Artificial intelligence and musical cognition

1994 ◽  
Vol 349 (1689) ◽  
pp. 103-113 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Musical Structure ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
The Third ◽  
Musical Cognition ◽  
Keyboard Music ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Precise Theory

There has been much interest, in recent years, in the possibility of representing our musical faculties in computational terms. A necessary first step is to develop a formally precise theory of musical structure, and to this end, useful analogies may be drawn between music and natural language. Metrical rhythms resemble syntactic structures in being generated by phrase-structure grammars; as for the pitch relations between notes, the tonal intervals of Western music form a mathematical group generated by the octave, the fifth and the third. On this theoretical foundation one can construct AI programs for the transcription, editing and performance of classical keyboard music. A high degree of complexity and precision is required for the faithful representation of a sophisticated pianoforte composition, and to achieve a satisfactory level of performance it is essential to respect the minute variations of loudness and timing by which human performers reveal its hierarchical structure.

Performers, Structure, and Ways of Knowing

2020 ◽  
pp. 381-386
Author(s):  
Daphne Leong
Keyword(s):  
Ways Of Knowing ◽  
Audience Reception ◽  
Musical Structure ◽  
Knowing How ◽  
The Third ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
The Creation ◽  
And Performance

This concluding chapter revisits the book’s theme: performers and a theorist, interacting on musical structure, manifesting ways of knowing. The book’s nine variations are seen as windows onto larger issues integral to the relation of analysis and performance. They group into three trios: the first moves from performance to analysis and explores questions of embodiment, the creation of structure, and understanding of notation; the second proceeds from analysis to performance and constructs metaphors of remembering, of contrapuntal motion, and of ritual and drama; and the third presents analysis and performance in tandem, conflicting, fusing, and impacting audience reception. Further dimensions of knowledge are explored and related to wissen (knowing that), können (knowing how), and kennen (knowing, as in knowing a person). Analysis, performance, and the endeavor to relate the two are described as activities, meaningful in their particularity.

Corporate Governance and Performance of Organizations

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 439-446
Author(s):  
Hamid Ait lemqeddem ◽  
◽  
Mounya Tomas ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Agency Theory ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Quantitative Approach ◽  
Governance Practices ◽  
Deductive Method ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Is Theory ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Do So

There is renewed interest in the need to focus on corporate governance in an environment where it is a performance imperative for all small and large organizations, private and public, beginner or established.The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the place of corporate governance practices in organizations to ensure that the board, officers, and directors take action to protect shareholder interests and all stakeholders. It is important to focus on the effect of these practices on improving performance and competitiveness. To do so, we opted for the hypothetico-deductive method with a quantitative approach. Our theoretical foundation is theory is agency theory.

INTERDISCIPLINARY LINKS, INTEGRATIVE APPROACH,HEURISTIC METHODS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF INNOVATION - PART 1

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 1527-1532
Author(s):  
Hristo Patev
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Innovation Management ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Heuristic Methods ◽  
Organizational Renewal ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Management Of Innovation ◽  
Inventive Activity ◽  
High Degree

In this first work, out of the total of twenty-four, are considered: Integrative approach, interdisciplinary relations and transnational language in the technical and economic fundament of engineering and management, for the purpose of competitive innovation and successful business. Approaches to develop the innovation with a high degree of complexity. Interactive heuristic methods and algorithms for inventive activity, for inspiring and developing new industrial products and services for households and production systems. Implementing an effective business vocabulary for organizational renewal. Introduction of gaming and "art" methods in innovation management. Intensifying innovation activities through an attempt to introduce artificial intelligence into teamwork, with simultaneous implementation of an engineering and non-engineering approach.

Embodying algorithms, enactive artificial intelligence and the extended cognition: You can see as much as you know about algorithm

2021 ◽  
pp. 016555152098549
Author(s):  
Donghee Shin
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Extended Cognition ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Personalized Recommendation ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Concise Guide

The recent proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) gives rise to questions on how users interact with AI services and how algorithms embody the values of users. Despite the surging popularity of AI, how users evaluate algorithms, how people perceive algorithmic decisions, and how they relate to algorithmic functions remain largely unexplored. Invoking the idea of embodied cognition, we characterize core constructs of algorithms that drive the value of embodiment and conceptualizes these factors in reference to trust by examining how they influence the user experience of personalized recommendation algorithms. The findings elucidate the embodied cognitive processes involved in reasoning algorithmic characteristics – fairness, accountability, transparency, and explainability – with regard to their fundamental linkages with trust and ensuing behaviors. Users use a dual-process model, whereby a sense of trust built on a combination of normative values and performance-related qualities of algorithms. Embodied algorithmic characteristics are significantly linked to trust and performance expectancy. Heuristic and systematic processes through embodied cognition provide a concise guide to its conceptualization of AI experiences and interaction. The identified user cognitive processes provide information on a user’s cognitive functioning and patterns of behavior as well as a basis for subsequent metacognitive processes.

Epistemic self-esteem of philosophers in the face of philosophical disagreement

Human Affairs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 328-342
Author(s):  
László Bernáth ◽  
János Tőzsér
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
Moderate Level ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
Philosophical Beliefs ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Third ◽  
Epistemic Peers ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Performance

AbstractOur paper consists of four parts. In the first part, we describe the challenge of the pervasive and permanent philosophical disagreement over philosophers’ epistemic self-esteem. In the second part, we investigate the attitude of philosophers who have high epistemic self-esteem even in the face of philosophical disagreement and who believe they have well-grounded philosophical knowledge. In the third section, we focus on the attitude of philosophers who maintain a moderate level of epistemic self-esteem because they do not attribute substantive philosophical knowledge to themselves but still believe that they have epistemic right to defend substantive philosophical beliefs. In the fourth section, we analyse the attitude of philosophers who have a low level of epistemic self-esteem in relation to substantive philosophical beliefs and make no attempt to defend those beliefs. We argue that when faced with philosophical disagreement philosophers either have to deny that the dissenting philosophers are their epistemic peers or have to admit that doing philosophy is less meaningful than it seemed before. In this second case, philosophical activity and performance should not contribute to the philosophers’ overall epistemic self-esteem to any significant extent.

Recovery from memory failure when recalling a memorized performance: The role of musical structure and performance cues

2021 ◽  
pp. 102986492110254
Author(s):  
Roger Chaffin ◽  
Jane Ginsborg ◽  
James Dixon ◽  
Alexander P. Demos
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Music ◽  
Musical Structure ◽  
Public Performance ◽  
Memory Failure ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Written Recall ◽  
Performance Gains ◽  
Over Time

To perform reliably and confidently from memory, musicians must able to recover from mistakes and memory failures. We describe how an experienced singer (the second author) recovered from mistakes and gaps in recall as she periodically recalled the score of a piece of vocal music that she had memorized for public performance, writing out the music six times over a five-year period following the performance. Five years after the performance, the singer was still able to recall two-thirds of the piece. When she made mistakes, she recovered and went on, leaving gaps in her written recall that lengthened over time. We determined where in the piece gaps started ( losses) and ended ( gains), and compared them with the locations of structural beats (starts of sections and phrases) and performance cues ( PCs) that the singer reported using as mental landmarks to keep track of her progress through the piece during the sung, public performance. Gains occurred on structural beats where there was a PC; losses occurred on structural beats without a PC. As the singer’s memory faded over time, she increasingly forgot phrases that did not start with a PC and recovered at the starts of phrases that did. Our study shows how PCs enable musicians to recover from memory failures.

scholarly journals Cross-section instability in financial markets: impatience, extrapolation, and switching

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Dieci ◽  
Xue-Zhong He
Keyword(s):  
Financial Markets ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Asset Price ◽  
Asset Market ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Equilibrium Market ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Fundamental Price

AbstractThis paper presents a stylized model of interaction among boundedly rational heterogeneous agents in a multi-asset financial market to examine how agents’ impatience, extrapolation, and switching behaviors can affect cross-section market stability. Besides extrapolation and performance based switching between fundamental and extrapolative trading documented in single asset market, we show that a high degree of ‘impatience’ of agents who are ready to switch to more profitable trading strategy in the short run provides a further cross-section destabilizing mechanism. Though the ‘fundamental’ steady-state values, which reflect the standard present-value of the dividends, represent an unbiased equilibrium market outcome in the long run (to a certain extent), the price deviation from the fundamental price in one asset can spill-over to other assets, resulting in cross-section instability. Based on a (Neimark–Sacker) bifurcation analysis, we provide explicit conditions on how agents’ impatience, extrapolation, and switching can destabilize the market and result in a variety of short and long-run patterns for the cross-section asset price dynamics.

Nodulation and performance of exotic and native legumes in Australian soils

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 543 ◽  
Author(s):  
María A. Pérez-Fernández ◽  
Byron B. Lamont
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Retama Sphaerocarpa ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Natural Stands ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Western Australian ◽  
Cytisus Balansae ◽  
New Habitats

Six Spanish legumes, Cytisus balansae, C. multiflorus, C. scoparius, C. striatus, Genista hystrix and Retama sphaerocarpa, were able to form effective nodules when grown in six south-western Australian soils. Soils and nodules were collected from beneath natural stands of six native Australian legumes, Jacksonia floribunda, Gompholobium tomentosum, Bossiaea aquifolium, Daviesia horrida, Gastrolobium spinosum and Templetonia retusa. Four combinations of soils and bacterial treatments were used as the soil treatments: sterile soil (S), sterile inoculated soils (SI), non-treated soil (N) and non-treated inoculated soils (NI). Seedlings of the Australian species were inoculated with rhizobia cultured from nodules of the same species, while seedlings of the Spanish species were inoculated with cultures from each of the Australian species. All Australian rhizobia infected all the Spanish species, suggesting a high degree of 'promiscuity' among the bacteria and plant species. The results from comparing six Spanish and six Australian species according to their biomass and total nitrogen in the presence (NI) or absence (S) of rhizobia showed that all species benefitted from nodulation (1.02–12.94 times), with R.�sphaerocarpa and C. striatus benefiting more than the native species. Inoculation (SI and NI) was just as effective as, or more effective than the non-treated soil (i.e. non-sterile) in inducing nodules. Nodules formed on the Spanish legumes were just as efficient at fixing N2 as were those formed on the Australian legumes. Inoculation was less effective than non-treated soil at increasing biomass but just as effective as the soil at increasing nitrogen content. Promiscuity in the legume–bacteria symbiosis should increase the ability of legumes to spread into new habitats throughout the world.

Evaluation of Clinical Competence: The Gap Between Expectation and Performance

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-184
Author(s):  
Bahman Joorabchi ◽  
Jeffrey M. Devries
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Resident Performance ◽  
Faculty Expectations ◽  
Clinical Evaluations ◽  
Pediatric Residency ◽  
Objective Structured Clinical Examinations ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Degree

Objective. To evaluate a 3-year experience with the Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs) and to compare faculty expectations with resident performance. Design. Descriptive analysis of measures of resident performance. Setting. Community-based pediatric residency program in Michigan. Participants. One hundred twenty-six pediatric residents at all levels of training. Methods. The three examinations consisted of 36 to 42 5-minute stations, testing skills in physical examination, history, counseling, telephone management, and test interpretation. A committee of faculty and chief residents predetermined minimum pass levels for each resident level. Results were compared with other indices of resident performance. Results. There was evidence for content, construct, and concurrent validity, as well as a high degree of reliability. However, 40% to 96% of residents scored below the minimum pass levels for their levels. In each examination, third-year residents had the highest failure rates, yet they scored well on the American Board of Pediatrics in-training examination and on their monthly clinical evaluations. Furthermore, for residents at all levels, the scores reflecting application of data were significantly lower than those assessing data gathering. Conclusions. The gaps between expectations and performance, and between data gathering and application, have important implications for institutional educational philosophy, suggesting a shift toward more clinically oriented and learner-directed strategies in the design of instructional and evaluation methods.

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