepods from two different generations.The relationship between the respiratory rates and lengths of Acartia and Centropages agreed very well with that previously found for other species. That for Temora was rather different: the difference is probably due to the distinct difference in the shape of the body of Temora from those of the other species.The application of these measurements to estimates of the food requirements of the copepods is discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document